Wikipedia

Daniel Kahneman

(Redirected from Daniel Kahnemann)

Daniel Kahneman (/ˈkɑːnəmən/; Hebrew: דניאל כהנמן; March 5, 1934 – March 27, 2024) was an Israeli-American psychologist best known for his work on the psychology of judgment and decision-making as well as behavioral economics, for which he was awarded the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences together with Vernon L. Smith. Kahneman's published empirical findings challenge the assumption of human rationality prevailing in modern economic theory. Kahneman became known as the "grandfather of behavioral economics."[2][3][4]

Daniel Kahneman
Kahneman in 2009
Born(1934-03-05)March 5, 1934
Tel Aviv, Mandatory Palestine
DiedMarch 27, 2024(2024-03-27) (aged 90)
Manhattan, New York, U.S.[1]
NationalityAmerican, Israeli
EducationHebrew University (BA)
University of California, Berkeley (MA, PhD)
Known for
Spouses
  • Irah Kahneman
​
​
(m. 1978; died 2018)​
PartnerBarbara Tversky (2020–2024)
Awards
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
ThesisAn analytical model of the semantic differential (1961)
Doctoral advisorSusan M. Ervin-Tripp
Notable students
Daniel Kahneman's voice
Recorded August 2013 from the BBC Radio 4 programme Desert Island Discs
Websitescholar.princeton.edu/kahneman/

With Amos Tversky and others, Kahneman established a cognitive basis for common human errors that arise from heuristics and biases, and developed prospect theory. In 2011, Kahneman was named by Foreign Policy magazine in its list of top global thinkers.[5] In the same year, his book Thinking, Fast and Slow, which summarizes much of his research, was published and became a best seller.[6] In 2015, The Economist listed him as the seventh most influential economist in the world.

Kahneman was professor emeritus of psychology and public affairs at Princeton University's Princeton School of Public and International Affairs. Kahneman was a founding partner of TGG Group, a business and philanthropy consulting company. He was married to cognitive psychologist and Royal Society Fellow Anne Treisman, who died in 2018.[7]

Early life

edit

Daniel Kahneman was born in Tel Aviv, Mandatory Palestine, on March 5, 1934.[8][9] His parents were Lithuanian Jews who had emigrated to France in the early 1920s.[9] He spent his childhood years in Paris. Kahneman and his family were in Paris when it was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1940. His father, Efrayim, was picked up in the first major round-up of French Jews, but he was released after six weeks due to the intervention of his employer, La Cagoule backer Eugène Schueller.[10]: 52  The family was on the run for the remainder of the war but survived except for Efrayim who died of diabetes in 1944.[9] Kahneman and his family then moved to British Mandatory Palestine in 1948, just before the creation of the state of Israel.[7]

Kahneman wrote of his experience in Nazi-occupied France, explaining in part why he entered the field of psychology:

It must have been late 1941 or early 1942. Jews were required to wear the Star of David and to obey a 6 p.m. curfew. I had gone to play with a Christian friend and had stayed too late. I turned my brown sweater inside out to walk the few blocks home. As I was walking down an empty street, I saw a German soldier approaching. He was wearing the black uniform that I had been told to fear more than others – the one worn by specially recruited SS soldiers. As I came closer to him, trying to walk fast, I noticed that he was looking at me intently. Then he beckoned me over, picked me up, and hugged me. I was terrified that he would notice the star inside my sweater. He was speaking to me with great emotion, in German. When he put me down, he opened his wallet, showed me a picture of a boy, and gave me some money. I went home more certain than ever that my mother was right: people were endlessly complicated and interesting.

— NobelPrize Bio 2002

Education and early career

edit

In 1954, Kahneman received his Bachelor of Science degree, with a major in psychology and a minor in mathematics, from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Israeli intellectual Yeshayahu Leibowitz, whom Kahneman describes as influential in his intellectual development, was Kahneman's chemistry teacher at Beit-Hakerem High School, and Kahneman's physiology professor at university.[11] Kahneman was average in mathematics, but he thrived in psychology.[12] Kahneman was led to psychology when he discovered in his teens that he was more interested in why people believe in God than in whether God exists, and more interested in indignation than in ethics.[12]

In 1954, he began his military service as a second lieutenant, serving for a year in infantry.[12] He then served in the psychology department of the Israeli Defense Forces. He developed a structured interview for combat recruits, which remained in use in the IDF for several decades. Kahneman describes his military service as a "very important period" in his life.[11][13]

In 1958, he went to the United States to study for his PhD in Psychology at the University of California, Berkeley. His 1961 dissertation, advised by Susan Ervin, examined relations between adjectives in the semantic differential and allowed him to "engage in two of [his] favorite pursuits: the analysis of complex correlational structures and FORTRAN programming".[7]

Academic career

edit

Cognitive psychology

edit

Kahneman received a bachelor's degree in psychology and mathematics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1954 and a degree in psychology from the University of California, Berkeley，in 1961, and went on to become a lecturer in psychology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem later in 1961[7] and was promoted to senior lecturer in 1966. His early work focused on visual perception and attention.[14] From 1965 to 1966, he was a visiting scientist at the University of Michigan, a fellow at the Center for Cognitive Studies and a lecturer in cognitive psychology at Harvard University in 1966 to 1967, and during the summers of 1968 and 1969 he was a visiting scientist at the Applied Psychology Research Unit in Cambridge. His work on attention led to a book, Attention and Effort, in which he presented a theory of effort based on studies of pupillary changes during mental tasks.[15] Kahneman also developed rules of counterfactual thinking, and published "Norm Theory" with Dale Miller.[16]

Judgment and decision-making

edit

Kahneman's lengthy collaboration with Amos Tversky began in 1969, after Tversky gave a guest lecture at one of Kahneman's seminars at Hebrew University.[7] Their first jointly written paper, "Belief in the Law of Small Numbers," was published in 1971. They published seven journal articles in the years 1971 to 1979. They flipped a coin to determine whose name would appear first on their initial paper and alternated thereafter.[17] Their article "Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases" introduced the notion of anchoring. Kahneman and Tversky spent an entire year at an office in the Van Leer Institute in Jerusalem, writing this paper. They spent more than three years revising an early version of prospect theory that was completed in early 1975. The final version was published in 1979 in Econometrica, the leading economic journal at the time.[11] That paper became the most cited in economics. Its success was due to its synthesis of ideas and results discussed at the time about economic behavior under risk in a simple model, whose predictions were systematically supported by psychological experiments.

The pair also teamed with Paul Slovic to edit a compilation entitled "Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases" (1982) that was a summary of their work and of other recent advances that had influenced their thinking. Kahneman was ultimately awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 2002 "for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty".[18] In the introduction of "Thinking, Fast and Slow", Kahneman acknowledges and shares that "our collaboration on judgment and decision making was the reason for the Nobel Prize that I received in 2002, which Amos Tversky would have shared had he not died, aged fifty-nine, in 1996".[19] Kahneman left Hebrew University in 1978 to take a position at the University of British Columbia.[7] In 2021, Kahneman co-authored a book with Olivier Sibony and Cass Sunstein, titled Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment.[20]

The Harvard psychologist and author Steven Pinker said of Kahneman that: "His central message could not be more important, namely, that human reason left to its own devices is apt to engage in a number of fallacies and systematic errors, so if we want to make better decisions in our personal lives and as a society, we ought to be aware of these biases and seek workarounds. That's a powerful and important discovery."[21]

Behavioral economics

edit

Kahneman and Tversky both spent the academic year 1977 to 1978 at Stanford University, Kahneman as a fellow at the school's Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences interdisciplinary research lab and Tversky with a visiting appointment at the university's psychology department.[22] Richard Thaler was a visiting professor at the Stanford branch of the National Bureau of Economic Research during that same year.[22] According to Kahneman: "We soon became friends, and have ever since had a considerable influence on each other's thinking."[7] Building in part on prospect theory and Kahneman and Tversky's body of work, Thaler published "Toward a Positive Theory of Consumer Choice" in 1980, a paper which Kahneman called "the founding text of behavioral economics".[7] Richard Thaler obtained a grant from the Russell Sage Foundation to spend the academic year 1984 to 1985 with Kahneman at the University of British Columbia.[23] Together with Kahneman's friend Jack Knetsch they worked on two papers on fairness and on the endowment effect.[24]

From 1979 to 1986, Kahneman published multiple articles and chapters.[25] Kahneman published one chapter during the years 1987 to 1989.[25][26] A few papers on decision making appeared after that hiatus, notably cumulative prospect theory, and an explanation of risk-taking by unrealistic "bold forecasts", but the focus of Kahneman's research from that time was the study of subjective experience.[27][28]

Variants of utility

edit

Economists distinguish experienced utility—in the sense of Jeremy Bentham and utilitarianism—from decision utility, which is the utility explained by and derived from choices.[29][30] The experienced utility of an episode is formalized as the temporal integration of momentary utility.[30]

Kahneman further distinguished the expected utility from both remembered and predicted utility. Predicted utility (better known as affective forecasting)[31] is the predicted experienced utility for a future experience.[32] Remembered utility is the evaluation of a past experience.[30][29] The essential finding of many experiments is that memories of experienced utility are systematically inaccurate. Furthermore, the remembered evaluation of past episodes (remembered utility) is the best predictor of subsequent decision utility.[33][34][35][30]

One of the cognitive biases of remembered utility is called the peak–end rule. It affects how people remember the pleasantness or unpleasantness of experiences. It states that a person's overall impression of past events is determined, for the most part, not by the total pleasure and suffering it contained, but by how it felt at its peak and at its end.[36] For example, the memory of a painful colonoscopy is improved if the examination is extended by three minutes in which the scope is still inside but not moved anymore, resulting in a moderately uncomfortable sensation. This extended colonoscopy, despite involving more pain overall, is remembered less negatively due to the reduced pain at the end. This even increases the likelihood for the patient to return for subsequent procedures.[37]

Happiness and life satisfaction

edit

The analysis of the experienced utility of short episodes readily extends to the broader notion of happiness. This connection led Kahneman, together with Ed Diener and Norbert Schwarz to organize a workshop, which yielded a book that covered a range of topics in hedonic psychology, which they defined as "the study of what makes experiences and life pleasant or unpleasant.[38] It is concerned with feelings of pleasure and pain, of interest and boredom, of joy and sorrow, and of satisfaction and dissatisfaction. It is also concerned with the whole range of circumstances, from the biological to the societal, that occasion suffering and enjoyment.[38]

Most studies of well-being use retrospective questions such as "How happy are you these days?". A smaller number of studies use experience sampling, in which people are probed at random times during the day, and asked to rate their experience of the present moment. Much later (source TED talk) Kahneman described this distinction in terms of two selves: the experiencing self, which is aware of pleasure and pain as they are happening, and the remembering self, which shows the aggregate pleasure and pain over an extended period of time.[39]

Kahneman initially believed that the happiness of the experiencing self is the true measure of well-being. Around 2000, he assembled a team consisting of Alan Krueger, David Schkade, Norbert Schwarz and Arthur Stone. The mission of the team was to create a measure of experienced happiness that economists could take seriously. As a more practical substitute to the experience sampling techniques of the time, the team developed The Day-Reconstruction Method, in which participants described the day as a sequence of episodes, and rated the experience on several affective dimensions.[40][41] Kahneman also participated in the formulation of the well-being module of the Gallup World Poll.[42] The effort to measure experienced happiness was only partly successful. Measures of affect are routinely included in well-being questionnaires, but the idea that experienced happiness is the better concept did not hold. Kahneman defined happiness in terms of "what I experience here and now",[43] but says that in reality humans pursue life satisfaction,[44] which "is connected to a large degree to social yardsticks—achieving goals, meeting expectations".[45][46][47]

Focusing illusion

edit

With David Schkade, Kahneman developed the notion of the focusing illusion to explain in part the mistakes people make when estimating the effects of different scenarios on their future happiness (also known as affective forecasting, which has been studied extensively by Daniel Gilbert).[40] The "illusion" occurs when people consider the impact of one specific factor on their overall happiness, they tend to greatly exaggerate the importance of that factor, while overlooking the numerous other factors that would in most cases have a greater impact.[48] In what has been considered his most famous dictum,[49] Kahneman described the illusion in Thinking, Fast and Slow, writing: “Nothing in life is as important as you think it is when you are thinking about it.”[29]

A good example is provided by Kahneman and Schkade's 1998 paper, "Does living in California make people happy? A focusing illusion in judgments of life satisfaction". In that paper, students in the Midwest and in California reported similar levels of life satisfaction, but the Midwesterners thought their Californian peers would be happier. The only distinguishing information the Midwestern students had when making these judgments was the fact that their hypothetical peers lived in California. Thus, they "focused" on this distinction, thereby overestimating the effect of the weather in California on its residents' satisfaction with life.[48]

Teaching

edit

Kahneman taught at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem from 1970–1978. He then became a professor at the University of British Columbia, leaving in 1986. Next, he taught at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1986 to 1994.[50] Thereafter, Kahneman was a senior scholar and faculty member emeritus at Princeton University's Department of Psychology and Princeton School of Public and International Affairs. He was also a fellow at Hebrew University and a Gallup Senior Scientist.[51]

Partnership with Amos Tversky

edit

Kahneman and Amos Tversky's collaboration helped launch the field of behavioral economics.[52]

Kahneman and Tversky first crossed paths in the Psychology department at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1968.[53] In the period between 1971 and 1979 they published work on judgment and decision-making that led to Kahneman winning the Nobel Prize.[53] During this period they were described as “inseparable” and as “soul mates”.[10]

After leaving Israel in 1978 and accepting positions at different universities, the intensity and exclusivity of their earlier period of joint collaboration was reduced.[12] According to Kahneman the collaboration "tapered off" in the early 1980s, although they tried to revive it,[8] but the period when Kahneman published almost exclusively with Tversky ended in 1983, when he published two papers with Anne Treisman, his wife since 1978.[25] Factors contributing to this estrangement included Tversky receiving most of the external credit for the output of the partnership, and a reduction in the generosity with which Tversky and Kahneman interacted with each other,[54] leading Kahneman to say, “I eventually divorced him”. However, they would continue to publish together until the end of Tversky's life, and worked together on the introduction to an edited collection of papers related to their work during the last six month's of Tversky's life.[53]

Personal life

edit

Kahneman's first wife was Irah Kahneman,[55] an Israeli social researcher, with whom he had two children. They were later divorced.[56] Kahneman's daughter, Lenore Shoham, who works in technology, collaborated with her father on his Nobel lecture.[57][58] His son, Michael Kahneman, has schizophrenia; Kahneman was quoted as saying that Michael "would have been a very brilliant economist."[57][59]

His second wife was the cognitive psychologist Anne Treisman, from 1978 until her death in 2018. They lived part-time in Berkeley, California.[60][61] From 2020, he lived in New York City with Barbara Tversky, the widow of his long-time collaborator Amos Tversky.[62][11]

Kahneman's paternal uncle was Rabbi Yosef Shlomo Kahaneman, the head of the Ponevezh Yeshiva.[11]

In 2015, Kahneman said he had always been "far on the left of the spectrum in Israeli politics".[63] He described himself as a very hard worker, "a worrier" and "not a jolly person", who is "quite capable of great enjoyment, and I've had a great life".[63] Richard Thaler called his close friend an "avid pessimist." Thaler, a self-described optimist stated that he failed to convince Kahneman to spend less time worrying as Kahneman "claimed this was rational because he would not be disappointed as much with the outcomes of life."[64]

Kahneman died on March 27, 2024, three weeks after his 90th birthday.[65] Former colleague and Princeton faculty member, Eldar Shafir said that Kahneman "was a giant in the field" and that "many areas in the social sciences simply have not been the same since he arrived on the scene. He will be greatly missed."[66][67] Behavioural economist Richard Thaler said Kahneman's work was "one of the most important accomplishments of 20th century science," and added, "It's hard to think of any psychologist whose work has influenced so many different fields."[68] Kahneman and Tversky were “the founders of our field”, said Ulrike Malmendier, a behavioral economist and member of the German official council of economic experts.[69]

Awards and recognition

edit

Honorary degrees

edit

Notable contributions

edit

Books

edit
  • Kahneman, Daniel (1973). Attention and Effort. Prentice-Hall.
  • Kahneman, Daniel; Slovic, Paul; Tversky, Amos (1982). Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge University Press.
  • Kahneman, Daniel; Diener, E.; Schwarz, N. (1999). Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology. Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Kahneman, Daniel; Tversky, Amos (2000). Choices, Values and Frames. Cambridge University Press.
  • Kahneman, Daniel; Gilovich, Thomas; Griffin, Dale (2002). Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521792608.
  • Kahneman, Daniel (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 9780374275631. (Reviewed by Freeman Dyson in The New York Review of Books, December 22, 2011, pp. 40–44)
  • Kahneman, Daniel; Sibony, Olivier; Sunstein, Cass R. (2021). Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment. William Collins. ISBN 9780008308995.

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "Nobel-winning behavioral economist Daniel Kahneman, who upended his field, dies at 90 | The Times of Israel". The Times of Israel.
  2. ^ Jr, Robert D. Hershey (March 27, 2024). "Daniel Kahneman, Who Plumbed the Psychology of Economics, Dies at 90". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  3. ^ Space, Social Science (March 27, 2024). "Daniel Kahneman, 1934-2024: The Grandfather of Behavioral Economics". Social Science Space. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  4. ^ cossaeditor (April 2, 2024). "Remembering Dr. Daniel Kahneman: A Pioneer of Behavioral Economics | COSSA". Consortium of Social Science Associations. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  5. ^ "The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers. 71 Daniel Kahneman". foreignpolicy.com. November 28, 2011. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved November 3, 2012.
  6. ^ "The New York Times Best Seller List" (PDF). www.hawes.com. December 25, 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Kahneman, Daniel (2002). "Daniel Kahneman: Biographical". Nobel Committee. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  8. ^ a b "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2002". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  9. ^ a b c Hershey, Robert D. Jr. (March 27, 2024). "Daniel Kahneman, Who Plumbed the Psychology of Economics, Dies at 90". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
  10. ^ a b Lewis, Michael (2017). The Undoing Project: A Friendship That Changed Our Minds. Penguin Random House. ISBN 9780141983042.
  11. ^ a b c d e "Interview with Daniel Kahneman". Interviews with Max Raskin. Archived from the original on March 1, 2022. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
  12. ^ a b c d "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2002". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
  13. ^ Akst, Daniel. "Daniel Kahneman: How Companies Can Improve Their Hiring Process". WSJ. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  14. ^ Kahneman, Daniel; Beatty, Jackson (1966). "Pupil Diameter and Load on Memory". Science. 154 (3756): 1583–1585. Bibcode:1966Sci...154.1583K. doi:10.1126/science.154.3756.1583. ISSN 0036-8075. JSTOR 1720478. PMID 5924930. S2CID 22762466. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  15. ^ Kahneman, Daniel (1973). Attention and effort. Prentice-Hall. ISBN 9780130505187.
  16. ^ Kahneman, Daniel; Miller, Dale T. (April 1986). "Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives". The Psychological Review. 93 (2): 136–153. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.136. ISSN 1939-1471. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  17. ^ Leonhardt, David (December 6, 2016). "From Michael Lewis, the Story of Two Friends Who Changed How We Think About the Way We Think". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  18. ^ "Daniel Kahneman". Econlib. Archived from the original on November 12, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  19. ^ Kahneman, Daniel (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Doubleday Canada. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-385-67651-9.
  20. ^ Kahneman, Daniel; Sibony, Olivier; Sunstein, Cass (May 16, 2021). Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment. Little, Brown Spark. pp. 37–38. ISBN 9780008308995. OCLC 1242782025.
  21. ^ Jr, Robert D. Hershey (March 27, 2024). "Daniel Kahneman, Who Plumbed the Psychology of Economics, Dies at 90". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  22. ^ a b "CASBS in the History of Behavioral Economics". Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. July 11, 2018. Archived from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  23. ^ "Daniel Kahneman and Richard Thaler on the Beginning of Behavioral Economics". RSF www.russellsage.org. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  24. ^ "In Remembrance". www.benefitcostanalysis.org. Archived from the original on November 11, 2023. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  25. ^ a b c "Publications". Daniel Kahneman. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  26. ^ Kahneman, Daniel (1988). Tietz, Reinhard; Albers, Wulf; Selten, Reinhard (eds.). Bounded Rational Behavior in Experimental Games and Markets. Vol. 314. Springer. pp. 11–18. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-48356-1_2. ISBN 9783642483561.
  27. ^ Tversky, Amos; Kahneman, Daniel (October 1, 1992). "Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty". Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. 5 (4): 297–323. doi:10.1007/BF00122574. ISSN 1573-0476.
  28. ^ Kahneman, Daniel; Lovallo, Dan (1993). "Timid Choices and Bold Forecasts: A Cognitive Perspective on Risk Taking". Management Science. 39 (1): 17–31. doi:10.1287/mnsc.39.1.17. ISSN 0025-1909. JSTOR 2661517. S2CID 53685999. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  29. ^ a b c Kahneman, Daniel (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. ISBN 9780374533557.
  30. ^ a b c d Kahneman, D.; Wakker, P. P.; Sarin, R. (May 1, 1997). "Back to Bentham? Explorations of Experienced Utility". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 112 (2): 375–406. doi:10.1162/003355397555235. hdl:1765/23011. ISSN 0033-5533.
  31. ^ Wilson, Timothy D; Gilbert, Daniel T (2003), Affective Forecasting, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 35, Elsevier, pp. 345–411, doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(03)01006-2, ISBN 978-0-12-015235-3, retrieved March 13, 2024
  32. ^ Kahneman, Daniel; Snell, Jackie (July 1992). "Predicting a changing taste: Do people know what they will like?". Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. 5 (3): 187–200. doi:10.1002/bdm.3960050304. ISSN 0894-3257. Archived from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  33. ^ Fredrickson, Barbara L.; Kahneman, Daniel (1993). "Duration neglect in retrospective evaluations of affective episodes". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 65 (1): 45–55. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.1.45. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 8355141. S2CID 10576590. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  34. ^ Kahneman, Daniel; Fredrickson, Barbara L.; Schreiber, Charles A.; Redelmeier, Donald A. (November 1993). "When More Pain Is Preferred to Less: Adding a Better End". Psychological Science. 4 (6): 401–405. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00589.x. ISSN 0956-7976. S2CID 8032668. Archived from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  35. ^ Redelmeier, Donald A; Kahneman, Daniel (July 1996). "Patients' memories of painful medical treatments: real-time and retrospective evaluations of two minimally invasive procedures". Pain. 66 (1): 3–8. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(96)02994-6. ISSN 0304-3959. PMID 8857625. S2CID 1522819. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  36. ^ Do, Amy M.; Rupert, Alexander V.; Wolford, George (February 1, 2008). "Evaluations of pleasurable experiences: The peak–end rule". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 15 (1): 96–98. doi:10.3758/PBR.15.1.96. ISSN 1531-5320. PMID 18605486.
  37. ^ Redelmeier, Donald A.; Katz, Joel; Kahneman, Daniel (July 2003). "Memories of colonoscopy: a randomized trial". Pain. 104 (1–2): 187–194. doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(03)00003-4. hdl:10315/7959. ISSN 0304-3959. PMID 12855328. S2CID 206055276. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  38. ^ a b Kahneman, Daniel; Diener, Ed; Schwarz, Norbert, eds. (1999). Well-being: the foundations of hedonic psychology. Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 9780871544247.
  39. ^ Kahneman, Daniel (March 1, 2010), The riddle of experience vs. memory, archived from the original on November 4, 2011, retrieved March 13, 2024
  40. ^ a b Stone, Arthur A.; Schwartz, Joseph E.; Schkade, David; Schwarz, Norbert; Krueger, Alan; Kahneman, Daniel (2006). "A population approach to the study of emotion: Diurnal rhythms of a working day examined with the day reconstruction method". Emotion. 6 (1): 139–149. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.1.139. ISSN 1931-1516. PMID 16637757. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  41. ^ Kahneman, Daniel; Krueger, Alan B (February 1, 2006). "Developments in the Measurement of Subjective Well-Being". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 20 (1): 3–24. doi:10.1257/089533006776526030. ISSN 0895-3309. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  42. ^ "Are You Happy Now?". Gallup.com. February 10, 2005. Archived from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  43. ^ "Why Nobel Prize Winner Daniel Kahneman Gave Up on Happiness". Haaretz. Archived from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved January 20, 2023.
  44. ^ Daniel Kahneman on wellbeing and how to measure it | University of Oxford 2022, archived from the original on November 16, 2022, retrieved November 16, 2022
  45. ^ Mandel, Amir (October 7, 2018). "Why Nobel Prize Winner Daniel Kahneman Gave Up on Happiness". Haaretz. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  46. ^ Livni, Ephrat (December 21, 2018). "A Nobel Prize-winning psychologist says most people don't really want to be happy". Quartz. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  47. ^ "Daniel Kahneman: Putting Your Intuition on Ice [The Knowledge Project Ep. #68]". Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  48. ^ a b Schkade, David A.; Kahneman, Daniel (May 6, 2016). "Does Living in California Make People Happy? A Focusing Illusion in Judgments of Life Satisfaction" (PDF). Psychological Science. 9 (5): 340–346. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00066. ISSN 1467-9280. S2CID 14091201. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
  49. ^ "There are three sides to every story". The Spectator Australia. April 10, 2024. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
  50. ^ "Daniel Kahneman". kahneman.scholar.princeton.edu. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
  51. ^ "Daniel Kahneman, Ph.D." The Gallup Organization. 2012. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2012.
  52. ^ Shafir, Eldar (May 3, 2024). "Daniel Kahneman obituary: psychologist who revolutionized the way we think about thinking". Nature. 629 (8012): 526. Bibcode:2024Natur.629..526S. doi:10.1038/d41586-024-01344-6.
  53. ^ a b c Sunstein, Cass R.; Thaler, Richard (December 7, 2016). "The Two Friends Who Changed How We Think About How We Think". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved May 13, 2024.
  54. ^ Michael Lewis. "The Undoing Project: A Friendship that Changed the World". Penguin, 2016 (ISBN 9780141983035)
  55. ^ "Daniel Kahneman Facts". Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  56. ^ Justin (2023) "Daniel Kahneman, the Nobel Prize winner who turned economics upside down, dies at the age of 90", traiguitako
  57. ^ a b "Daniel Kahneman: 'What would I eliminate if I had a magic wand? Overconfidence'". TheGuardian.com. July 18, 2015. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
  58. ^ Kahneman, Daniel (December 8, 2002). "Maps of Bounded Rationality: A Perspective on Intuitive Judgement and Choice" (PDF). nobelprize.org/. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
  59. ^ Hershey, Robert D. (March 27, 2024). "Daniel Kahneman, Who Plumbed the Psychology of Economics, Dies at 90". New York Times. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
  60. ^ "How do we really make decisions?". Horizon. Series 2013-2014. Episode 9. February 24, 2014. Event occurs at 00:20:13. BBC. BBC Two. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
  61. ^ Shariatmadari, David (July 15, 2015). "A life in ... Interview Daniel Kahneman: 'What would I eliminate if I had a magic wand? Overconfidence'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
  62. ^ Levitt, Steven D. "Daniel Kahneman on Why Our Judgment is Flawed — and What to Do About It (26:20)". People I (Mostly) Admire. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  63. ^ a b "Science and nature books: Daniel Kahneman 'What would I eliminate if I had a magic wand? Overconfidence'". Guardian. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
  64. ^ Best-selling Psychologist of Thinking Fast and Slow Dies at 90 [dead link]
  65. ^ Power, Chris (March 27, 2024). "Daniel Kahneman, Nobel-winning economist, dies at 90". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
  66. ^ Saxon, Jamie (March 28, 2024). "Daniel Kahneman, pioneering behavioral psychologist, Nobel laureate and 'giant in the field,' dies at 90". Princeton University. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  67. ^ "Daniel Kahneman, renowned psychologist and Nobel prize winner, dies at 90". The Guardian. March 28, 2024. Archived from the original on March 28, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
  68. ^ Jordan, Eliana. "Nobel Prize-winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman dies aged 90". www.thejc.com. Archived from the original on March 28, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  69. ^ "Daniel Kahneman, Nobel Prize-winning psychologist, 1934-2024". www.ft.com. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  70. ^ "APA Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions". www.apa.org. Archived from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  71. ^ "Distinguished Scientific Contribution". Society for Consumer Psychology. Archived from the original on March 11, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  72. ^ "Apply for Awards Sponsored by Division 1". apadiv1.org. Archived from the original on March 11, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  73. ^ "Warren Medal Recipients | The Society of Experimental Psychologists". Archived from the original on December 1, 2022. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  74. ^ "Daniel Kahneman". www.nasonline.org. Archived from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
  75. ^ "2003 – Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky – Grawemeyer Awards". July 21, 2003. Archived from the original on March 11, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  76. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Archived from the original on November 27, 2022. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  77. ^ "Decision Analysis Publication Award". INFORMS. Archived from the original on March 11, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  78. ^ "IPMU – Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty". ipmu.lip6.fr. Archived from the original on November 14, 2009. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  79. ^ gazetteimport (May 11, 2006). "Schelling and Neustadt winners named". Harvard Gazette. Archived from the original on March 11, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  80. ^ INFORMS. "Frank P. Ramsey Medal". INFORMS. Archived from the original on March 11, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  81. ^ Cynkar, Amy (April 4, 2007). "A towering figure". Monitor on Psychology. American Psychological Association. Archived from the original on July 14, 2019. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
  82. ^ "John P. McGovern Award Lecture in the Behavioral Sciences". www.aaas.org/. March 11, 2024. Archived from the original on December 29, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  83. ^ "Psychology". The British Academy. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  84. ^ "2010 Leontief Prize | Economics in Context Initiative". www.bu.edu. Archived from the original on March 11, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  85. ^ "American Economic Association". www.aeaweb.org. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  86. ^ "The 50 Most Influential People in Global Finance". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2012. [dead link]
  87. ^ "Two Systems in the Mind | American Academy of Arts and Sciences". www.amacad.org. January 1, 2012. Archived from the original on March 11, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  88. ^ "Alex Shakar, Stephen King win Times Book Prizes". Los Angeles Times. April 20, 2012. Archived from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved November 3, 2012.
  89. ^ "Daniel Kahneman's Thinking, Fast and Slow Wins Best Book Award From Academies; Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Slate Magazine, and WGBH/NOVA Also Take Top Prizes in Awards' 10th Year". www.nationalacademies.org. September 13, 2012. Archived from the original on March 11, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  90. ^ "His Excellency Dr. Daniel Kahneman". www.racef.es. June 14, 2012. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
  91. ^ "Extract from Annual Report—2013". www.cosmosclubfoundation.org. Archived from the original on September 25, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  92. ^ "2013 SAGE-CASBS Award winner Daniel Kahneman on 'Thinking, Fast and Slow'". Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. October 22, 2013. Archived from the original on March 11, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  93. ^ "President Obama Names Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients". Office of the Press Secretary, The White House. August 8, 2013. Archived from the original on January 29, 2017. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
  94. ^ "Gold Medal Honorees". The National Institute of Social Sciences. Archived from the original on July 2, 2019. Retrieved July 2, 2019.
  95. ^ "Influential economists – That ranking". The Economist. January 2, 2015. Archived from the original on November 17, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
  96. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on December 15, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
  97. ^ "2019 Summit Highlights Photo: Anthony D. Romero, Executive Director of the American Civil Liberties Union, presenting the Golden Plate Award to Dr. Daniel Kahneman, a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics, at the 2019 International Achievement Summit". American Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  98. ^ "The Helen Dinerman Prize". World Association for Public Opinion Research. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  99. ^ "Commencement 2001: Sketches of the Honorary Degree Recipients". University of Pennsylvania Almanac. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  100. ^ Zaninotto, Enrico. "Kahneman and Cole honorary doctors in economics". www.unitn.it. Archived from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  101. ^ "NEW SCHOOL UNIVERSITY TO HOLD 67th COMMENCEMENT CEREMONY ON WEDNESDAY, MAY 21, 2003 AT 2:30 PM AT THE THEATER AT MADISON SQUARE GARDEN". www.newschool.edu. Archived from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  102. ^ "Honorary Doctorates". in.bgu.ac.il. Archived from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  103. ^ "History of honorary degrees". www.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  104. ^ "Honorary Graduates". www.uea.ac.uk. Archived from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  105. ^ "Honorary degrees – chronological". archives.library.ubc.ca. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  106. ^ "Honorary degrees and doctorates". en.unimib.it. Archived from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  107. ^ "Les DHC". www.pantheonsorbonne.fr. Archived from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  108. ^ "Honorary degree recipients named". sites.ualberta.ca. Archived from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  109. ^ "Bilancio sociale 2017" (PDF). www.uniroma1.it. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  110. ^ "Honorary doctorates". www.eur.nl. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  111. ^ "Honorary degree recipients". governance.georgetown.edu. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  112. ^ "Main Speaker Daniel Kahneman". news.umich.edu. January 12, 2011. Archived from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  113. ^ "CMU To Award Five Honorary Degrees * 2011, Honorary Fellow, Ruppin Academic Center www.ruppin.ac.il". www.cmu.edu. Archived from the original on December 12, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  114. ^ "Mount Sinai Honors Innovators in Scientific Research and Health Care Philanthropy at 2013 Commencement". www.mountsinai.org. Archived from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  115. ^ "Selected honorands". www.cam.ac.uk. February 22, 2013. Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  116. ^ "Honorary Doctorates". www3.huji.ac.il. Archived from the original on June 6, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  117. ^ "Yale awards 12 honorary degrees at 2014 graduation". news.yale.edu. May 19, 2014. Archived from the original on March 12, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  118. ^ "McGill to award 16 honorary degrees". www.mcgill.ca. Archived from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  119. ^ "SU to honour foremost thought leaders". www.sun.ac.za. Archived from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  120. ^ "Honorary Degrees". bog.haifa.ac.il. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  121. ^ "NOBEL LAUREATE AND HEC PARIS DOCTOR HONORIS CAUSA KAHNEMAN : "I'M A CHEERFUL PESSIMIST"". www.hec.edu. October 12, 2021. Archived from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  122. ^ "Honorary Degree Recipients". www.yorku.ca. Archived from the original on September 5, 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  123. ^ Teovanović, Predrag (February 28, 2019). "Individual Differences in Anchoring Effect: Evidence for the Role of Insufficient Adjustment". Europe's Journal of Psychology. 15 (1): 8–24. doi:10.5964/ejop.v15i1.1691. ISSN 1841-0413. PMC 6396698. PMID 30915170.
  124. ^ "APA PsycNet". psycnet.apa.org. Archived from the original on October 19, 2023. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  125. ^ Gilovich, Thomas, ed. (2013). Heuristics and biases: the psychology of intuitive judgment. Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79679-8.
  126. ^ "Base Rate Fallacy". The Decision Lab. Archived from the original on February 14, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  127. ^ "Cognitive Bias – an overview". www.sciencedirect.com. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  128. ^ Wolford, George; Taylor, Holly A.; Beck, Robert (1990). "The Conjunction Fallacy" (PDF). Memory & Cognition. 18 (1): 47–53. doi:10.3758/BF03202645. PMID 2314227. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  129. ^ Pressman, Steven (June 2006). "Kahneman, Tversky, and Institutional Economics". Journal of Economic Issues. 40 (2): 501–506. doi:10.1080/00213624.2006.11506929. ISSN 0021-3624. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  130. ^ "Framing Effect – an overview". www.sciencedirect.com. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  131. ^ BehavioralEconomics.com. "Loss aversion". BehavioralEconomics.com. Archived from the original on February 11, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  132. ^ "Optimism Bias". The Decision Lab. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  133. ^ Ph.D, Jeremy Sutton (March 3, 2019). "What Is the Peak End Rule and How to Use It Smartly". PositivePsychology.com. Archived from the original on January 26, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  134. ^ Anthony, Scott D. (August 1, 2012). "The Planning Fallacy and the Innovator's Dilemma". Harvard Business Review. ISSN 0017-8012. Archived from the original on June 8, 2023. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  135. ^ Kahneman, Daniel; Tversky, Amos (1979). "Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk". Econometrica. 47 (2): 263–291. doi:10.2307/1914185. ISSN 0012-9682. JSTOR 1914185. Archived from the original on March 28, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  136. ^ Tversky, Amos; Kahneman, Daniel (October 1, 1992). "Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty". Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. 5 (4): 297–323. doi:10.1007/BF00122574. ISSN 1573-0476. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  137. ^ "Reference Class Forecasting – Definition and examples". Conceptually. Archived from the original on March 9, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  138. ^ "Representativeness Heuristic". The Decision Lab. Archived from the original on February 6, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  139. ^ "simulation heuristic". Oxford Reference. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  140. ^ Kahneman, Daniel; Knetsch, Jack L.; Thaler, Richard H. (1991). "Anomalies: The Endowment Effect, Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias". The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 5 (1): 193–206. doi:10.1257/jep.5.1.193. ISSN 0895-3309. JSTOR 1942711. Archived from the original on September 2, 2021. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
edit
Awards
Preceded by Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
2002
Served alongside: Vernon L. Smith 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Kahneman&oldid=1256970442"