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Dan Markel

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Daniel Eric Markel (October 9, 1972 – July 19, 2014) was a Canadian-born attorney and a law professor, who wrote various works on retribution in criminal law and sentencing, with a focus on the role of punishment in the criminal justice system. He earned a J.D. degree from Harvard University in 2001 and after working as a law clerk to a federal judge and as an associate at a law firm, joined the faculty of Florida State University in 2005.

Dan Markel
Born(1972-10-09)October 9, 1972
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
DiedJuly 19, 2014(2014-07-19) (aged 41)
Tallahassee, Florida, U.S.
Cause of deathGunshot wound
EducationHarvard University (BA, JD)
Emmanuel College, Cambridge (MPhil)
Occupation(s)Law professor, author
SpouseWendi Jill Adelson (2006-2013)
Children2

Markel was killed in Tallahassee, Florida, in 2014, in a murder for hire motivated by child custody issues following Markel's divorce from Wendi Adelson, a clinical law professor and child advocate also employed at Florida State University at the time.[1][2][3]

Four individuals have been convicted in the case. Charlie Adelson, Wendi Adelson's brother and Markel's former brother-in-law, was convicted of first-degree murder, conspiracy to commit murder, and solicitation of murder,[4] and sentenced to life in prison plus an additional 30 years each for the conspiracy and solicitation convictions.[5] Sigfredo Garcia was found guilty of first-degree murder and conspiracy to commit murder, and sentenced to life in prison. After a mistrial in her original trial, Katherine Magbanua was found guilty of first-degree murder, conspiracy to commit murder, and solicitation of murder in a retrial and sentenced to life in prison plus two consecutive 30-year sentences.[6] Luis Rivera pled guilty to second-degree murder, and was sentenced to 19 years in prison.

Donna Adelson, Wendi Adelson's mother and Markel's former mother-in-law, was arrested at the Miami International Airport on a warrant from Leon County, evidently trying to flee to Vietnam, a country with no extradition treaty with the U.S.[7] She is charged with first-degree murder, conspiracy to commit murder, and solicitation of murder.[8] Originally scheduled to start September 17, 2024, her trial is expected to begin in late 2024 or early 2025.[9][10] Neither Markel's ex-wife Wendi Adelson nor Wendi Adelson's father (and Markel's former father-in-law) Harvey Adelson have been charged,[11] but both have been named by prosecutors as "conspirators" in the killing.[12]

Early life and education

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Daniel Eric Markel[13] was born in Montreal and raised in Toronto in a religious Jewish family.[14][15][16][17][18] He studied politics and philosophy as a Harvard undergraduate, graduating magna cum laude.[15][19] While on a Dorot Fellowship in Israel, Markel completed graduate studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and earned a master's degree in political theory from Emmanuel College, Cambridge,[13][20] before receiving his J.D. from Harvard Law School in 2001.[19][21]

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Before entering teaching, Markel served as law clerk to Judge Michael Daly Hawkins of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit[22] and was an associate with the law firm Kellogg, Huber, Hansen, Todd, Evans & Figel in Washington, D.C., practicing white-collar criminal defense.[23] His work at the firm included representing a group of law professors in an amicus brief in a criminal case before the Ninth Circuit.[24]

Markel joined the faculty of the Florida State University College of Law in 2005;[23] he was tenured in 2010.[21] Markel held the post of D'Alemberte Professor of Law at the FSU College of Law.[15]

Work

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Markel co-authored a book exploring the intersection between crime, punishment and family, Privilege or Punish: Criminal Justice and the Challenge of Family Ties (2009).[15][25]

Markel was a co-founder of a blog for law professors, PrawfsBlawg.[15] His law review articles included an argument for the abolition of the death penalty published in the Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review,[26] a critique of the use of shaming as punishment published in the Vanderbilt Law Review,[27] and a paper on punitive damages published in the University of Pennsylvania Law Review.[28]

Also interested in sports law, he and his co-authors proposed a method of giving fans an opportunity to participate in the management of sports teams.[29] He also wrote opinion pieces for The New York Times, Slate, and the Atlantic, among other publications.[30]

In addition to his scholarship, he was a consultant for the defense in a federal prosecution in New Jersey involving rabbis accused of extortion by the FBI.[31]

Assassination

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Markel was shot at his home in Tallahassee, Florida, shortly before 11 a.m. on July 18, 2014, and died early the next day.[32] The Tallahassee Police Department announced that Markel was the "intended victim" and termed his death a murder.[33] On August 1, 2014, the Associated Press reported that emergency medical response was delayed because a dispatcher erroneously classified the call as less serious than it was.[34]

A highly regarded and popular professor, Markel was the subject of many tributes from the academic community.[15][30] The day after his death, a memorial service was held at the synagogue he had attended, Congregation Shomrei Torah, in Tallahassee. Markel was buried in Pardes Shalom Cemetery in Maple, Ontario.[35]

A $25,000 Crime Stoppers reward was initially offered. A separate, independently funded $100,000 award was offered in July 2015.[36] At that time, the one-year anniversary of the murder, the Tallahassee Police Department called a press conference and showed photographs of a silver pine mica Toyota Prius, asking the public for help in locating the vehicle.[37] The police also released unredacted police reports from the crime scene in February 2016, but these contained no new information regarding the crime, only the names of police officers who visited the crime scene.[38]

2016 developments

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On May 26, 2016, a suspect, Sigfredo Garcia, 34, of Miami Beach, was arrested for first-degree murder based on a warrant issued by a Leon County judge. Tallahassee police would not release further details, but told reporters that the killing was being investigated as a murder for hire, and sources said that they expected more arrests in the case.[2][39] A few days later, a judge in Leon County court ordered the probable cause affidavit behind the arrest unsealed. The affidavit revealed investigators' belief that Garcia and Luis Rivera, 33, had traveled from the Miami area in a rented Toyota Prius, staying in motels the nights of July 16 and 17, 2014, to commit the crime.[1][2] Evidence included a cellphone, banking and SunPass electronic toll collection records; security camera footage from buildings and city buses along the streets Markel and the alleged killers had driven, and the testimony of an unnamed informant along with a nearby witness.[40] The morning of the killing, they had trailed Markel as he ran errands and went to the gym, until they could shoot him at his home.[1]

The affidavit further outlined investigators' theory of the case: that Markel's death was a contract killing, in which Charlie Adelson (the brother of Markel's ex-wife Wendi Adelson) and Donna Adelson (Charlie and Wendi's mother) had used Katherine Magbanua as an intermediary to hire Sigfredo Garcia and Luis Rivera for the killing.[41][42] According to the affidavit, the motive was the desire of the family of Wendi Adelson to allow her to relocate to the Miami area with the children. Katherine Magbanua, who had mothered Garcia's two children, was alleged to have been the link between the Adelson family and Garcia and Rivera. Investigators alleged that neither Rivera nor Garcia knew Markel but that Charlie Adelson (Wendi Adelson's brother) was in a "personal relationship" with Katherine Magbanua, that Magbanua received a large amount of money from the Adelsons following the killing, that Magbanua was the first call Garcia dialed after Markel was murdered and that Charlie and Donna Adelson disliked Markel. The affidavit further noted that Wendi Adelson had been granted 50-50 custody when the couple's acrimonious divorce had been finalized in 2013, when Markel had won an order prohibiting her from moving to Miami with the children. In 2014, Markel filed a motion that would have prohibited his mother-in-law from being alone and unsupervised with the children due to alleged disparaging remarks about their father.[40]

On June 17, 2016, a grand jury in Leon County indicted Garcia and Rivera on charges of first-degree murder in connection with Markel's killing.[2] At the time, Rivera was already in jail for a conviction on federal charges of racketeering conspiracy arising from his leadership of the North Miami group of the Latin Kings gang.[43] The state filed documentation with the court, including detailed information on Rivera and Garcia's first trip to Tallahassee on June 4–6, 2014 and an exhaustive review of cellular phone and GPS records placing them in the vicinity of Markel on both trips. The state also issued an expanded probable cause affidavit which included photographs and maps related to the murder. The media released videos of the Toyota Prius stalking Markel throughout Tallahassee on July 18, 2014.[44] Sigfredo Garcia was pictured in a Toyota Prius at an ATM in Pembroke Pines, wearing a white long-sleeved dress shirt.[45] Media reports using the released videos showed that immediately after the murder, video from a Tallahassee bus showed the Prius going North on Thomasville Road, with an individual in the passenger side changing into a long-sleeved white shirt.[46]

On September 16, 2016, ABC News aired "In-Laws and Outlaws", on a 20/20 episode on the investigation into the murder.[47]

On October 1, 2016, police arrested Katherine Magbanua; she too was charged with murder.[48] On October 4, 2016, Luis Rivera pled guilty to the charge of murder as part of a plea bargain in which he was sentenced to 19 years in prison, which would run concurrently with another sentence he was already serving.[49] In his confession, Rivera claimed that Sigfredo Garcia had recruited Rivera to take part in the killing of Markel and that Katherine Magbanua was "the woman in the middle doing everything". Rivera also claimed that he did not know the names of the people who had hired Garcia and Magbanua but that the reason for the killing was "because the lady wants her two kids back. She wants full custody of the kids."[50]

The Adelsons denied any involvement; according to a statement issued by their lawyers, including Charlie's close friend Michael D. Weinstein, son of Wendi's godfather Peter Weinstein,[51] "none of the Adelsons — Wendi, her brother Charlie, or their parents Donna and Harvey — had anything to do with Dan [Markel]'s murder."[52]

2019 developments

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The trials for Katherine Magbanua and Sigfredo Garcia were combined and took place in October 2019.[53] In the trial, prosecutors claimed that Charlie Adelson had arranged to pay Magbanua, Rivera, and Garcia $100,000 to murder Markel so that Wendi Adelson could get full custody of Markel's and Wendi Adelson's two sons. At trial, Magbanua denied involvement but claimed that the case presented by the prosecutors led her to believe Adelson was "involved" in the murders. For his part, Garcia claimed that Rivera had carried out the killing alone.[54] On October 11, a jury found Sigfredo Garcia guilty of first-degree murder and conspiracy in the 2014 killing of Dan Markel. On October 15, the court sentenced Garcia to life in prison without the possibility of parole for the murder charge, plus 30 years for conspiracy.[55] The jury was unable to reach a verdict on Katherine Magbanua,[56] with two sources with knowledge of the vote confirming it was 10-2 for conviction.[57] Magbanua remained in jail, pending retrial.

2022 developments

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Charlie Adelson was arrested on April 21, 2022, and was charged with first-degree murder, conspiracy to commit murder, and solicitation to commit murder. Wendi's TV comments during her interrogation immediately after the murder can be reconciled with Donna's TV comment in code two years later on a wiretap.[58]

After several delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic,[59][60][61][62][63] Katherine Magbanua's retrial began on May 16, 2022.[64] On May 27, 2022, a jury found Magbanua guilty of first-degree murder, conspiracy to commit murder, and solicitation to commit murder. She was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole for the first-degree murder, 30 years for the conspiracy, and an additional 30 years for the solicitation.[65]

On November 16, 2022, a request was made for Katherine Magbanua to be handed over to the Leon County Sheriff so she could be transported to the Leon County State Attorney's Office for a proffer in relation to Charlie Adelson's trial scheduled to take place on October 23, 2023. Adelson and Magbanua were dating at the time of the murder.[66]

2023 developments

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Charlie Adelson's trial began on Thursday, October 26, 2023, in a Leon County courtroom the week before his 47th birthday.[67] On Monday, November 6, 2023, Adelson was convicted of first-degree murder, conspiracy to commit first-degree murder, and solicitation of first-degree murder. On Tuesday, December 12, 2023, he was sentenced to life in prison for first-degree murder plus an additional 30 years each for the conspiracy and solicitation convictions.[68]

On the evening of November 13, 2023, Donna Adelson, Markel's former mother-in-law, was arrested at the Miami International Airport on a warrant from Leon County, apparently trying to flee to Vietnam, a country with no extradition treaty with the U.S.[7] She is charged with first-degree murder, conspiracy to commit murder, and solicitation of murder.[8] Her trial was set to begin September 17, 2024, but proceedings were delayed when Donna Adelson's attorney withdrew his representation of her on the first day of jury selection. No new date has been set yet for the trial to begin, but it is expected in late 2024 or early 2025.[69][70]

Markel Act

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Following the 2016 arrests, Wendi Adelson cut off contact between Markel's parents and their grandsons. She also took the step of changing her sons' last names from Markel to Adelson, claiming it was for their safety.[71] Florida's grandparent visitation laws are among the most restrictive in the nation, leaving the Markels with no way to even petition a court for a ruling on whether they can be granted contact with their grandsons. The Florida Legislature considered a bill in the 2020 legislative session, SB 1886 sponsored by Sen. Jeff Brandes, that would create an additional set of conditions in which grandparents would be granted standing to access courts.[72][73][74] Wendi Adelson's attorney denounced the bill as an "absolute outrage."[75]

In 2022, the legislation, informally known as the Markel Act, passed both chambers of the Florida legislature and was signed into law by Governor Ron DeSantis.[76][77][78][79]

Personal life

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Markel married Wendi Jill Adelson in February 2006.[19] They had two sons, one born in 2009 and one in 2010. The couple separated in 2012. Their divorce became final in 2013.[80][81]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Documents: Markel Custody Battle May be Motive for His Murder". WTXL-TV. June 2, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2016. [dead link‍]
  2. ^ a b c d Karl Etters, Two indicted in Markel slaying, Tallahassee Democrat (June 17, 2016).
  3. ^ Casey, Nikki (January 17, 2018). "Who Had Dan Markel Killed?". The Forward. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
  4. ^ "Florida dentist convicted in 2014 slaying of his former brother-in-law, a prominent professor". AP News. November 6, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
  5. ^ "Charlie Adelson sentenced to life in prison for 2014 murder-for-hire of Dan Markel". WCTV. December 12, 2023.
  6. ^ "Katherine Magbanua sentenced to life in prison". WTXL. July 29, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
  7. ^ a b "Donna Adelson arrested days after son's conviction in Dan Markel murder". Tallahassee Democrat.
  8. ^ a b Jeff Burlew (November 15, 2023). "Grand jury indicts Donna Adelson in Dan Markel murder two days after Miami airport arrest". USA Today.
  9. ^ Burlew, Jeff (September 19, 2024). "'Epic disaster': Donna Adelson's trial went off the rails. Here's what's coming next". Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved September 23, 2024.
  10. ^ Burlew, Jeff. "Judge sets trial date for Donna Adelson in 2014 murder of Dan Markel". Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
  11. ^ Etters, Karl (October 1, 2019). "Ex-wife Wendi Adelson testifies under immunity in Dan Markel case". Tennessee Democrat.
  12. ^ Burlew, Jeff (October 26, 2023). "Wendi Adelson says she was surprised to learn Charlie knew Dan Markel's murderer all along". Tennessee Democrat.
  13. ^ a b Obituaries, Emmanuel College Magazine, Vol. XCVII (2014-2015) p. 208.
  14. ^ Dan Markel, Toronto-born law prof, dead after shot in Florida home, CBC News (July 21, 2016)./
  15. ^ a b c d e f John Schwartz, Police Seek Clues in Fatal Shooting of Widely Known Criminal Law Professor in Florida: Dan Markel's Death Reverberates Among Legal Scholars, The New York Times (July 21, 2014).
  16. ^ Markel, Dan (June 7, 2011). "One of the best posts on health care I've seen, ever". Prawfsblawg.blogs.com. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  17. ^ "Canadian professor was killed in targeted attack, Florida police say". The Globe and Mail. July 21, 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  18. ^ "Dan Markel, Wendi Adelson and Charles Adelson | Tampa JCCs and Federation". www.jewishtampa.com. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
  19. ^ a b c "Wendi Adelson and Dan Markel". The New York Times. February 26, 2006.
  20. ^ "Wendi Adelson and Dan Markel". The New York Times. February 26, 2006. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
  21. ^ a b Gary Fineout & Joe Reedy, Mystery Remains After Arrest in Killing of Florida Professor, ABC News (May 26, 2016).
  22. ^ Dan Markel, Tribute, Senior Judge Michael Daly Hawkins: A Judge for Justice, 43 Ariz. St. L.J. 57 (2001).
  23. ^ a b Criminal Law Scholar Dan Markel Joins Faculty (press release), Florida State University College of Law (May 1, 2005).
  24. ^ Brief Amicus Curiae, United States v. Shawn Gementera, No. 03-10103 (9th Cir.)
  25. ^ Markel, Dan; Collins, Jennifer; Lieb, Ethan (April 2009). Privilege or Punish: Criminal Justice and the Challenge of Family Ties. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0195380064.
  26. ^ "State, Be Not Proud: A Retributivist Defense of the Commutation of Death Row and the Abolition of the Death Penalty" (PDF). Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 14, 2010. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  27. ^ Markel, Dan (May 27, 2003). "Are Shaming Punishments Beautifully Retributive? Retributivism and the Implications for the Alternative Sanctions Debate". ssrn.com. SSRN 410922.
  28. ^ Markel, Dan (March 31, 2009). "How Should Punitive Damages Work?". ssrn.com. SSRN 1260019.
  29. ^ Markel, Dan; McCann, Michael; Wasserman, Howard (February 18, 2014). "Catalyzing Fans". ssrn.com. SSRN 2297050.
  30. ^ a b Jacob Gershman (July 21, 2014). "Legal Academic World Shaken by Shooting Death of FSU Professor". Wall Street Journal.
  31. ^ Albert Samaha. "Legal Consultant on Divorce Extortion Cases Murdered in Florida". Village Voice. Archived from the original on August 2, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
  32. ^ Sean Rossman (July 19, 2014). "FSU law professor dies in shooting". Tallahassee Democrat.
  33. ^ "Florida Law Professor Dan Markel Was 'Intended Victim' in Slaying". The Forward. July 22, 2014.
  34. ^ "Associated Press, Error Made By Dispatcher in Professor Shooting". Dailycommercial.com. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  35. ^ Jennifer Portman and Sean Rossman (July 26, 2014). "Friends recall Dan Markel". Tallahassee Democrat.
  36. ^ Karl Etters, 'Not finished yet': More arrests likely in Markel case, Tallahassee Democrat (May 26, 2016).
  37. ^ Jeff Berlew, New information released in the Markel case. , Tallahassee Democrat (July 17, 2015).
  38. ^ Julie Montanaro, TPD Released New Documents in Markel Murder Case, WCTV (February 25, 2016).
  39. ^ Karl Etters, Markel killing investigated as murder for hire, more arrests expected, Tallahassee Democrat (May 26, 2016).
  40. ^ a b Bennett, Sherrie (May 25, 2016). "Probable Cause, Case 14-019848" (PDF). Townnews.com. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
  41. ^ Etters, Karl. "Documents detail potential links to Markel's in-laws". Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
  42. ^ Lat, David (September 9, 2016). "The Dan Markel Case: The Probable Cause Affidavit For Charlie Adelson". Above the Law. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
  43. ^ Rebeca Piccardo & Paula McMahon, New details in FSU law prof's murder show second suspect is South Florida Latin Kings gang leader, Sun-Sentinel (June 4, 2016).
  44. ^ WCTV, State Attorney's Office Unveils New Evidence in Markel Murder Investigation, WCTV (June 24, 2016).
  45. ^ Tallahassee Police Department, Sigfredo Garcia Probable Cause Attachment A, Court Document (June 24, 2016).
  46. ^ WCTV, "Suspect Passes Bus", State Attorney's Office Unveils New Evidence in Markel Murder Investigation, WCTV (June 24, 2016).
  47. ^ Lat, David (September 17, 2016). "The ABC News '20/20′ Segment On The Dan Markel Murder Case". Above the Law. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
  48. ^ Mizoguchi, Karen. "New Suspect Arrested in Connection with Execution-Style Killing of Florida State University Professor". People.com. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
  49. ^ WCTV, Suspect pleads guilty in Dan Markel murder case, WCTV (October 24, 2016).
  50. ^ Karl Etters, Rivera: 'We were coming up here to kill somebody', Tallahassee Democrat (October 10, 2016).
  51. ^ "Florida Politics". June 2020.
  52. ^ Anderson, Curt (August 3, 2016). "Ex-wife of slain Florida law professor denies role in death". Associated Press. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  53. ^ "Dan Markel murder trial tick-tock of the day: Closing arguments wrap, jury begins deliberating". Tallahassee Democrat.
  54. ^ "Who is Charlie Adelson? Florida dentist caught up in murder | Miami Herald". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on October 12, 2019. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
  55. ^ "Convicted trigger man gets life sentence in Dan Markel murder". Wctv.tv. October 14, 2019.
  56. ^ Mazzei, Patricia (October 11, 2019). "Man Convicted in Murder of Law Professor Locked in Family Feud". The New York Times.
  57. ^ Etters, Karl. "Dan Markel murder: Jury deadlocked at 10-2 in Katherine Magbanua mistrial". Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  58. ^ Schorsch, Peter (April 25, 2022). "Motives, codewords, wiretaps, and persistence: Backstory of Charlie Adelson's arrest". Florida Politics. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
  59. ^ "Dan Markel case: Family says justice 'partially served' with murder verdict and mistrial". Tallahassee Democrat.
  60. ^ Burlew, Jeff. "Judge sets retrial date for Katherine Magbanua in Dan Markel killing". Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  61. ^ Montanaro, Julie (August 13, 2020). "Retrial in Dan Markel murder case delayed until 2021". Wctv.tv. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  62. ^ "Magbanua's re-scheduled trial set for October". Wtxl.com. May 7, 2021.
  63. ^ Etters, Karl. "Dan Markel murder: Judge OKs delay in Magbanua trial until February 2022". Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  64. ^ "Magbanua retrial now set for May 16". February 7, 2022.
  65. ^ "Jury delivers guilty verdict against Katherine Magbanua in Dan Markel murder case". Tallahassee Democrat. May 28, 2022. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  66. ^ "Dan Markel murder: Katherine Magbanua turns state witness as Charlie Adelson nears trial". Tallahassee Democrat.
  67. ^ "Opening statements made in Charlie Adelson murder trial, witnesses called". Tallahassee Democrat.
  68. ^ "Charlie Adelson sentenced to life in prison for 2014 murder-for-hire of Dan Markel". WCTV. December 12, 2023.
  69. ^ Burlew, Jeff (September 19, 2024). "'Epic disaster': Donna Adelson's trial went off the rails. Here's what's coming next". Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved September 23, 2024.
  70. ^ Burlew, Jeff. "Judge sets trial date for Donna Adelson in 2014 murder of Dan Markel". Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
  71. ^ Schorsch, Peter (May 17, 2022). "Motives, codewords, wiretaps and persistence: Backstory of Charlie Adelson's arrest". Florida Politics. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  72. ^ "Florida Senate". Flsentate.gov.
  73. ^ Etters, Karl. "Jeff Brandes bill, citing Markel murder case, could allow grandparents more visitation rights". Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  74. ^ "Jeff Brandes takes on court access policy challenge for sake of murder victims' kids". Floridapolitics.com. January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  75. ^ Etters, Karl (February 4, 2020). "Grandparent rights bill, citing Dan Markel case, gets support from lawmakers". Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
  76. ^ Schorsch, Peter (March 9, 2022). "Florida grandparents score major win, with assist from Johnston & Stewart". Floridapolitics.com. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
  77. ^ Ash, Jim (March 11, 2022). "Grandparent Visitation Bill Clears the Legislature". www.floridabar.org. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
  78. ^ Ash, Jim (January 7, 2022). "Proposed 'Markel Act' Would Expand Grandparent Visitation Rights". www.floridabar.org. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
  79. ^ Schorsch, Peter (June 25, 2022). "'Markel Act' signed into law, gives grandparents visitation rights". Floridapolitics.com. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  80. ^ Aradillas, Elaine. "Suspect Arrested in 2014 Execution-Style Murder of Florida State Professor Dan Markel". People.com. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
  81. ^ Gutman, Matt (July 2014). "FSU Professor Was Talking on Cell Phone When Shooting Happened". abcnews.go.com. ABC News. Retrieved May 26, 2016. Their divorce was acrimonious, punctuated by dozens of court filings, hearings and a protracted custody battle over their two boys. Markel described the day Adelson left him as his "Pearl Harbor", friends told ABC News. Markel told friends that, without warning, Adelson had packed up the house and the children and left while he was away on a business trip.
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