The Danish House of Knýtlinga (English: "House of Cnut's Descendants") was a ruling royal house in Middle Age Scandinavia and England. Its most famous king was Cnut the Great, who gave his name to this dynasty. Other notable members were Cnut's father Sweyn Forkbeard, grandfather Harald Bluetooth, and sons Harthacnut, Harold Harefoot, and Svein Knutsson. It has also been called the House of Canute, the House of Denmark, the House of Gorm, or the Jelling dynasty.
| Jelling dynasty Jellingdynastiet | |
|---|---|
| Royal dynasty | |
| Country | |
| Founded | c. 916 |
| Founder | Harthacnut I of Denmark |
| Current head | None; extinct |
| Final ruler | Cnut III & II |
| Dissolution | 1042 |
| Branches |
|
Under Harald Bluetooth's rule, he is said on a Jelling rune stone to have unified the territory that comprises modern-day Denmark under his rule, as well as Norway.[1] The latter claim is more tenuous, as he most likely only had periodic and indirect power over parts of modern-day Norway.[1] Under the House of Knýtlinga, early state formation in Denmark occurred.[2][1]
In 1018 AD the House of Knýtlinga brought the crowns of Denmark and England together under a personal union. At the height of its power, in the years 1028–1030, the House reigned over Denmark, England and Norway. After the death of Cnut the Great's heirs within a decade of his own death and the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the legacy of the Knýtlinga was almost lost to history.
Rulers of Denmark
editThe ruling royal house built impressive ring fortresses, as well as implementing new military organizational innovations, and oversaw the Christianization of Denmark.[1] The ruling royal house also developed a model of royal power, which was consistent with later European kingdoms, as well as engaged in the first Scandinavian minting of coins.[1]
According to Andres Dobat, the Jelling dynasty are an example of stranger kings, as the first rulers, Harthacnut I or Gorm, were likely foreign.[1] According to Sverre Bagge, the first signs of clear rules of succession in Denmark take place under the Jelling dynasty.[3]
Rulers of England
editThe House of Knýtlinga ruled the Kingdom of England from 1013 to 1014 and from 1016 to 1042.
In 1013 Sweyn Forkbeard, already the king of Denmark and of Norway, overthrew King Æthelred the Unready of the House of Wessex. Sweyn had first invaded England in 1003 to avenge the death of his sister Gunhilde and many other Danes in the St. Brice's Day massacre, which had been ordered by Æthelred in 1002.
Sweyn died in 1014 and Æthelred was restored. However, in 1015 Sweyn's son, Cnut the Great, invaded England. After Æthelred died in April 1016, his son Edmund Ironside briefly became king, but was forced to surrender half of England to Cnut. After Edmund died in November that same year, Cnut became king of all England. Scotland submitted to him in 1017, and Norway in 1028.[4]
Although Cnut was already married to Ælfgifu of Northampton, he married Æthelred's widow, Emma of Normandy. He ruled until his death in 1035. After his death another of Æthelred's sons, Alfred Aetheling, tried to retake the English throne, but he was betrayed and captured by Godwin, Earl of Wessex, who supported Cnut's son, Harold Harefoot. Alfred was blinded, and died soon after.
Harold ruled until 1040, although his mother Ælfgifu may have ruled during part of his reign.[5] Harold initially shared England with his half brother Harthacnut, the son of Cnut and Emma. Harold ruled in Mercia and Northumbria, and Harthacnut ruled in Wessex. However Harthacnut was also king of Denmark (as Cnut III), and spent most of his time there, so that Harold was effectively sole ruler of England.
Harthacnut succeeded Harold as king of England (he is sometimes also known as Cnut II). He died two years later, and his half-brother Edward the Confessor became king. Edward was the son of Æthelred and Emma, and so with his succession to the throne the House of Wessex was restored.
England after the House of Knýtlinga
editEdward the Confessor ruled until 1066. His brother in law, Harold Godwinson—the son of Alfred's betrayer—became king, provoking the Norman conquest of England in the same year. Harold II was the last Anglo-Saxon king to rule over England.
The Normans were descended from Vikings who had settled in Normandy, and although they had adopted the French language, their heritage was essentially Viking. In this manner, the Vikings ultimately (if indirectly) finally conquered and kept England after all.[6]
In 1085–86 King Cnut IV of Denmark planned one last Danish invasion of England, but he was assassinated by Danish rebels before he could carry it out. This was the last time the Vikings attempted to attack Western Europe, and Cnut's death is regarded as the end of the Viking Age.
List of Danish kings of England
edit- Sweyn Forkbeard, 1013–14 (also king of Denmark 986–1014 and Norway 999–1014)
- Cnut, 1016–1035 (also king of Denmark 1018–1035 and Norway 1028–1035)
- Harold Harefoot, 1035–1040
- Harthacnut, 1040–1042 (also king of Denmark 1035–1042)
Queens consort of England during Danish rule
edit- Emma of Normandy (1002–1016 and 1017–1035)
- Ælfgifu of Northampton (1016–1035)
Family tree
editMain genealogy
edit Harthacnut (Airdeconut) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gorm the Old | Thyra | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Toke Gormsson King of Scania | Knut Gormsson Co-King of Denmark | Gunnhild Konungamóðir disputed | Strut-Harald disputed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tove of the Obotrites | Harald Bluetooth | Gyrid of Sweden legendary | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tyra of Denmark | Gunhilde disputed | Haakon Haraldsson | other sons | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gunhild of Wenden disputed | Sweyn Forkbeard | Sigrid the Haughty disputed | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Harald II of Denmark | other daughters | Ælfgifu of Northampton | Cnut the Great | Emma of Normandy | Æthelred the Unready King of England | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ulf Thorgilsson | Estrid Svendsdatter | Harold Harefoot | Svein Knutsson | Harthacnut | Gunhilda of Denmark | .svg){kind=small} Henry III Holy Roman Emperor | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sweyn II of Denmark | Ælfwine Haroldsson | Beatrice of Franconia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| House of Estridsen | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The parentage of Strut-Harald and Gunnhild Konungamóðir is disputed; both of them had issue. The existence of Gunhild of Wenden and Sigrid the Haughty is disputed, some details of their lives can be exchanged to each other or associated to another figures.
Relations with other families
editSee also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c d e f Dobat, Andres Siegfried (2015). "Viking stranger-kings: the foreign as a source of power in Viking Age Scandinavia, or, why there was a peacock in the Gokstad ship burial?". Early Medieval Europe. 23 (2): 161–201. doi:10.1111/emed.12096. ISSN 1468-0254. S2CID 161646708.
- ^ Dobat, Andres Siegfried (2009). "The State and the Strangers: The Role of External Forces in a Process of State Formation in Viking-Age South Scandinavia (c. ad 900-1050)". Viking and Medieval Scandinavia. 5: 65–104. doi:10.1484/J.VMS.1.100674. ISSN 1782-7183. JSTOR 45019120.
- ^ Bagge, Sverre (2014). Cross and Scepter: The Rise of the Scandinavian Kingdoms from the Vikings to the Reformation. Princeton University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-4008-5010-5.
- ^ Asimov 1969, pp. 124–125.
- ^ Stenton 1971, p. 421.
- ^ Lacey & Danziger 1999, pp. 75, 80–81.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Kings of Wessex and England 802–1066" (PDF). The official website of The British Monarchy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-08-24. Retrieved 2015-07-05.
Sources
edit- Asimov, Isaac (1969). The Shaping of England. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-06579-2.
- Lacey, Robert; Danziger, Danny (1999). The Year 1000: What Life was Like at the Turn of the First Millennium : an Englishman's World. London: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-55840-2.
- Stenton, Frank Merry (1971). Anglo-Saxon England. The Oxford History of England (3rd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821716-9.
External links
edit- Sweyn Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine on the official website of the British Monarchy
- Cnut Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine on the official website of the British Monarchy
- Harold on the official website of the British Monarchy
- Harthacnut on the official website of the British Monarchy