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Daoguang Emperor

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"Minning" redirects here. For the town, see Minning, Ningxia.

The Daoguang Emperor (16 September 1782 – 26 February 1850), also known by his temple name Emperor Xuanzong of Qing, personal name Mianning, was the eighth emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the sixth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. His reign was marked by "external disaster and internal rebellion". These include the First Opium War and the beginning of the Taiping Rebellion which nearly brought down the dynasty. The historian Jonathan Spence characterizes the Daoguang Emperor as a "well meaning but ineffective man" who promoted officials who "presented a purist view even if they had nothing to say about the domestic and foreign problems surrounding the dynasty".[1]

Daoguang Emperor
道光帝
Emperor of the Qing dynasty
Reign3 October 1820 – 26 February 1850
PredecessorJiaqing Emperor
SuccessorXianfeng Emperor
Prince Zhi of the First Rank
Tenure1813 – 3 October 1820
Born(1782-09-16)16 September 1782
(乾隆四十七年 八月 十日)
Xiefang Hall, Forbidden City, Beijing
Died26 February 1850(1850-02-26) (aged 67)
(道光三十年 正月 十五日)
Imperial Gardens, Beijing
Burial
Mu Mausoleum, Western Qing tombs
Consorts
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(m. 1796; died 1808)​
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(m. 1809; died 1833)​
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(m. 1821; died 1840)​
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(m. 1825)​
Issue
Names
Aisin-Gioro Minning (愛新覺羅·旻寧)
Manchu: Min ning (ᠮᡳᠨ ᠨᡳᠩ)
Era dates
Daoguang (道光): 3 February 1821 – 31 January 1851
Manchu: Doro eldengge (ᡩᠣᡵᠣ ᡝᠯᡩᡝᠩᡤᡝ)
Mongolian: Төр Гэрэлт (ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠲᠦ)
Posthumous name
Emperor Xiaotian Fuyun Lizhong Tizheng Zhiwen Shengwu Zhiyong Renci Jianqin Xiaomin Kuanding Cheng (效天符運立中體正至文聖武智勇仁慈儉勤孝敏寬定成皇帝)
Manchu: Šanggan hūwangdi (ᡧᠠᠩᡤᠠᠨ
ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ)
Temple name
Xuanzong (宣宗)
Manchu: Siowandzung (ᠰᡳᡠᠸᠠᠨᡯᡠᠩ)
HouseAisin-Gioro
DynastyQing
FatherJiaqing Emperor
MotherEmpress Xiaoshurui
Daoguang Emperor
Chinese道光帝
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinDàoguāng Dì
Wade–GilesTao4-kuang1 Ti4
IPA[tâʊkwáŋ tî]
This article contains Manchu text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Manchu alphabet.

Early years

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The Daoguang Emperor in his study

The Daoguang Emperor was born in the Forbidden City, Beijing, in 1782, and was given the name Mianning (绵宁; 綿寧; Miánníng; Mien-ning). It was later changed to Minning (旻宁; 旻寧; Mǐnníng; Min-ning) when he became emperor. The first character of his private name was changed from Mian to Min to avoid the relatively common character Mian. This novelty was introduced by his grandfather, the reigning Qianlong Emperor, who thought it was inappropriate to use a common character in the emperor's private name due to the longstanding practice of naming taboo.

Mianning was the second son of Prince Yongyan, the 15th son and heir of the Qianlong Emperor. Even though he was Yongyan's second son, he was first in line after Prince Yongyan to his grandfather's throne. This was because according to the dishu system, his mother, Lady Hitara, was Yongyan's primary spouse whereas his elder brother was born to Yongyan's concubine. Mianning was favored by his grandfather, the Qianlong Emperor. He frequently accompanied his grandfather on hunting trips. On one such trip, at the age of nine, Mianning successfully hunted a deer, which greatly amused the Qianlong Emperor. The emperor would abdicate five years after that incident, in 1796, when Mianning was 14. Mianning’s father Prince Yongyan was then enthroned as the Jiaqing Emperor, after which he made Lady Hitara (Mianning's mother) his empress consort. The elderly Qianlong would live three more years in retirement before dying in 1799, aged 87, when Mianning was 17.

In 1813, while he was still a prince, Mianning also played a vital role in repelling and killing Eight Trigrams invaders[clarification needed] who stormed the Forbidden City.

Reign

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The Daoguang Emperor inspecting his guards at the Meridian Gate of the Forbidden City

Khoja rebellion in Xinjiang

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The Daoguang Emperor is presented with prisoners of the campaign to pacify rebels in Xinjiang at the Meridian Gate in 1828

In September 1820, at the age of 38, Mianning inherited the throne after the Jiaqing Emperor died suddenly of unknown causes. He became the first Qing emperor who was the eldest legitimate son of his father. Now known as the Daoguang Emperor, he inherited a declining empire with Westerners encroaching upon the borders of China. His era name, "Daoguang", means "radiant path". The Daoguang Emperor had been ruling for six years when the exiled heir to the Khojas, Jahangir Khoja, attacked Xinjiang from Kokand in the Afaqi Khoja revolts. By the end of 1826, the former Qing cities of Kashgar, Yarkand, Khotan, and Yangihissar had all fallen to the rebels.[2][3] After a friend betrayed him in March 1827, Khoja was sent to Beijing in an iron litter and subsequently executed,[4] while the Qing Empire regained control of their lost territory. The Uyghur Muslim Sayyid and Naqshbandi Sufi rebel of the Afaqi suborder, Jahangir Khoja was sliced to death (Lingchi) in 1828 by the Manchus for leading a rebellion against the Qing.

First Opium War

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Main article: First Opium War

During the Daoguang Emperor's reign, China experienced major problems with opium, which was imported into China by British merchants. Opium had started to trickle into China during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor, but was limited to approximately 200 chests annually. By the time of the Qianlong era, this amount had increased to 1,000 chests, 4,000 chests by the Jiaqing era and more than 30,000 chests during the Daoguang era.[citation needed]

 
Destruction of Chinese war junks during the First Opium War

The Daoguang Emperor issued many imperial edicts banning opium in the 1820s and 1830s, which were carried out by Lin Zexu, whom he appointed as an Imperial Commissioner to Canton.[5] Lin Zexu's efforts to halt the spread of opium in China led directly to the First Opium War. With China losing the war, Lin Zexu was made a scapegoat. The Daoguang Emperor removed his authority and banished him to Yili. During the war, the Daoguang Emperor ordered 187 British and Indian prisoners of war held captive in Taiwan Prefecture to be summarily executed in 1842 in retaliation for the Chinese defeat at the Battle of Ningpo; the executions were carried out on 10 August by Chinese officials. The Chinese defeat in the war exposed Qing China's technological and military inferiority to European powers, which led China in being forced to cede Hong Kong to the British in the Treaty of Nanjing in August 1842, and also pay a hefty indemnity which left the treasury desperate for funds.[6][5] Meanwhile, in the Himalayas, the Sikh Empire attempted an occupation of Tibet but was defeated in the Sino-Sikh war (1841–1842).

Anti-Christianity

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In 1811, a clause sentencing Europeans to death for spreading Catholicism had been added to the statute called "Prohibitions Concerning Sorcerers and Sorceresses" (禁止師巫邪術) in the Great Qing Legal Code.[7] Protestants hoped that the Qing government would discriminate between Protestantism and Catholicism, since the law mentioned the latter by name, but after Protestant missionaries gave Christian books to Chinese people[who?] in 1835 and 1836, the Daoguang Emperor demanded to know who were the "traitorous natives" in Guangzhou who had supplied them with books.[8][page needed]

Noble titles

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Photograph of the Daoguang Emperor

The Daoguang Emperor granted the title of "Wujing Boshi" (五經博士; Wǔjīng Bóshì) to the descendants of Ran Qiu.[9]

Death and legacy

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The Daoguang Emperor died on 26 February 1850 at the Old Summer Palace, 8 km/5 miles northwest of Beijing, being the last Qing emperor to pass away in that Palace before it was burnt down by Anglo-French troops during the Second Opium War, a decade later. He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Yizhu, who was later enthroned as the Xianfeng Emperor. The Daoguang Emperor failed to understand the intention or determination of the Europeans, or the basic economics of a war on drugs. Although the Europeans were outnumbered and thousands of miles away from logistical support in their native countries, they could bring far superior firepower to bear at any point of contact along the Chinese coast. The Qing government was highly dependent on the continued flow of taxes from southern China via the Grand Canal, which the British expeditionary force easily cut off at Zhenjiang.[citation needed]

The Daoguang Emperor ultimately had a poor understanding of the British and the Industrial Revolution that Britain and Western Europe had undergone, preferring to turn a blind eye to the rest of the world, though the distance from China to Europe most likely played a part. It was said that the emperor did not even know where Britain was located in the world. His 30-year reign saw rising economic tensions, sectarian instability and foreign interventions which would eventually lead to the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911.[citation needed]

The Daoguang Emperor was interred in the Mu (慕; lit. "Longing" or "Admiration") mausoleum complex, which is part of the Western Qing Tombs,[10] 120 km southwest of Beijing.

Family

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See also: Consorts of the Daoguang Emperor
 
From top to bottom, left to right: Empress Xiaoquancheng, the Daoguang Emperor, Princess Shou'an, Yizhu, a lady-in-waiting, Yixin, Noble Consort Jing and Noble Consort Tong (c. 1837)
 
From left to right: Yixin, Yizhu, Yihe, Yihui, Yixuan, the Daoguang Emperor, Princess Shou'an and Princess Shou'en (c. 1848)

Empress

  • Empress Xiaoquancheng (孝全成皇后) of the Niohuru clan (鈕祜祿氏; 24 March 1808 – 13 February 1840)
    • Miscarriage (2 January 1824)
    • Princess Duanshun of the First Rank (端順固倫公主; 8 April 1825 – 27 December 1835), third daughter
    • Princess Shou'an of the First Rank (壽安固倫公主; 12 May 1826 – 24 March 1860), fourth daughter
      • Married Demchüghjab (德穆楚克扎布; ? – 1865) of the Mongol Naiman Borjigin clan on 15 November 1841
    • Yizhu (奕詝), the Xianfeng Emperor (咸豐帝; 17 July 1831 – 22 August 1861), fourth son
  • Empress Xiaojingcheng (孝靜成皇后) of the Khorchin Borjigin clan (博爾濟吉特氏; 19 June 1812 – 21 August 1855)
    • Yigang (奕綱), Prince Shunhe of the Second Rank (順和郡王; 22 November 1826 – 5 March 1827), second son
    • Miscarriage at four months (28 June 1828)
    • Yiji (奕繼), Prince Huizhi of the Second Rank (慧質郡王; 2 December 1829 – 22 January 1830), third son
    • Princess Shou'en of the First Rank (壽恩固倫公主; 20 January 1831 – 15 May 1859), sixth daughter
      • Married Jingshou (景壽; 1829–1889) of the Manchu Fuca clan in May/June 1845 and had issue
    • Yixin (奕䜣), Prince Gongzhong of the First Rank (恭忠親王; 11 January 1833 – 29 May 1898), sixth son

Imperial Noble Consort

Noble Consort

  • Noble Consort Tong (彤貴妃) of the Šumuru clan (舒穆魯氏; 3 June 1817 – 9 November 1875)
    • Seventh daughter (30 July 1840 – 27 January 1845)
    • Princess Shouxi of the Second Rank (壽禧和碩公主; 7 January 1842 – 10 September 1866), eighth daughter
      • Married Jalafungga (扎拉豐阿; ? – 1898) of the Manchu Niohuru clan in November/December 1863
    • Tenth daughter (4 May 1844 – 26 February 1845)

Consort

  • Consort He (和妃) of the Hoifa-Nara clan (輝發那拉氏; ? – 18 May 1836)
    • Yiwei (奕緯), Prince Yinzhi of the Second Rank (隱志郡王; 16 May 1808 – 23 May 1831), first son
  • Consort Xiang (祥妃) of the Niohuru clan (鈕祜祿氏; 9 February 1808 – 15 February 1861)
    • Second daughter (2 March 1825 – 27 August 1825)
    • Princess Shouzang of the Second Rank (壽臧和碩公主; 15 November 1829 – 9 August 1856), fifth daughter
      • Married Enchong (恩崇; ? – 1864) of the Manchu Namdulu clan on 3 January 1843
    • Yicong (奕誴), Prince Dunqin of the First Rank (惇勤親王; 23 July 1831 – 18 February 1889), fifth son

Concubine

  • Concubine Tian (恬嬪) of the Fuca clan (富察氏; 15 April 1789 – 21 August 1845)
  • Concubine Shun (順嬪) of the Hoifa-Nara clan (那拉氏; 21 March 1809 – 11 April 1868)
  • Concubine Yu (豫嬪) of the Shang clan (尚氏; 20 December 1816 – 24 September 1897)
  • Concubine Heng (恆嬪) of the Cai clan (蔡氏; ? – 28 May 1876)

Noble Lady

  • Noble Lady Ping (平貴人) of the Zhao clan (趙氏; ? – 5 May 1823)
  • Noble Lady (貴人) of the Li clan (李氏; 25 November 1827 – 26 March 1872)
  • Noble Lady Na (那貴人) of the Hoifa-Nara clan (輝發那拉氏; 5 August 1825 – 9 September 1865)
  • Noble Lady Ding (定貴人) of the Sun clan (孫氏; ? – 24 January 1843)

Second Class Attendant

  • Second Class Attendant Mu (睦答應) of the Hešeri clan (赫舍里氏; ? – 2 June 1832)

Lady-in-waiting

  • Lady-in-waiting (劉官女子) of the Liu clan (劉氏; ? – 1843)

Ancestry

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Yongzheng Emperor (1678–1735)
Qianlong Emperor (1711–1799)
Empress Xiaoshengxian (1692–1777)
Jiaqing Emperor (1760–1820)
Qingtai
Empress Xiaoyichun (1727–1775)
Lady Yanggiya
Daoguang Emperor (1782–1850)
Chang'an
He'erjing'e
Lady Ligiya
Empress Xiaoshurui (1760–1797)
Lady Wanggiya
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See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Spence 1990, pp. 149, 166.
  2. ^ Millward 1998, p. 34.
  3. ^ "Zhuozhou Celebrity — Lu Kun (涿州名人-卢坤)". Xinhuanet (in Chinese (China)). 15 June 2012. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  4. ^ Rahul 2000, p. 98.
  5. ^ a b Chang, Jung (2013). Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China. Random House. pp. 6, 22. ISBN 978-1-4481-9142-0.
  6. ^ Treaty of Nanking
  7. ^ Maclay 1861, pp. 336–337.
  8. ^ Maclay 1861.
  9. ^ Qin ding da Qing hui dian (Jiaqing chao)0. 1818. p. 1084.
  10. ^ "Western Qing Tombs, a quiet place to pay tribute to history[1]- Chinadaily.com.cn". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2022-12-17.

Sources

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Further reading

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Daoguang Emperor
Born: 16 September 1782 Died: 26 February 1850
Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor of the Qing dynasty
Emperor of China
1820–1850 		Succeeded by
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