Wikipedia

Daugavpils

(Redirected from Daugpilis)
"Dinaburg" redirects here. For the football team, see Dinaburg FC.

Daugavpils (see also other names) is a state city in southeastern Latvia, located on the banks of the Daugava River, from which the city derives its name.[4] The parts of the city to the north of the river belong to the historical Latvian region of Latgale, and those to the south lie in Selonia. It is the second-largest city in the country after the capital Riga, which is located some 230 kilometres (143 miles) northwest and is the ninth most populous city in the Baltic states.[4]

Daugavpils
State city
City from different points of view
City from different points of view
Flag of Daugavpils
Flag
Coat of arms of Daugavpils
Coat of arms
Daugavpils is located in Latvia
Daugavpils
Daugavpils
Location of Daugavpils in Latvia
Coordinates: 55°52′30″N 26°32′8″E / 55.87500°N 26.53556°E / 55.87500; 26.53556
CountryLatvia
Established1275
Town rights1582
Government
 • Chairman of the City CouncilAndrejs Elksniņš (Independent)
 • Number of city council members15
Area
[1]
 • Total72.37 km2 (27.94 sq mi)
 • Land63.38 km2 (24.47 sq mi)
 • Water8.99 km2 (3.47 sq mi)
Highest elevation
139 m (456 ft)
Lowest elevation
86 m (282 ft)
Population
 (2024)[2]
 • Total77,799
 • Rank2
 • Density1,100/km2 (2,800/sq mi)
DemonymDaugavpilieši (Latvian)
GDP
[3]
 • State city857,673,000 Euro (2021)
 • Per capita10,746 Euro (2021)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
LV-54(01–65)
Calling code(+371) 654
ClimateDfb
Websitewww.daugavpils.lv

Daugavpils is located relatively close to Belarus and Lithuania (distances of 33 km (21 mi) and 25 km (16 mi), respectively), and some 120 km (75 mi) from the Latvian border with Russia. Daugavpils is a major railway junction and industrial centre, and was an historically important garrison city lying approximately midway between Riga and Minsk, and between Warsaw and Saint Petersburg.

Daugavpils, then called Dyneburg, was the capital of Polish Livonia while in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, the city became part of the Russian Empire.[4] Since the Second World War, it has maintained an overwhelmingly Russian-speaking population, with Latvians and Poles being significant minorities. Historically, German and Yiddish were additional prominent native languages.

Names

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In the Latvian language, the current name Daugavpils (Latvian pronunciation: [ˈdauɡaupils] ⓘ) references Daugava and the Latvian word pils (meaning "castle" - cognate with Lithuanian pilis, with Greek polis[5] and with Old Prussian pils[6]).

Historically, several names in various languages have identified Daugavpils. Some are still in use today.

 
Coat of arms of Daugavpils (then "Dyneburg") in 1582

Chronology of name changes

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  • Dünaburg (1275–1656)
  • Borisoglebov (1656–1667)
  • Dünaburg (1667–1893)
  • Dvinsk (1893–1920)
  • Daugavpils (since 1920)

History

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Daugavpils (Dvinsk) town centre at the beginning of the 20th century
 
A 1912 photo by Prokudin-Gorsky

The town's history began in 1275 when the Livonian Order, led by Ernst von Ratzeburg, built Dünaburg Castle 20 km (12 mi) up the Daugava river from where Daugavpils is now situated.[4] In 1281–1313 the castle was ruled by Lithuania [citation needed]. In 1561 it again became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and, subsequently, of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569 (see Duchy of Livonia). In 1621 Daugavpils became the capital of the newly formed Inflanty Voivodeship, which existed until the First Partition of Poland (1772). In 1577 the Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible captured and destroyed Dünaburg castle.

That same year, a new castle and a town were built 20 km (12 mi) downriver, by the Polish King and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Stephen Báthory. In 1582 Daugavpils was granted Magdeburg town rights. In 1654, Russia invaded Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, seizing much of the eastern lands. Russian troops besieged Daugavpils in April and May 1655, but did not capture the city; it was only taken by Swedish troops on July 11, 1655, who invaded Poland at that time.[8] When the Russo-Swedish war started, the Russians captured Daugavpils on 10 August 1656, renamed the town Borisoglebov and controlled the region for 11 years, between 1656 and 1667.[9] Russia returned the area of Latgale to Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth following the Treaty of Andrusovo (1667).[9] Called Dyneburg, the city became the capital of the Inflanty Voivodeship, also known as the Duchy of Livonia, and the starostwo of Dyneburg.[9] It was a place of local sejmik's gatherings.[9] Roman Catholic Bishop of Inflanty, who was always residing outside of diocese, moved his seat to Dyneburg at the end of 17th century.[10] At the end of the 18th century, 540 people lived in the city itself, but counting the population of the suburbs the number was 1,373.[11]

It became part of the Russian Empire after the First Partition of Poland in 1772. It was the uyezd administrative center as part of the Pskov Governorate (1772-1776), Polotsk (1776-1796), Belarusian (1796-1802), and finally Vitebsk (1802-1917), first as Dinaburg, then Dvinsk later during Russian rule.

From 1784 onwards, the city had a large and active Jewish population,[12] among them a number of prominent figures. According to the Russian census of 1897, out of a total population of 69,700, Jews numbered 32,400 (ca. 44% percent).[13]

 
Polish 5th Legions' Infantry Regiment in Daugavpils

The construction of the Daugavpils fortress began in 1810 and was completed in 1878.[14] The new centre of the city was built southeast of the fortress in the 19th century according to the project endorsed in St. Petersburg in 1826.[15] The city was located on the Saint Petersburg-Warsaw railway line, to which it was connected in 1860.[14]

As part of the Russian Empire, the city was called Dvinsk from 1893 to 1920. The newly independent Latvian state renamed it Daugavpils in 1920. Latvians, Poles and Soviet troops fought the Battle of Daugavpils in the area from 1919 to 1920. Daugavpils and the whole of Latvia was under Soviet rule between 1940–41 and 1944–1991. Nazi Brandenburgers led the German attack against the town in 1941, speaking Russian and wearing Soviet uniforms, and Germany occupied it between 1941 and 1944. The Nazis established the Daugavpils Ghetto where the town's Jews were forced to live. Most were murdered. During the Cold War the Lociki air-base operated 12 km (7 mi) northeast of Daugavpils itself. In the late Soviet era, there was a proposal to build a hydroelectric power station on the Daugava river that was successfully opposed by the nascent environmental movement in Latvia.

On 16 April 2010 an assassin shot vice-mayor Grigorijs Ņemcovs in the center of the city. He died almost immediately and the crime remains unsolved.[16]

Jewish history

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Daugavpils Ghetto in July 1941

Prior to 1941, Daugavpils, called Dvinsk by its Jewish inhabitants, was home to the most prominent Jewish community in eastern Latvia. The city was already a Jewish center as early as the 1780s and by the time of the 1897 census, they numbered 32,400 (44% of the overall population of the city).[17] The Jews of the town were very prosperous and ran 32 factories and there were 4000 artisans among them. By 1911 they had increased to 50,000.[citation needed] However, tens of thousands of Jews migrated away from Daugavpils; in the last census taken prior to the Second World War, in 1935, the Jewish population of Daugavpils numbered only 11,106 (24.6% of the overall population of the city).[18]

The city not only boasted a large Jewish population but a rich religious culture including 40 synagogues. The city was home to two of the most prominent rabbis of their time: Joseph Rosen (1858–1936), known as the Rogatchover Gaon (genius from Rahachow), was famed for his commentaries on the works of Maimonides and on the Talmud. Famed for his acidic wit and penetrating genius, he led the towns Hasidic Jews. His 'competitor', the leader of the local Misnagdim (non-Hasidic Jews) was the Rabbi Meir Simcha of Dvinsk (1843–1926). Rabbi Meir Simcha was also renowned for his work on Maimonides (Or Somayach) as well as Bible commentary Meshech Chochma. In one famous comment he predicted that since some Jews had assimilated and viewed Berlin as their 'Jerusalem' they would suffer persecution originating in Berlin.

Sarah Azariahu was born here in 1873. She was a leading figure in establishing equal rights for women in pre-state Israel.[19] Another famous Jewish resident, moving in a very different direction, was the abstract expressionist painter Mark Rothko. Born in Daugavpils in 1903 he immigrated at the age of 10 to the United States where he painted over 800 paintings in his unique style.

Rothko and many of his fellow Jews would have taken the train from Daugavpils to Libau, travelling westwards from Radviliškis on the Libau-Romny Railway, and would have crossed the seas by one of the steamships departing for New York via a regular service established in 1906 by the Russian American Line.

Jewish Daugavpils, a 16,000 strong community, already greatly diminished by emigration, came to an end following the Nazi German invasion on 26 June 1941. Falsely claiming that the Jews had conspired to set fire to the town and that they were assisting the Soviet army, the Germans and their Latvian collaborators carried out large executions on 28–29 June. During July the Jews were enslaved and forced to cut down timber. On 7–11 July Einsatzkommando 1b under Erich Ehrlinger executed many of the remaining Jews. Later in July the 14,000 remaining Jews were forced into a Ghetto along with those from nearby towns. By the end of August an additional 7000 Jews had died at the hands of the Nazis and the local Latvian collaborators. The largest execution took place in November 1941 and was followed by plagues that decimated the few survivors. Only about 1500 Jews remained in the city. These were murdered on 1 May 1942. When the town was liberated in 1944 only 100 survivors remained of a community of 16,000. For more on the Holocaust in Daugavpils see Daugavpils Ghetto.

Geography

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Climate

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Under the Köppen climate classification, Daugavpils features a humid continental climate (Dfb), with warm summers and cold winters.

Climate data for Daugavpils (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1891−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 11.1
(52.0) 		13.1
(55.6) 		18.4
(65.1) 		27.4
(81.3) 		31.8
(89.2) 		33.1
(91.6) 		35.1
(95.2) 		33.5
(92.3) 		31.3
(88.3) 		23.6
(74.5) 		16.3
(61.3) 		10.6
(51.1) 		35.1
(95.2)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 4.6
(40.3) 		5.1
(41.2) 		12.1
(53.8) 		22.1
(71.8) 		26.4
(79.5) 		28.1
(82.6) 		30.2
(86.4) 		29.3
(84.7) 		24.4
(75.9) 		17.8
(64.0) 		10.4
(50.7) 		6.2
(43.2) 		31.4
(88.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −1.8
(28.8) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		4.0
(39.2) 		12.2
(54.0) 		18.1
(64.6) 		21.4
(70.5) 		23.7
(74.7) 		22.5
(72.5) 		17.0
(62.6) 		9.9
(49.8) 		3.6
(38.5) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		10.8
(51.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) −4.1
(24.6) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		0.0
(32.0) 		6.7
(44.1) 		12.2
(54.0) 		15.8
(60.4) 		18.1
(64.6) 		16.8
(62.2) 		11.9
(53.4) 		6.3
(43.3) 		1.5
(34.7) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		6.6
(43.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −7.0
(19.4) 		−7.7
(18.1) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		1.1
(34.0) 		5.7
(42.3) 		9.7
(49.5) 		12.1
(53.8) 		11.0
(51.8) 		7.0
(44.6) 		2.7
(36.9) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		2.1
(35.8)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −21.7
(−7.1) 		−21.0
(−5.8) 		−13.9
(7.0) 		−5.9
(21.4) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		3.4
(38.1) 		6.9
(44.4) 		4.8
(40.6) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		−5.1
(22.8) 		−10.0
(14.0) 		−14.9
(5.2) 		−25.7
(−14.3)
Record low °C (°F) −42.7
(−44.9) 		−43.2
(−45.8) 		−32.0
(−25.6) 		−18.6
(−1.5) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		2.1
(35.8) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−14.7
(5.5) 		−24.1
(−11.4) 		−38.7
(−37.7) 		−43.2
(−45.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 40.3
(1.59) 		38.7
(1.52) 		35.5
(1.40) 		34.6
(1.36) 		61.6
(2.43) 		74.2
(2.92) 		72.9
(2.87) 		71.7
(2.82) 		56.1
(2.21) 		58.6
(2.31) 		48.4
(1.91) 		42.8
(1.69) 		635.4
(25.03)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11 10 9 7 9 11 10 10 9 10 10 11 117
Average relative humidity (%) 87.1 84.8 76.6 68.2 68.6 72.3 74.6 77.0 82.0 85.4 88.7 88.7 79.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 35.1 62.2 133.4 195.1 270.2 271.9 277.2 244.5 156.4 87.9 30.5 24.9 1,789.3
Source 1: LVĢMC[20][21]
Source 2: NOAA (precipitation days, humidity 1991–2020)[22] Infoclimat[23]

Demographics

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Dynamics of the population of Daugavpils in 1772–2008

As of 1 January 2023, the city had a population of 78,850.[24]

Historically, Daugavpils has been known to be a multicultural city and according to the census carried out in 1935, the demographic image of the city was completely different: totaling 45 160 inhabitants, Latvians made 33.57%, followed by Jewish people making 24.59%, then Polish people equaling 18.15%, Russians 17.84%, and Belarussians 2.56%.[25]

In Daugavpils 85% of the voters supported the proposal to make Russian the second state language in the 2012 referendum.[26]

Demographics of Daugavpils 2019 data[27]
Russians
 
 48.6%
Latvians
 
 20.1%
Poles
 
 13.3%
Belarusians
 
 7.6%
Ukrainians
 
 2.0%
Lithuanians
 
 0.9%
Roma
 
 0.4%
Others
 
 7.1%

Back in 1930 Daugavpils was one of the most ethnically diverse cities in Europe, with no ethnic group making up more than 30% of the total:

Demographics of Daugavpils 1930 data[28]
Latvians
 
 27.0%
Jews
 
 26.9%
Poles
 
 20.8%
Russians
 
 19.5%
Belarusians
 
 2.3%
Others
 
 3.5%

Religion

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Ss Boris and Gleb Orthodox Cathedral at Church Hill. It is the biggest Orthodox church in Latvia

Church Hill (Baznīcu kalns) is a city landmark. Very prominently, all of the main denominations practiced in Latvia: Lutheran, Catholic, Orthodox and Old Believer are represented.

Places of worship in the city:

Before the Second World War, there were more than 40 synagogues in the city.[citation needed]

Art, architecture, and culture

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An Art Nouveau building on 41 Saules street

Daugavpils is an important cultural centre in eastern Latvia. There are 22 primary and secondary schools, four vocational schools, and the Saules College of Art. More than 1,000 teachers and engineers graduate from the University of Daugavpils (formerly Daugavpils Pedagogical University) and the local branch of Riga Technical University annually. There is also a Polish gymnasium (academic secondary school) on Varšavas iela (Warsaw Street).

Historical centre

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The historical centre of Daugavpils city is an architectural heritage of national importance (the construction work was carried out in the 19th century according to the project endorsed in St Petersburg in 1826). The historical centre is the greatest attraction of the city and one of the most successful examples of balancing the aspects of ancient and modern times. Daugavpils is one of the few cities in Latvia which can pride itself on a unified ensemble of both classic and eclectic styles. The cultural heritage of architectural, artistic, industrial, and historical monuments combined with the picturesque surroundings create the essence of Daugavpils’ image and endow it with a special charm.

In 2020, the municipality allocated 70,000 euros for the restoration of eight historical buildings, including Art Nouveau and red brick buildings.[29]

There are also several architectural, historical, and cultural monuments in Daugavpils. The most prominent are:

  •  
    Nicholas Gate at Daugavpils Fortress
  •  
    Mark Rothko Art Centre
  •  
    St. Peter-in-Chains Catholic Church
  •  
    Immaculate Conception Catholic Church
  •  
    Martin Luther Cathedral
  •  
    Ss. Boris and Gleb Orthodox Cathedral
  •  
    First Old Believers’ House of Prayer
  •  
    Daugavpils Theatre
  •  
    University of Daugavpils
  •  
    Train station

Red brick buildings

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Polish-language gymnasium (academic secondary school)

Daugavpils is exceptionally rich in red brick buildings. This style was developed by many outstanding architects. In Daugavpils, this variety of eclecticism is most widely represented in the buildings designed by Wilhelm Neumann, an architect of German origin who was the chief architect of the city from 1878 to 1895. Bright examples of brick architecture are the buildings at 1/3 Saules Street and at 8 Muzeja Street. The shape-forming techniques typical of eclecticism that were applied in the façades of these buildings even many decades later make one appreciate and admire the striking accuracy of detail.

Transport

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See also: Daugavpils Satiksme
 
Daugavpils tram

Daugavpils satiksme AS oversees the city's bus and tram networks.

The city's railway station is the terminus of the Riga–Daugavpils Railway.

A former Soviet Air Force base is located at Lociki 12 km (7 mi) northeast of downtown Daugavpils with the potential to be redeveloped as a civilian or military/civilian airport, although no plans have come to fruition as of 2023.[31][32][33] Griva Airfield is located 4 km NW of Daugavpils, next to the river. It's movements mainly involve parachute jumping and paragliding.[34]

Government

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Daugavpils City Hall

The head of the city government is the mayor of Daugavpils or, literally, 'Council Chairman' (domes priekšsēdētājs). The incumbent since January 2019 is Andrejs Elksniņš from Harmony, albeit coalition talks are still ongoing. It is his second term in office, after his initial term was ended after the coalition broke apart in September 2017 less than a month following the 2017 municipal elections and he was succeeded by Rihards Eigims [lv] of the Latvian Green Party (elected on the "Our Party" electoral list). "Our Party" governed in coalition with the Latgale Party of the previous mayor Jānis Lāčplēsis. Eigims was previously mayor from 2001–2003 as leader of the Light of Latgale party and briefly in 2009 as a member of the Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party.

The Council consists of 15 members who are elected every four years. The most recent election was in 2017.

Economy

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Significant industrial employers include the Daugavpils Locomotive Repair Plant (Daugavpils Lokomotīvju Remonta Rūpnīca), the Ditton Driving Chain Factory (Ditton pievadķēžu rūpnīca), Latvijas Maiznieks bread factory and the Ziegler GmbH machine works.

During the Soviet era, the city was well industrialised with a number of prominent large manufacturing units. However, nowadays only a few of those have remained still working. The city council is trying to attract new investments and thus created a number of free industrial zones around the whole city that might be interesting due to the strategically efficient geographical position of the city close to the Russian, Belarusian and Lithuanian borders.

Sports

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Daugavpils Olympic Centre

The Speedway Grand Prix of Latvia is currently held at the Latvijas Spīdveja Centrs with America's triple World Champion Greg Hancock being the most successful rider in Latvia winning the GP in 2009, 2009 and 2013. Lokomotiv Daugavpils is a Motorcycle speedway team which successfully competes in the Polish league system.

The football club BFC Daugavpils play at Celtnieks Stadium in Daugavpils. They play in the Latvian Higher League. In the past there was Dinaburg FC which played at the former Daugava Stadium.

FBC Latgale represent the city in floorball. There is also a hockey team called HK Dinaburga, which currently plays in the Latvian Hockey Higher League.

In 2008 the construction of the Daugavpils Multifunctional Sports Complex was started and was completed in October 2009.

Notable residents

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Gotthard Kettler
 
Mark Rothko

Twin towns – sister cities

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Latvia

Daugavpils is twinned with:[36]

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ In Taraškievica it is spelled Дзьвінск (Dźvinsk),

References

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  1. ^ "Reģionu, novadu, pilsētu un pagastu kopējā un sauszemes platība gada sākumā". Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  2. ^ "Iedzīvotāju skaits pēc tautības reģionos, pilsētās, novados, pagastos, apkaimēs un blīvi apdzīvotās teritorijās gada sākumā (pēc administratīvi teritoriālās reformas 2021. gadā)". Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  3. ^ "Iekšzemes kopprodukts un bruto pievienotā vērtība pa darbības veidiem reģionos un valstspilsētās faktiskajās cenās (pēc administratīvi teritoriālās reformas 2021. gadā)". Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d "History". Daugavpils.lv. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  5. ^ pils
  6. ^ Rantawa.org. "Prūsisks wirdeīns". Prūsisks wirdeīns. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
  7. ^ Rene Levoll: "The last motor race of the empire (ee: Impeeriumi viimane motovõistlus, de: Das letzte Autorennen des Imperiums)", Tallinn 2014, Estonian Old Technics Museum Foundation, page 81 "list of former and present place names of places"
  8. ^ Dybaś & Jeziorski 2018, p. 10.
  9. ^ a b c d Dybaś & Jeziorski 2018, p. 11.
  10. ^ Dybaś & Jeziorski 2018, p. 15.
  11. ^ Dybaś & Jeziorski 2018, p. 18.
  12. ^ "Jewish families of Dvinsk". jewishgen.org. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
  13. ^ Joshua D. Zimmerman, Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, ISBN 0-299-19464-7, Google Print, p.16
  14. ^ a b "History". Daugavpils.lv. Retrieved 2024-04-04.
  15. ^ "The Historical Centre of Daugavpils City". visitdaugavpils.lv. Retrieved 2024-04-04.
  16. ^ "Nošauts Daugavpils vicemērs Grigorijs Ņemcovs" (in Latvian). tvnet.lv. 2010-04-16. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
  17. ^ Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2004). Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 16. ISBN 0-299-19464-7.
  18. ^ Latvian Population Census - 1935, Part 4, Nationalities
  19. ^ סער, צפי (2012-03-07). "האשה שנלחמה על זכות הבחירה". הארץ (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2024-03-14.
  20. ^ "Klimatisko normu dati" (in Latvian). Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  21. ^ "Gaisa temperatūras rekordi" (in Latvian). Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  22. ^ "Daugavpils Climate Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
  23. ^ "Climatologie de l'année à Daugavpils" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  24. ^ "Population in regions, State cities and municipalities by age and gender at the beginning of the year – Territorial unit, Sex, Time period and Age". National Statistical System of Latvia. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  25. ^ "Fourth Population Census In Latvia in 1935". Centrālā statistikas pārvalde.
  26. ^ cvk.lv, 18.02.2012
  27. ^ "Ethnic composition: 2019 estimation". Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  28. ^ "Problematyka narodowościowa Łotwy, Tabela 7" (PDF). Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  29. ^ "Daugavpils to spend 70,000 on historical restorations". Public Broadcasting of Latvia. 21 February 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  30. ^ "Pro Hereditate Catholica - Daugavpils jezuītu baznīcas vēsture un kādreizējā nozīme". fsspx-fsipd.lv. Retrieved 2024-04-04.
  31. ^ "Daugavpils |". Daugavpils.lv. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
  32. ^ "Daugavpils |". Daugavpils.lv. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
  33. ^ "Pašvaldība lemj par SIA "Daugavpils lidosta" likvidāciju" (in Latvian). Daugavpils.lv. 15 July 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
  34. ^ "Griva (14/32) |". Retrieved 2021-12-31.
  35. ^ Jezavitaŭ Kanstantyn
  36. ^ "Sadraudzības pilsētas". daugavspils.lv (in Latvian). Daugavpils. Retrieved 2019-08-30.
  37. ^ "The Teutonic Order (M2TW-K-TC faction)". wiki.totalwar.com. Retrieved 27 November 2019.

Bibliography

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  • Dybaś, Bogusław; Jeziorski, Paweł A. (2018). Szlachta polsko-inflancka wobec przełomu. Materiały z dyneburskich akt grodzkich i ziemskich z lat 1764 –1775 (in Polish). Toruń.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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