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The House of Demidov (Russian: Деми́довы) also Demidoff and Dimidov, was a prominent Russian noble family during the 18th and 19th centuries. Originating in the city of Tula in the 17th century, the Demidovs found success through metal products, and were entered into the European nobility by Peter the Great. Their descendants became among the most influential merchants and earliest industrialists in the Russian Empire. At their peak, they were estimated to have had a net worth of around $300 billion and to be the second-richest family in Russia, behind only the Russian Imperial Family. The Demidov family scattered to America and to Italy and other European countries as a result of the February Revolution of 1917.
| House of Demidov | |
|---|---|
 Arms of the House of Demidov | |
| Place of origin | Tula, Russia |
| Members | Nikita Demidov Nikolai Nikitich Demidov Anatoly Demidov |
| Connected families | House of Bonaparte House of Karađorđević |
| Distinctions | Prince of San Donato |
| Heirlooms | Demidov collection |
| Estate(s) | Villa San Donato |
History
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1st Prince of San Donato
Their progenitor, Demid Antufiev, was a free blacksmith from Tula, where their family necropolis is preserved as a museum. His son Nikita Demidov (March 26, 1656 – November 17, 1725) made his fortune by his skill in the manufacture of weapons, and established an iron foundry for the government. Peter the Great, with whom he was a favorite, ennobled him in 1720.[1] For two centuries, the Demidov plants produced a large portion of Russia's iron and steel. The Palace of Westminster was one of many notable buildings constructed of Demidov metal products.[citation needed]
Nikita's son, Akinfiy Demidov (1678–1745), increased his inherited wealth by the discovery and working of gold, silver and copper mines.[1] He also founded the Siberian town of Barnaul, whose central square still bears his name. He also commissioned the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk. His fortune was inherited by his eldest son Prokofi Demidov, whilst his younger son Nikita Akinfievitch Demidov (1724–1789) became an arts patron.
Akinfiy's nephew, Pavel Grigoryevich Demidov (1738–1821), was a great traveller and benefactor of Russian scientific education who befriended Carl Linnaeus and Pallas. He established the Demidov Lyceum in Yaroslavl, the Demidov chair in Natural history at Moscow University, and founded an annual prize for Russian literature, awarded by the Academy of Sciences.[1] A bronze monument to him was installed in Yaroslavl in 1828.
Pavel's nephew, Nikolay Nikitich Demidov, fought in the Napoleonic War with distinction, raised and commanded a regiment to oppose Napoleon's invasion of Russia, and carried on the accumulation of the family wealth from mining; he contributed liberally to the erection of four bridges in St Petersburg, and to the propagation of scientific culture in Moscow.[1] He was created a Count by the Grand Duke of Tuscany.
Nikolay's son Count Pavel Nikolayevich Demidov fought as an officer in his father's regiment and received his baptism of fire at the battle of Borodino in 1812. After the war, he entered the Chevalier Guards regiment. He received his discharge in 1831 with the rank of captain when he entered civil service as governor of the province of Kursk. In 1834, he entered service in the Ministry of the Exterior as Imperial Master of the Hunt, later State Councillor. Count Pavel Demidov is best known for his philanthropy, primarily for having founded the Demidov Prize. He married the well-known society beauty and maid-of-honour to Her Majesty the Empress Alexandra Feodorovnya, Aurora Stjernvall in 1836. Their son, Pavel Pavlovich Demidov, who became the 2nd Prince of San Donato, was the grandfather of Prince Paul of Yugoslavia.
Nikolay's second son, Anatoly Nikolaievich Demidov, 1st Prince of San Donato, was a well-known traveller and patron of art. In 1840, he acquired the Italian title of Prince of San Donato and married Princess Mathilde, daughter of Jérôme Bonaparte.[1] His Villa Demidoff is a minor landmark of Florence. Anatole's great grand nephew, Prince Paul of Yugoslavia, was regent of Yugoslavia between 1934 and 1941.
The second and last Prince Lopukhin, Pavel Petrovich Lopukhin (1788–1873) (son of Pyotr Lopukhin), was granted in 1873 the right to pass his title and name to his great-nephew, general Nikolai Petrovitch Demidoff (1836–1910) styled as the 1st Prince Lopukhin-Demidov, a representative of another branch of this industrialist clan. His son, colonel Aleksander Nikolayevich Demidoff, 2nd Prince Lopukhin-Demidov (1870–1937), moved to Finland after the revolution, bought Anttolanhovi manor in Anttola near Mikkeli in 1917 where he lived for a while, until the inheritance was spent. His spouse was Princess Natalia Dmitrievna Naryshkin (1886–1957), who died in Mikkeli in 1957.
Their son was Nikolai Alexandrovich Demidov, 3rd Prince Lopukhin-Demidov (1904–1995), who lived in New Hampshire in the United States. His brother was Aleksander Aleksandrovich Demidoff (1905–1982) who was born and lived in Finland. His son was Yrjö Onni Johannes Demidov, 4th Prince Lopukhin-Demidov (1936–2018). His son is Nikolai Alexander Paul Demidov, 5th Prince Lopukhin-Demidov (born 1976). [No reference added, since a page prepared from notes supplied by Alexandre Tissot Demidoff, great-grandson of Princess Aurore on a Angelfire page https://www.angelfire.com/realm/gotha/gotha/demidov.html, is not permitted.]
Hereditary commanders of the Knights Hospitaller
editIn 1798, Nikolay Nikitich Demidov was made a Family Commander of the Russian Grand Priory of the Order of Saint John, by Tsar Paul I. Those favoured by Emperor Paul and his son Alexander had been given beneficed Commanderies, and others were encouraged to use their wealth to create their own Commanderies; it is these which were known as Family or Ancestral Commanderies.
In 1811, a Ukase was enacted which brought this institution to an end. However, by personal grant of the Emperor, the title of "Hereditary Commander" was held by some descendants who qualified.
In 1928, a group of descendants of the original Family Commanders formed an Association. By 1958, the group was chaired by Grand Duke Vladimir (successor to the Russian Throne). This group regulated the claims of the descendants. On 14 April 1958, under his signature of Grand Duke Vladimir decided in favour of Paul Demidoff; "de faire droit à Votre requête et de confirmer Votre titre de Commandeur Héréditaire de l'Union des Descendants des Commandeurs Héréditaires et Chevaliers du Grand Prieuré Russe de l'Ordre de St. Jean de Jérusalem en tant que descendant direct de Demidoff Nicolas fils de Nicétas qui, par grâce de Mon trisaïeul, S.M. l'Empereur Paul I-r Grand Maître de l'Ordre de St. Jean de Jérusalem avait été élevé le 2I Juillet 1799" - in translation; "to grant Your request and to confirm Your title of Hereditary Commander of the Union of the Descendants of the Hereditary Commanders and Knights of the Russian Grand Priory about St John of Jerusalem as a direct descendant of Demidoff Nicholas son of Nicétas which, by grace of My great-great-grandfather, H.M. the Emperor Paul I Grand Master of the Order of St John of Jerusalem had been elevated 21 July 1799".[2]
Alexandre Tissot Demidoff (of Berkshire, England) chairs an Association which seeks to continue the humanitarian tradition of the Russian Grand Priory, to which Alexander Demidoff (of Paris, and son of Paul Demidoff above) belongs.
Publications
edit- Anatole Demidoff, Travels in Southern Russia, and the Crimea; through Hungary, Wallachia, & Modavia, during the Year 1837, London, J. Mitchell, 1853, LCCN 05-33883
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Demidov". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 984.
- ^ "Paul Demidoff's Union Diploma 1958". Archived from the original on August 30, 2007.
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External links
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