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Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915

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The deportation of Armenian intellectuals is conventionally held to mark the beginning of the Armenian genocide.[1] Leaders of the Armenian community in the Ottoman capital of Constantinople (now Istanbul), and later other locations, were arrested and moved to two holding centers near Angora (now Ankara). The order to do so was given by Minister of the Interior Talaat Pasha on 24 April 1915. On that night, the first wave of 235 to 270 Armenian intellectuals of Constantinople were arrested. With the adoption of the Tehcir Law on 29 May 1915, these detainees were later relocated within the Ottoman Empire; most of them were ultimately killed. More than 80, such as Vrtanes Papazian, Aram Andonian, and Komitas, survived.

Deportation of Armenian intellectuals
Part of the Armenian genocide
Some of the Armenian intellectuals who were detained, deported, and killed in 1915:
1st row: Krikor Zohrab, Daniel Varoujan, Rupen Zartarian, Ardashes Harutiunian, Siamanto
2nd row: Ruben Sevak, Dikran Chökürian, Diran Kelekian, Tlgadintsi, and Erukhan
LocationOttoman Empire
Date24 April 1915 (start date)
TargetNotables of the Armenian community of Constantinople
Attack type
Deportation and eventual murder
PerpetratorsCommittee of Union and Progress (Young Turks)

The event has been described by historians as a decapitation strike,[2][3] which was intended to deprive the Armenian population of leadership and a chance for resistance.[4] To commemorate the victims of the Armenian genocide, 24 April is observed as Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day. First observed in 1919 on the fourth anniversary of the events in Constantinople, the date is generally considered the date on which the genocide began. The Armenian genocide has since been commemorated annually on the same day, which has become a national memorial day in Armenia (previously also in the Republic of Artsakh) and is observed by the Armenian diaspora around the world.

Deportation

 
Original copy of the Instruction of the Ministry of the Interior on 24 April 1915

Detention

The Ottoman Minister of the Interior Talaat Pasha gave the detention order on 24 April 1915. The operation commenced at 8 p.m.[5] In Constantinople, the action was led by Bedri Bey, the Chief of Police of Constantinople.[6] On the night of 24–25 April 1915, in a first wave 235 to 270 Armenian leaders of Constantinople, clergymen, physicians, editors, journalists, lawyers, teachers, politicians, and others were arrested upon an instruction of the Ministry of the Interior.[7][8] The discrepancies in numbers may be explained by the uncertainties of the police as they imprisoned people with similar names.

There were further deportations from the capital. The first task was to identify those imprisoned. They were held for one day in a police station (Ottoman Turkish: Emniyeti Umumiye) and the Central Prison. A second wave brought the figure to between 500 and 600.[7][9][10][11]

By the end of August 1915, about 150 Armenians with Russian citizenship were deported from Constantinople to holding centers.[12] A few of the detained, including writer Alexander Panossian (1859–1919), were released the same weekend before even being transferred to Anatolia.[13] In total, it is estimated that 2,345 Armenian notables were detained and eventually deported,[14][15] most of whom were not nationalists and did not have any political affiliations.[14]

Holding centers

 
 
Çankırı
 
Ayaş
 
Constantinople
 
Deir ez-Zor
 
Diyarbekir
class=notpageimage|
Key locations

After the passage of Tehcir Law on 29 May 1915, Armenians left at the two holding centers were deported to Ottoman Syria. Most of the arrested were transferred from Central Prison over Saray Burnu by steamer No. 67 of the Şirket company to the Haydarpaşa train station. After waiting for ten hours, they were sent by special train in the direction of Angora (Ankara) the next day. The entire convoy consisted of 220 Armenians.[16] An Armenian train conductor got a list of names of the deportees. It was handed over to the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople, Zaven Der Yeghiayan, who immediately tried in vain to save as many deportees as possible. The only foreign ambassador to help him in his efforts was US ambassador Henry Morgenthau.[17] After a train journey of 20 hours, the deportees got off in Sincanköy (near Angora) Tuesday noon. At the station Ibrahim, the director of the Central Prison of Constantinople, did the triage. The deportees were divided into two groups.

One group was sent to Çankırı (and Çorum between Çankırı and Amasya) and the other to Ayaş. Those separated for Ayaş were transported in carts for a couple of hours further to Ayaş. Almost all of them were killed several months later in gorges near Angora.[18] Only 10 (or 13)[6] deportees of this group were granted permission to return to Constantinople from Ayaş.[n 1] A group of 20 latecomers arrested on 24 April arrived in Çankırı around 7 or 8 May 1915.[19] Roughly 150 political prisoners were detained in Ayaş, and another 150 intellectual prisoners were detained in Çankırı.[20]

Court martial

Some notables such as Dr. Nazaret Daghavarian and Sarkis Minassian were removed on 5 May from the Ayaş prison and taken under military escort to Diyarbekir along with Harutiun Jangülian, Karekin Khajag, and Rupen Zartarian to appear before a court martial. They were, seemingly, murdered by state-sponsored paramilitary groups led by Cherkes Ahmet, and lieutenants Halil and Nazım, at a locality called Karacaören shortly before arriving at Diyarbekir.[13] Marzbed, another deportee, was dispatched to Kayseri to appear before a court martial on 18 May 1915.[21]

The militants responsible for the murders were tried and executed in Damascus by Djemal Pasha in September 1915; the incident later became the subject of a 1916 investigation by the Ottoman Parliament led by Artin Boshgezenian, the deputy for Aleppo. After Marzbed's release from the court, he worked under a false Ottoman identity for the Germans in Intilli (Amanus railway tunnel). He escaped to Nusaybin, where he fell from a horse and died shortly before the armistice.[21]

Release

 
"The Armenian leader Papasian considers the last remnants of the horrific murders at Deir ez-Zor in 1915–1916."

Several prisoners were released with the help of various influential people intervening on their behalf.[22] Five deportees from Çankırı were freed upon the intervention of the United States ambassador Henry Morgenthau.[6] In total, 12 deportees were granted permission to return to Constantinople from Çankırı.[n 2] These were Komitas, Piuzant Kechian, Dr. Vahram Torkomian, Dr. Parsegh Dinanian, Haig Hojasarian, Nshan Kalfayan, Yervant Tolayan, Aram Kalenderian, Noyig Der-Stepanian, Vrtanes Papazian, Karnik Injijian, and Beylerian junior. Four deportees were granted permission to come back from Konya.[n 3] These were Apig Miubahejian, Atamian, Kherbekian, and Nosrigian.[12]

The remaining deportees were under the protection of the governor of Angora Vilayet. Mazhar Bey defied the orders of deportation from Talat Pasha, the Interior Minister,[23] and was replaced by central committee member Atif Bey by the end of July 1915.[24]

Survivors

After the Armistice of Mudros (30 October 1918), several surviving Armenian intellectuals came back to Constantinople, which was under an allied occupation. They started a short, but intense, literary activity that was ended by the Turkish victory in 1923. Those who have written memoirs and books about their accounts during the deportation include Grigoris Balakian, Aram Andonian, Yervant Odian, Teotig, and Mikayel Shamtanchyan.[25] Other survivors, such as Komitas, developed serious cases of post-traumatic stress disorder. Komitas underwent 20 years of treatment in mental asylums until his death in 1935.[26]

Day of remembrance

Main article: Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day
 
An exhibition dedicated to the deported intellectuals at the genocide museum in Yerevan

The official date of remembrance for the Armenian genocide is 24 April, the day that marked the beginning of the deportation of Armenian intellectuals. The first commemoration, organized by a group of Armenian Genocide survivors, was held in Istanbul in 1919 at the local St.Trinity Armenian church. Many prominent figures in the Armenian community participated in the commemoration. Following its initial commemoration in 1919, the date became the annual day of remembrance for the Armenian genocide.[27]

Notable deportees

Below is a list of prominent Armenian intellectuals, community leaders and other public figures that were deported from Constantinople on 24 April 1915, the first wave of the deportations. The list of names are those that have been provided in the Ottoman Archives and various Armenian sources:

Name[n 4] Birth date
and place[n 5] 		Fate Political affiliation Occupation Deported to Notes
Sarkis Abo
Սարգիս Ապօ 		Killed Dashnak Teacher Ayaş Armenian from Caucasus, killed in Angora (Ankara).[21]
Levon Aghababian
Լեւոն Աղապապեան 		1887
from Bitlis 		Died Mathematician, headmaster of high schools in Kütahya and Akşehir (1908–14), directed his own school in Kütahya for three years[28] Çankırı Died in 1915.[28]
Hrant Aghajanian
Հրանդ Աղաճանեան 		Killed Çankırı Brought to the gallows in Beyazıt Square (Constantinople) on 18 January 1916.[12]
Mihran Aghajanian
Միհրան Աղաճանեան 		Killed Banker[21] Ayaş Returned to Constantinople where he was brought to the gallows.[21]
Mihran Aghasyan
Միհրան Աղասեան 		1854 in Adrianople (Edirne) Killed Poet and musician Der Zor Deported to Der Zor, where he was killed in 1916.[29]
Khachatur Malumian
Խաչատուր Մալումեան 		1865
in Zangezur 		Killed Dashnak Dashnak militant, newspaper editor, played a role in organizing an assembly of forces in opposition to the Ottoman Sultan, resulting in the proclamation of the Ottoman Constitution in 1908. Ayaş Removed from the Ayaş prison on 5 May and taken under military escort to Diyarbakır along with Daghavarian, Jangülian, Khajag, Minassian and Zartarian to appear before a court martial there and they were, seemingly, murdered by state-sponsored paramilitary groups led by Cherkes Ahmet, and lieutenants Halil and Nazım, at a locality called Karacaören shortly before arriving at Diyarbakır.[13] The murderers were tried and executed in Damascus by Cemal Pasha in September 1915, and the assassinations became the subject of a 1916 investigation by the Ottoman Parliament led by Artin Boshgezenian, the deputy for Aleppo.
Dikran Ajemian
Տիգրան Աճեմեան 		Survived Ayaş Returned to Constantinople[21] out of a group of ten deportees from Ayaş.[12]
Dikran Allahverdi
Տիգրան Ալլահվերտի 		Survived Member of different patriarchal councils Ayaş Returned to Constantinople.[21]
Vahan Altunian
Վահան Ալթունեան 		Survived Dentist[28] Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople soon after 11 May 1915.[30] He left Çankırı on 6 August 1915, was jailed in Angora, was displaced to Tarson, arrived in Constantinople on 22 September 1915.[28]
Vahram Altunian
Վահրամ Ալթունեան 		Died[28] Merchant[28] Çankırı
Aram Andonian
Արամ Անտոնեան 		1875
in Constantinople 		Survived Hunchak[31] Հնչակեան Վերակազմ[32] Writer and journalist; member of Armenian National Assembly[33] Çankırı Belonged to the second convoy with only one[6] or two survivors that left Çankırı on 19 August 1915, broke his leg, was jailed in Angora 20–24 August then escaped after hospitalization in Angora Hospital.[34] He joined another caravan of deportees and returned to Constantinople only after Tarsus, Mardin, Der Zor, Haleb,[28] he stayed in concentration camps around the town of Meskene in the desert,[31] published his experiences in his literary work In those dark days, he edited a collection of telegrams, the authenticity of which is disputed, containing Talat Pasha's extermination orders; he assumed directorship of the AGBU Nubar library in Paris from 1928 to 1951.[35]
V. Arabian
Վ. Արապեան 		Patriot or educator[8]
Sarkis Armdantsi
Սարգիս Արմտանցի 		Killed Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]
K. Armuni
Գ. Արմունի 		Lawyer[8]
Asadur Arsenian
Ասատուր Արսենեան 		Killed Pharmacist[28] Çankırı Belonged to the second convoy with only one[6] or two survivors that left Çankırı on 19 August 1915, jailed in Angora 20–24 August killed en route to Yozgat[34] or died near Der Zor.[28]
Arslanian
Արսլանեան 		Merchant(?)[28] Çankırı
Artsruni
Արծրունի 		Killed[12] Patriot or educator[8] Çankırı
Baruyr Arzumanian
Պարոյր Արզումանեան 		Killed Çankırı Belonged to the second convoy with only one[6] or two survivors that left Çankırı on 19 August 1915, jailed in Angora 20–24 August, killed en route to Yozgat.[34]
Vahram Asadurian
Վահրամ Ասատուրեան 		from Gedikpaşa Survived[18] Pharmacist Çankırı Deported to Meskene where he served finally in the army as assistant physician and helped Armenian deportees.[28]
H. Asadurian
Յ. Ասատուրեան 		Survived Print office owner[12] Ayaş Granted permission to return.[12]
Harutiun Asdurian
Յարութիւն Աստուրեան 		Killed Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]
Hrant Asdvadzadrian
Հրանդ Աստուածատրեան 		Survived Ayaş Returned to Constantinople.[21]
D. Ashkharuni
Տ. Աշխարունի 		Patriot or educator[8]
Atamian
Ադամեան 		from Erzurum Survived Merchant[12] Konya Granted permission to return.[12]
Varteres Atanasian
Վարդերես Աթանասեան 		1874 Died Hunchak "Headman" (mukhtar) of Feriköy, merchant[28] Çankırı Died in 1916 (?)[28]
Yeghise Kahanay Ayvazian
Եղիսէ Քհնյ. Այվազեան 		13 October 1870
in Bolu 		Clergyman Jailed in Constan­tinople for two months Deported to Konya, Bey Shehir, Konya, Ulukshla, Ereyli (where he met many clergymen from Bardizag), Bozanti, Cardaklik, Tarsus. He left Tarsus on 15 October 1915 in direction of Osmaniye, Islahiye, Tahtaköprü to the outskirts of Aleppo.[8]
Azarik
Ազարիք 		Died Pharmacist Çankırı Died in Der Zor.[18]
Grigoris Balakian
Գրիգորիս Պալաքեան 		1879
in Tokat 		Survived Clergyman Çankırı Escaped. Lived in Manchester and Marseille after the war — Published his memoirs[36] of exile.[13] Died in Marseille in 1934.
Balassan
Պալասան 		Muslim from Persia Killed Adopted as child by Dashnak Doorman and coffee boy for editorial staff of Azadamard Ayaş Killed despite intervention from Persian Embassy.
Khachig Bardizbanian
Խաչիկ Պարտիզպանեան 		Killed Public figure Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]
Levon Bardizbanian
Լեւոն Պարտիզպանեան 		1887
in Kharpert 		Dashnak[28] Physician and director of Azadamard
Vaghinag Bardizbanian
Վաղինակ Պարտիզպանեան 		Survived Official of the Khayrie navigation company[18][28] Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople soon after 11 May 1915.[30]
Zareh Bardizbanian
Զարեհ Պարտիզպանեան 		Survived Dentist Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople by special telegramme from Talat Pasha on 7 May 1915.[37][38] The eight prisoners of this group were notified on Sunday, 9 May 1915, about their release[38] and left Çankırı on 11 May 1915.[30]
Manuk Basmajian
Մանուկ Պասմաճեան 		Survived[28] Architect and intellectual[28] Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople soon after 11 May 1915.[30]
Mkrtich Basmajian[n 6]
Մկրտիչ Պասմաճեան 		Survived Arms dealer[18] Çankırı Sent to İzmit for further interrogations together with other deportees. Fled to Konya. Was deported again, managed to escape halfway to Der Zor and returned to Constantinople.[28]
D. Bazdikian
Տ. Պազտիկեան 		Patriot or educator[8]
Bedig
Պետիկ 		Writer, publicist[8]
Movses Bedrosian
Մովսէս Պետրոսեան 		Dashnak Teacher Çankırı Set free as he was a Bulgarian national and returned to Sofia.[18]
G. Beylikjian
Կ. Պէյլիքճեան 		Merchant[8]
Khachig Berberian
Խաչիկ Պէրպէրեան 		Survived Teacher[21] Ayaş Returned to Constantinople.[21]
E. Beyazian
Ե. Պէյազեան 		Patriot or educator[8]
Beylerian
Պէյլերեան 		Son of Hagop Beylerian Çankırı
Hagop Beylerian
Յակոբ Պէյլերեան 		1843
from Kayseri(?)[39] 		Survived[28] Father of Beylerian son[28] Merchant[28] Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople soon after 11 May 1915,[30] died in 1921(?)[39]
Artin Boghosian
Արթին Պօղոսեան 		Survived Çankırı "Pardoned on condition on not returning to Constantinople" according to a telegramme from the Ministry of the Interior on 25 August 1915 on the subject of exiles erroneously unlisted in a former 3 August telegramme.[40]
Khachig Boghosian
Խաչիկ Պօղոսեան 		Survived Doctor, psychologist, deputy of the Armenian National Assembly[28] Ayaş Arrested 24 April 1915, exiled 3 May 1915. He arrived in Constantinople after further deportation from Ayaş to Angora and Aleppo after the armistice.[28] Lived in Aleppo after the war. Founded a hospital. Published his memoirs of exile[13] – d. 1955 in Aleppo.
Hampartsoum Boyadjian
(Mourad)
Համբարձում Պօյաճեան

(Մուրատ)

1867
in Hadjin
(Saimbeyli today) 		Killed Hunchak Doctor, with a long and well-known history of political activity and agitation, one of the first organizers of the Hunchak in 1888 and one of its leaders, principal organizer of the 1890 Kumkapı affray, leader of the 1894–1895 Sasun revolt, after 1908 Armenian National Assembly delegate from Kumkapı and deputy of Ottoman Parliament from Adana. Mourad was his nom de guerre.[13] Çankırı He was led to Kayseri to appear before a court martial and then was executed there in 1915.[21]
Piuzant Bozajian
Բիւզանդ Պօզաճեան 		Survived Member of Armenian National Assembly[21] Ayaş Returned to Constantinople.[21]
Gh. Chplakian
Ղ. Չպլաքեան 		Survived Konya Deported to Konya, Tarsus, Kuşcular, Belemedik. Returned to Constantinople after the armistice.[12]
Yervant Chavushyan
Երունդ Չաւուշեան 		1867
Constantinople[28] 		Died Hunchak Armenian scientist, teacher, editor-in-chief of "Tzayn Hayrenyats" newspaper. Çankırı Deported to Hama, Der Zor, where he died from illness.[29] He died at the same time in the same tent in a village near Meskene as Husig A. Kahanay Katchouni.[18]
Chebjie
Ջպճը 		Armenian-Catholic[28] Architect Çankırı
Dikran Chökürian
Տիգրան Չէօկիւրեան 		1884
Gyumushkana 		Killed Writer, publicist,[8] teacher and chief editor of Vostan.[21] Ayaş Killed in Angora; brother of Chökürian below[21]
Chökürian
Չէօկիւրեան 		Writer, publicist[8] Brother of Dikran Chökürian
Kaspar Cheraz
Գասպար Չերազ 		1850
in Hasköy 		Survived Lawyer, public figure, brother of Minas Cheraz Çankırı Departed from Çankırı in winter after seven months and survived the next three years as refugee in Uşak together with his companions Hovhan Vartaped Garabedian, Mikayel Shamtanchian, Vartan Kahanay Karagözian from Feriköy. After the armistice he returned to Constantinople.[8] He was deported instead of his brother Minas Cheraz who emigrated to France, Kaspar Cheraz died in 1928 in Constantinople.[28]
K. Chukhajian
Գ. Չուհաճեան 		Merchant[8]
Aharon Dadurian
Ահարոն Տատուրեան 		1886
in Ovacik (near İzmit) 		Survived Poet[12] Eregli Returned to Constantinople after the armistice.[12] After a brief sojourn in Constantinople and Bulgaria, he pursued his studies in Prague (1923–28) and settled in France in the late 1920s. He died in 1965.[35]
Nazaret Daghavarian
Նազարէթ Տաղաւարեան 		1862
Sebastia 		Killed Physician, director of Surp Prgitch Hospital, deputy in the Ottoman parliament, deputy for Sivas in the Armenian National Assembly, founding member of Armenian General Benevolent Union. Ayaş Removed from the Ayaş prison on 5 May and taken under military escort to Diyarbakır along with Agnouni, Jangülian, Khajag, Minassian and Zartarian to appear before a court martial there and they were, seemingly, murdered by state-sponsored paramilitary groups led by Cherkes Ahmet, and lieutenants Halil and Nazım, at a locality called Karacaören [tr] shortly before arriving at Diyarbakır,[13] killed on the way to Urfa.[21] The murderers were tried and executed in Damascus by Cemal Pasha in September 1915, and the assassinations became the subject of a 1916 investigation by the Ottoman Parliament led by Artin Boshgezenian, the deputy for Aleppo.
Danielian
Դանիէլեան 		Survived[18] Hunchak Tailor[18] Çankırı
Boghos Danielian
Պօղոս Դանիէլեան 		Died Dashnak Lawyer[8] Çankırı Died in Der Zor.[18]
Garabed Deovletian
Կարապետ Տէօվլեթեան 		Survived Official of the mint[28] Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople soon after 11 May 1915.[30]
Nerses Der-Kaprielian
(Shahnour)
Ներսես Տէր-Գաբրիէլեան
(Շահնուր) 		from Kayseri Killed Çankırı Belonged to the second convoy with only one[6] or two survivors that left Çankırı on 19 August 1915, jailed in Angora 20–24 August killed en route to Yozgat.[34]
Noyig Der-Stepanian[n 7]
Նոյիկ Տէր-Ստեփանեան 		from Erzincan[28] Survived Commission agent, merchant and banker[28] Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople soon after 11 May 1915.[30] About 40 members of his family died.[28]
Parsegh Dinanian
Բարսեղ Տինանեան 		Survived Physician Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople soon after 11 May 1915.[30] One of the organizers of the commemoration ceremony of 24 April 1919.[28]
K. Diratsvian
Գ. Տիրացուեան 		Writer, publicist[8]
Khor. Dkhruni
Խոր. Տխրունի 		Writer, publicist[8]
Krikor Djelal
Գրիգոր Ճելալ 		Survived Hunchak[28] Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople soon after 11 May 1915.[30]
Missak Djevahirdjian
Միսաք Ճէվահիրճեան 		1858
from Kayseri 		Survived Physician (gynaecologist at the court), member of a tribunal council[28] Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople on 11 May 1915.[30] The eight prisoners of this group were notified on Sunday, 9 May 1915, about their release[38] and left Çankırı on 11 May 1915.[30] Set free with the help of his friend Pesin Omer Paşa, died in 1924.[28]
Armen Dorian
(Hrachia Surenian)
Արմէն Տօրեան
(Հրաչեայ Սուրէնեան) 		1892
Sinop 		Killed French-Armenian poet, editor of "Arene" weekly (Paris), founder of the Pantheist school.[41] Çankırı Finished the Sorbonne University in 1914 and returned to Constantinople.[41] Deported to Çankırı, killed in Anatolian desert;[29] was jailed in Angora after Çankırı and killed according to Nshan Kalfayan,[28] killed near Angora.[18]
Chris Fenerjian
(Silvio Ricci) 		Survived Ayaş Set free as Bulgarian national and returned to Bulgaria.[12][21]
Parunak Ferukhan
Բարունակ Ֆէրուխան 		1884 in
Constantinople[28] 		Killed Official of Bakırköy (Makriköy) administration and violinist[28] Çankırı Belonged to the second convoy with only one[6] or two survivors that left Çankırı on 19 August 1915, jailed in Angora 20–24 August killed en route to Yozgat.[34]
Hovhan Vartaped Garabedian
Յովհան Վրդ. Կարապետեան 		22 June 1888
in Brusa 		Survived Clergyman, M.A. of University of Columbia, secretary of patriarch Zaven[8] Çankırı Studied in the United States, came back in 1914 and was ordained priest on 16 June 1914 in Echmiadzin. He departed from Çankırı in winter after seven months and survived the next three years as refugee in Uşak together with his companions Kaspar Cheraz, Mikayel Shamtanchian, Vartan Kahanay Karagözian from Feriköy. After the armistice he returned to Constantinople and became priest in Gedikpaşa and Balat, member of the religious council. From 20 July 1919 – 5 August 1920 he was elected primate of İzmir. Later he got a higher degree as celibate priest (Ծ. Վրդ.). On 8 January 1921 he left for America and became priest of the St. Lusavorich church in New York.[8] He survived and left the clergy.[18]
Mkrtich Garabedian
Մկրտիչ Կարապետեան 		Survived Armenian-Catholic. Dashnak head of Khoy.[12] Teacher, Educator, Importer. Student of Mkrtich Khrimian, Egmiatzin. Ayaş Granted permission to return to capital as he was wrongly imprisoned in place of the teacher with same name.[12]
Ghazaros
Ղազարոս 		Dashnak Çankırı Deported in lieu of Marzbed (Ghazar Ghazarian).[28]
Ghonchegülian
Ղոնչէկիւլեան 		Died Merchant from Akn[28] Çankırı Died near Meskene.[18]
Krikor Torosian (Gigo)
Գրիգոր Թորոսեան (Կիկօ) 		1884 in Akn Killed Editor of the satirical newspaper Gigo[21] Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]
Gülustanian
Կիւլուստանեան 		Killed[13] / Survived[18] Dentist Çankırı "Permitted to reside freely in Çankırı" according to a telegramme from the Ministry of the Interior on 25 August 1915 on the subject of exiles erroneously unlisted in a former 3 August telegramme.[40] Killed in a village called Tüney in 1915, together with Ruben Sevak, Daniel Varoujan and Mağazacıyan[13] in a group of five.
Melkon Gülustanian
Մելքոն Կիւլուստանեան 		Survived Ayaş Relative of his namesake in Çankırı;[28] set free and returned to Constantinople.[21]
Haig Goshgarian
Հայկ Կօշկարեան 		Survived Editor of Odian and Gigo Der Zor Survived deportation to Der Zor and returned to Constantinople after the armistice.[12]
Reverend Grigorian
Սուրբ Հայր Գրիգորեան 		Pastor and editor of Avetaper[18] Çankırı
Melkon Gülesserian
Մելքոն Կիւլեսերեան 		Survived Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople soon after 11 May 1915.[30]
Mihrdat Haigazn
Միհրդատ Հայկազն 		Killed Dashnak Patriot or educator,[8] member of Armenian National Assembly, umbrella merchant.[21] Ayaş Banished a couple of times and then killed in Angora.[21]
K. Hajian
Գ. Հաճեան 		Survived Pharmacist Çankırı Returned from Çankırı after the armistice.[28]
Hampartsum Hampartsumian
Համբարձում Համբարձումեան 		1890 in Constantinople Killed Writer, publicist[8] Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]
Hovhannes Hanisian
Յովհաննէս Հանիսեան 		Survived Çankırı "Pardoned on condition on not returning to Constantinople" according to a telegramme from the Ministry of the Interior on 25 August 1915 on the subject of exiles erroneously unlisted in a former 3 August telegramme.[40]
Ardashes Harutiunian
Արտաշէս Յարութիւնեան 		1873
Malkara (near Rodosto) 		Killed Writer, publicist[8] Stayed in Üsküdar on 24 April 1915. Arrested on 28 July 1915 and severely beaten at the Müdüriyet. When his father came to see him he was imprisoned as well. Father and son were deported together with 26 Armenians to Nicomedia (modern İzmit) and jailed in the Armenian church converted into a prison. Finally stabbed to death together with his father near Derbent on 16 August 1915.[12]
Abraham Hayrikian
Աբրահամ Հայրիկեան 		Killed Turkologist, director of Ardi college, member of Armenian National Assembly[21] Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]
K. Hiusian
Գ. Հիւսեան 		Patriot or educator[8]
Haig Hojasarian
Հայկ Խօճասարեան 		Survived Teacher, educator, headmaster of Bezciyan school (1901–1924),[39] politician in Ramgavar Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople mid-June 1915, deputy of the Armenian National Assembly in 1919[28] became later chancellor of the Diocese of the Armenian Church of America.[13]
Mkrtich Hovhannessian
Մկրտիչ Յովհաննէսեան 		Killed Dashnak Teacher Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]
Mkrtich Hovhannessian
Մկրտիչ Յովհաննէսեան 		Survived Ayaş Deported in lieu of Dashnak member Mkritch Hovhannessian, returned to Constantinople.[21]
Melkon Giurdjian (Hrant)
Մելքոն Կիւրճեան (Հրանդ) 		1859 in Palu Killed Dashnak Writer, publicist,[8] armenologist, member of Armenian National Assembly[21] Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]
Krikor Hürmüz
Գրիգոր Հիւրմիւզ 		Killed[12] Writer, publicist[8]
Khachig Idarejian
Խաչիկ Իտարէճեան 		Killed Teacher Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]
Karnik Injijian
Գառնիկ Ինճիճեան 		Survived[18] Merchant[28] Çankırı Released upon request.[12]
Aris Israelian(Dkhruni)
Արիս Իսրայէլեան (Տխրունի) 		1885 Died Dashnak Teacher, writer Çankırı Was in Konya in 1916, died later under unknown circumstances.[18][28]
Apig Jambaz
Աբիկ Ճամպազ 		from Pera[28] Died[28] Armenian-Catholic[28] Merchant[28] Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople soon after 11 May 1915.[30]
Harutiun Jangülian
Յարութիւն Ճանկիւլեան 		1855
in Van 		Killed Hunchak One of the organizers of the 1890 Kumkapı affray, political activist, member of Armenian National Assembly, published his memoirs in 1913. Ayaş Dispatched to Diyarbakir, but executed after Aleppo between Urfa and Severek by Haci Tellal Hakimoglu (Haci Onbasi)[42] – Removed from the Ayaş prison on 5 May and taken under military escort to Diyarbakır along with Daghavarian, Agnouni, Khajag, Minassian and Zartarian to appear before a court martial there and they were, seemingly, murdered by state-sponsored paramilitary groups led by Cherkes Ahmet, and lieutenants Halil and Nazım, at a locality called Karacaören [tr] shortly before arriving at Diyarbakır.[13] The murderers were tried and executed in Damascus by Cemal Pasha in September 1915, and the assassinations became the subject of a 1916 investigation by the Ottoman Parliament led by Artin Boshgezenian, the deputy for Aleppo.
Aram Kalenderian
Արամ Գալէնտէրեան 		Survived Official of the Ottoman Bank[18] Granted permission to return.[12]
Harutiun Kalfayan
Յարութիւն Գալֆաեան 		in Üsküdar Died Hunchak Director of Arhanyan College Çankırı Died in 1915.[13] Not to be confused with his namesake, also a deportee but a Dashnak member, who was mayor of Bakırköy (Makriköy) quarter of Constantinople.
Harutiun Kalfayan
Յարութիւն Գալֆաեան[n 8] 		1870
in Talas 		Died in Angora[28] Dashnak Lawyer, mayor of Bakırköy (Makriköy) Çankırı Died in 1915.[13] Uncle of Nshan Kalfayan.[28] Not to be confused with his namesake, also a deportee but a Hunchak member, who was a schoolmaster.
Nshan Kalfayan
Նշան Գալֆաեան 		16 April 1865
in Üsküdar[43] 		Survived Agronomist, lecturer in agriculture at Berberyan school[39] Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople soon after 11 May 1915.[30] Moved to Greece in 1924. Invited to Persia in 1927 to administer properties of the Shah. Was a correspondent for the Académie française.[28]
Kantaren[28]
Գանթարեն 		Çankırı
Rafael Karagözian
Ռաֆայէլ Գարակէօզեան 		Survived Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople by a telegramme from Talat Pasha on 7 May 1915.[37]
Takvor Karagözian(?)
Թագւոր Գարակէօզեան 		Merchant[28] Çankırı
Vartan Kahanay Karagözian
Վարդան Քհնյ. Գարակէօզեան 		15 July 1877
in Kumkapı, Constantinople 		Survived Clergyman from Feriköy Çankırı Departed from Çankırı in winter after seven months and survived the next three years as refugee in Uşak together with his companions Hovhan Vartaped Garabedian, Kaspar Cheraz, Mikayel Shamtanchian. After the armistice he returned to Constantinople.[8]
Aristakes Kasparian
Արիստակէս Գասպարեան 		1861
in Adana 		Killed Lawyer, businessman, member of Armenian National Assembly Ayaş[21] Killed in Angora.[21]
Husig A. Kahanay Katchouni
Յուսիկ Ա. Քհնյ. Քաջունի 		1851
in Arapgir 		Died Dashnak[28] Clergyman Çankırı Deported further and died from illness in a village near Meskene. He died at the same time in the same tent as Yervant Chavushyan.[18]
Kevork Kayekjian
Գէորգ Գայըգճեան 		Killed Merchant[28] Çankırı Belonged to the second convoy with only one[6] or two survivors that left Çankırı on 19 August 1915, jailed in Angora 20–24 August killed en route to Yozgat.[34] Three Kayekjian brothers were deported and killed altogether near Angora.[28]
Levon Kayekjian
Լեւոն Գայըգճեան 		Killed Merchant[28] Çankırı Belonged to the second convoy with only one[6] or two survivors that left Çankırı on 19 August 1915, jailed in Angora 20–24 August killed en route to Yozgat.[34] Three Kayekjian brothers were deported and killed altogether near Angora.[28]
Mihran Kayekjian
Միհրան Գայըգճեան 		Killed Merchant[28] Çankırı Belonged to the second convoy with only one[6] or two survivors that left Çankırı on 19 August 1915, jailed in Angora 20–24 August killed en route to Yozgat.[34] Three Kayekjian brothers were deported and killed altogether near Angora.[28]
Arshak Kahanay Kazazian
Արշակ Քհնյ. Գազազեան 		Survived[18] Clergyman Çankırı
Piuzant Kechian
Բիւզանդ Քէչեան 		1859 Survived Editor, owner of influential newspaper Piuzantion, historian Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople by special telegramme from Talat Pasha on 7 May 1915.[37][38] The eight prisoners of this group were notified on Sunday, 9 May 1915, about their release[38] and left Çankırı on 11 May 1915.[30] Returned to Constantinople on 1 May 1915 [old calendar](?) and stayed in Plovdiv, Bulgaria, until the end of the war,[n 9] died in 1927[39] or 1928.[28]
Vahan Kehiayan(Dökmeji Vahan)
Վահան Քէհեաեան 		1874
in Urfa 		Killed Hunchak Patriot or educator[8] and craftsman[28] Çankırı Killed on 26 August 1915 together with Ruben Sevak, Daniel Varoujan, Onnik Maghazajian, Artin Kocho.[28]
Diran Kelekian
Տիրան Քէլէկեան 		1862
Kayseri 		Killed Ramgavar[18] Writer, university professor, publisher of a popular Turkish language newspapar, Sabah,[44] freemason, author of a French-Turkish dictionary which is still a reference.[45] Çankırı Permitted to reside with his family anywhere outside Constantinople by special order from Talat Pasha on 8 May 1915,[46] chose Smyrna, but was taken under military escort to Çorum to appear before a court martial and killed on 20 October 1915 on the way to Sivas between Yozgat and Kayseri near the bridge Cokgöz on the Kizilirmak.[34]
Akrig Kerestejian
Ագրիկ Քերեսթեճեան 		1855
in Kartal 		Died[28] Merchant of wood[28] (coincides with the literal meaning of his name)
Garabed Keropian
Պատ. Կարապետ Քերոբեան 		from Balıkesir[8] Survived Pastor[n 10] Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople by special telegramme from Talat Pasha on 7 May 1915.[37] The eight prisoners of this group were notified on Sunday, 9 May 1915, about their release[38] and left Çankırı on 11 May 1915.[30] He went to America.[8]
Mirza Ketenjian
Միրզա Քեթենենճեան 		Survived[18] Dashnak
Karekin Khajag
born as Karekin Chakalian
Գարեգին Խաժակ (Գարեգին Չագալեան) 		1867
in Alexandropol 		Killed Dashnak Newspaper editor, teacher. Ayaş Removed from the Ayaş prison on 5 May and taken under military escort to Diyarbakır along with Daghavarian, Agnouni, Jangülian, Minassian and Zartarian to appear before a court martial there and they were, seemingly, murdered by state-sponsored paramilitary groups led by Cherkes Ahmet, and lieutenants Halil and Nazım, at a locality called Karacaören [tr] shortly before arriving at Diyarbakır.[13] The murderers were tried and executed in Damascus by Cemal Pasha in September 1915, and the assassinations became the subject of a 1916 investigation by the Ottoman Parliament led by Artin Boshgezenian, the deputy for Aleppo.
A. Khazkhazian
Ա. Խազխազեան 		Merchant[8]
Kherbekian
Խերպէկեան 		from Erzurum Merchant[12] Konya Granted permission to return.[12]
Hovhannes Kilijian
Յովհաննէս Գըլըճեան 		Killed Bookseller[21] Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]
Sarkis Kiljian (S. Srents)
Սարգիս Գըլճեան (Ս. Սրենց) 		Survived Dashnak Teacher, writer, publicist Çankırı Escaped from Çankırı to Konya and became Deputy of the Armenian National Assembly in 1919.[28]
Hovhannes Kımpetyan(Kmpetian)
Յովհաննէս Գմբէթեան 		1894 in Sivas Killed Armenian poet and educator[41] Çankırı Killed during the deportation in Ras al-Ain.[41]
Artin Kocho (Harutiun Pekmezian)
Գոչօ Արթին (Յարութիւն Պէքմէզեան) 		Killed Bread seller in Ortaköy[28] Çankırı Killed by 12 çetes on 26 August 1915 6 hours after Çankırı near the han of Tüneh in a group of five.[28]
Kevork or Hovhannes Köleyan
Գէորգ կամ Յովհաննէս Քէօլէեան 		Killed Çankırı Killed near Angora.[18]
Nerses (Der-) Kevorkian
Ներսէս (Տէր-) Գէորգեան 		Merchant[28] Çankırı Was betrayed by a competitor.[28]
Komitas
Կոմիտաս 		1869
in Kütahya 		Survived Priest, composer, ethnomusicologist, founder of a number choirs[n 11] Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople by special telegramme from Talat Pasha on 7 May 1915.[37] The eight prisoners of this group were notified on Sunday, 9 May 1915, about their release[38] and left Çankırı on 11 May 1915[30] – developed a severe form of Posttraumatic stress disorder and spent twenty years in virtual silence in mental asylums, died 1935 in Paris.[38]
Harutiun Konyalian
Յարութիւն Գօնիալեան 		Killed Tailor[21] Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]
Hagop Korian
Յակոբ Գորեան 		from Akn, in his seventies[28] Survived Merchant, occasionally a teacher[28] Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople soon after 11 May 1915.[30] He left Çankırı on 6 August 1915, was jailed in Angora, was displaced to Tarson, arrived in Constantinople on 22 September 1915.[28]
Kosmos[28]
Կոզմոս 		Çankırı
Shavarsh Krissian
Շաւարշ Քրիսեան 		1886 in Constantinople Killed Dashnak[21] Writer, publicist,[8] teacher,[21] editor of the first sports magazine of the Ottoman Empire Marmnamarz[47] Ayaş He organized gym exercises in Ayaş. Until the deportees of Ayaş had learned about the 20 Hunchakian gallows of 15 June 1915, they were not realising the severity of their situation.[42] The exercises were viewed by the Turkish guards with great suspicion.[16] Shavarsh Krissian was killed in Angora.[21]
M. Kundakjian
Մ. Գունտագճեան 		Lawyer[8]
Levon Larents (Kirishchiyan)
Լեւոն Լարենց Քիրիշճեան 		1882 in Constantinople Killed Hunchak Poet, translator, professor of literature. Ayaş Killed during the deportation in Angora.[21][29]
Onnik Maghazajian
Օննիկ Մաղազաճեան 		1878
in Constantinople 		Killed Chairman of Kumkapı Progressive Society Cartographer, bookseller Çankırı "Permitted to reside freely in Çankırı" according to a telegramme from the Ministry of the Interior on 25 August 1915 on the subject of exiles erroneously unlisted in a former 3 August telegramme.[40] Killed in a village called Tüney in 1915, together with Ruben Sevak, Daniel Varoujan and Gülistanian[13] in a group of five.[34]
Asdvadzadur Manesian(Maniassian)
Աստուածատուր Մանեսեան 		Survived[18] Merchant[28] Çankırı
Bedros Manikian
Պետրոս Մանիկեան 		Survived[18] Çankırı Pharmacist[28]
Vrtanès Mardiguian
Վրթանէս Մարտիկեան 		Survived Ayaş Deported in a group of 50 persons to Angora, 5 May 1915, dispatched to Ayaş on 7 May 1915, set free in July 1915,[42] returned to Constantinople.[21]
Marzbed
(Ghazar Ghazarian)
Մարզպետ (Ղազար Ղազարեան) 		Died Dashnak Teacher Ayaş Dispatched around 18 May 1915 to Kayseri to appear before a court martial,[42] worked under fake Turkish identity for the Germans in Intilli (Amanus railway tunnel), escaped to Nusaybin where he fell from a horse and died right before the armistice.[21]
A. D. Mateossian
Ա. Տ. Մատթէոսեան 		Lawyer, writer[8]
Melik Melikian[28]
Մելիք Մելիքեան 		Killed Çankırı
Simon Melkonian
Սիմոն Մելքոնեան 		from Ortaköy[28] Survived[28] Architect[28] Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople soon after 11 May 1915.[30]
Theodoros Menzikian
Թ. Մենծիկեան 		Killed Merchant[8] Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]
Sarkis Minassian
born as Aram Ashot
Սարգիս Մինասեան 		1873 in
Çengiler, Yalova 		Killed Dashnak[21] Chief editor of Droshak,[21] Editor of Armenian newspaper in Boston till 1909, teacher, writer and political activist in the Ottoman capital after 1909; member of Armenian National Assembly[33] Ayaş Removed from the Ayaş prison on 5 May and taken under military escort to Diyarbakır along with Daghavarian, Agnouni, Jangülian, Khajag and Zartarian to appear before a court martial there and they were, seemingly, murdered by state-sponsored paramilitary groups led by Cherkes Ahmet, and lieutenants Halil and Nazım, at a locality called Karacaören [tr] shortly before arriving at Diyarbakır.[13] The murderers were tried and executed in Damascus by Cemal Pasha in September 1915, and the assassinations became the subject of a 1916 investigation by the Ottoman Parliament led by Artin Boshgezenian, the deputy for Aleppo.
Krikor Miskjian
Գրիգոր Միսքճեան 		1865 Killed[28] brother of Stepan Miskjian[28] Pharmacist[28] Çankırı Belonged to the second convoy with only one[6] or two survivors that left Çankırı on 19 August 1915, jailed in Angora 20–24 August killed en route to Yozgat,[34] killed near Angora.[18][28]
Stepan Miskjian
Ստեփան Միսքճեան 		1852
in Constantinople 		Killed[28] brother of Krikor Miskjian[28] Physician[28] Çankırı Belonged to the second convoy with only one[6] or two survivors that left Çankırı on 19 August 1915, jailed in Angora 20–24 August killed en route to Yozgat,[34] killed near Angora.[18][28]
Zareh Momjian
Զարեհ Մոմճեան 		Killed Translator at the Russian Consulate Çankırı "Pardoned on condition on not returning to Constantinople" according to a telegramme from the Ministry of the Interior on 25 August 1915 on the subject of exiles erroneously unlisted in a former 3 August telegramme.[40] Belonged to the second convoy with only two survivors that left Çankırı on 19 August 1915, jailed in Angora 20–24 August killed en route to Yozgat.[34]
Apig Mübahejian
Աբիկ Միւպահեաճեան 		Survived Publicist Konya Granted permission to return.[12]
Avedis Nakashian
Աւետիս Նագաշեան 		Survived Physician Ayaş Was set free 23 July 1915, sent his family to Bulgaria, served in the Ottoman army as captain in the Gülhane Hospital at the time of the Gallipoli campaign and immigrated to the US.[16]
Nakulian
Նագուլեան 		Survived Doctor Ayaş Exiled 3 May 1915. Allowed to move free in Ayaş. Returned later to Constantinople.[13]
Hagop Nargilejian
Յակոբ Նարկիլէճեան 		Survived Pharmacist in the army[28] Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople by special telegramme from Talat Pasha on 7 May 1915.[37] The eight prisoners of this group were notified on Sunday, 9 May 1915, about their release[38] and left Çankırı on 11 May 1915.[30]
Markos Natanian
Մարկոս Նաթանեան 		Survived Member of Armenian National Assembly[33] Çorum Survived deportation to Çorum and later to Iskiliben, was permitted to go back.[12]
Hrant Nazarian
Հրանդ Նազարեան 		Çankırı
Serovpe Noradungian
Սերովբէ Նորատունկեան 		Killed Dashnak Teacher at the Sanassarian college and member of Armenian National Assembly[21] Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]
Nosrigian
Նօսրիկեան 		from Erzurum Survived Merchant Konya Granted permission to return.[12]
Nshan
Նշան 		Killed Tattooist in Kumkapı[21] Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]
Nshan Odian
Նշան Օտեան 		Hunchak[42] Ayaş
Yervant Odian
Երուանդ Օտեան 		1869
in Constantinople 		Survived Writer Ayaş Deported August 1915. Accompanied Karekin Vrtd. Khatchaturian (prelate of Konia) from Tarson to Osmanieh.[48] Islamized in 1916 under the name Aziz Nuri[12] in Hama. After failed attempts to escape from Der Zor, Odian worked in a factory for military uniforms together with Armenian deportees from Aintab. Soon afterwards he became translator to the military commander of Der Zor. Finally he was orderly to the commander Edwal of the German garrison in Der Zor and gave account of the killing of the last deportees from Constantinople in the prison of Der Zor as late as January 1918 and described that all the policemen and officials kept Armenian women.[49]
Aram Onnikian
Արամ Օննիկեան 		Survived[18] Merchant,[8] chemist[18] Çankırı Son of Krikor Onnikian
Hovhannes Onnikian
Յովհաննէս Օննիկեան 		Died Merchant[8] Çankırı Son of Krikor Onnikian; died from illness in Hajkiri near Çankırı.[18]
Krikor Onnikian
Գրիգոր Օննիկեան 		1840 Died Merchant[8] Çankırı Father of Aram, Hovhannes and Mkrtich Onnikian; died from illness in Çankırı.[18]
Mkrtich Onnikian
Մկրտիչ Օննիկեան 		Died Merchant[8] Çankırı Son of Krikor Onnikian; died in Der Zor.[18]
Panaghogh
Փանաղող 		Writer, publicist[8]
Shavars Panossian
Շաւարշ Փանոսեան 		Survived Teacher from Pera.[12] Ayaş Granted permission to return.[12]
Nerses Papazian(Vartabed Mashtots)
Ներսէս Փափազեան 		Killed Dashnak Editor of Azadamard,[21] Patriot or educator[8] Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]
Vrtanes Papazian
Վրթանէս Փափազեան 		Survived Tailor[12] Çankırı Wrongly deported as he bore the same name as the novelist who escaped to Bulgaria and later to Russia.[12] Permitted to return to Constantinople soon after 11 May 1915.[30]
Ardashes Parisian
Արտաշես Փարիսեան 		Survived[18] Merchant[28] Çankırı
Parseghian
Բարսեղեան 		Survived Ayaş Granted permission to return.[12]
Armenag Parseghian
Արմենակ Բարսեղեան 		Survived[28] Dashnak[28] Teacher, studied philosophy in Berlin, lived in Pera[28] Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople soon after 11 May 1915.[30]
H. Parseghian
Յ. Բարսեղեան 		Patriot or educator[8]
Kegham Parseghian
Գեղամ Բարսեղեան 		1883 in Constantinople Killed Dashnak Writer, publicist,[8] editor, teacher[21] Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]
Sarkis Parseghian(Shamil)
Սարգիս Բարսեղեան (Շամիլ) 		Killed[28] Patriot or educator[8] Ayaş
Garabed Pashayan Khan
Կարապետ Փաշայեան Խան 		1864
in Constantinople 		Killed Dashnak Physician, writer[8] former deputy of the Ottoman parliament, member of Armenian National Assembly[21] Ayaş First tortured[50] and then killed in Angora.[21]
M. Piosian
Մ. Փիոսեան 		Patriot or educator[8]
Smpad Piurad
Der-Ghazaryants
Սմբատ Բիւրատ
Տէր-Ղազարեանց 		1862
in Zeytun (Süleymanlı today) 		Died Novelist, public figure, member of Armenian National Assembly[21] Ayaş[21] Killed in Angora.[21]
G. Reisian
Կ. Րէյիսեան 		Merchant[8]
Rostom (Riustem Rostomiants)
Րոստոմ (Րիւսթէմ Րոստոմեանց) 		Killed Merchant[8] and public figure[21] Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]
Vramshabuh Samueloff
Վրամշապուհ Սամուէլօֆ 		Killed Merchant[8] Armenian from Russia, banker Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]
Sarafian[28]
Սարաֆեան 		Çankırı
Garabed Sarafian
Կարապետ Սարաֆեան 		Killed Public official Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]
Sato
Սաթօ 		Patriot or educator[8]
Jacques Sayabalian (Pailag)
Ժագ Սայապալեան (Փայլակ) 		1880
in Konya 		Killed Armenian National Assembly Interpreter for the British Consul in Konya between 1901 and 1905, then vice-consul for a year and a half. After 1909, journalist in the capital. Çankırı Killed in Angora.[21]
Margos Sefer
Մարկոս Սեֆեր 		Survived Lawyer[21] Ayaş Deported in place of Markos Natanian and returned to Constantinople.[21]
Vartkes Serengülian
Վարդգէս Սէրէնկիւլեան 		1871
in Erzurum 		Killed Deputy in the Ottoman parliament Dispatched to Diyarbakır to appear before a court martial Deported 21 May 1915[51] or 2 June 1915.[52] Same fate as Krikor Zohrab.[53] (Cherkes Ahmet and Halil were led to Damascus and executed there on orders from Cemal Pasha, in connection with the murder of the two deputies, on 30 September 1915, Nazım had died in a fight before that.)
Baghdasar Sarkisian
Պաղտասար Սարգիսեան 		Survived Çankırı "Pardoned on condition on not returning to Constantinople" according to a telegramme from the Ministry of the Interior on 25 August 1915 on the subject of exiles erroneously unlisted in a former 3 August telegramme.[40]
Margos Servet Effendi (Prudian)
Մարկոս Սէրվէթ 		Survived Lawyer from Kartal[12] Ayaş Granted permission to return.[12]
Ruben Sevak
Ռուբէն Սեւակ 		1885
in Silivri 		Killed Physician, prominent poet and writer, formerly captain in the Ottoman Army during the Balkan Wars Çankırı Deported 22 June 1915[54] but was "Permitted to reside freely in Çankırı" according to a telegramme from the Ministry of the Interior on 25 August 1915 on the subject of exiles erroneously unlisted in a former 3 August telegramme.[40] Killed in a village called Tüney in 1915, together with Gülistanyan, Daniel Varoujan and Mağazacıyan[13] in a group of five.[34] His house in Elmadağı, Constantinople is now a museum.[55]
Shahbaz[n 12]
Շահպազ 		Patriot or educator[8]
Parsegh Shahbaz
Բարսեղ Շահպազ 		1883
in Boyacıköy, Constantinople 		Killed Dashnak Lawyer,[21] journalist, columnist Çankırı "Murdered on Harput-Malatya road."[13][21] On 6 July 1915, in a letter to Miss. Zaruhi Bahri and Evgine Khachigian, Parsegh Shahbaz wrote from Aintab that due to his wounded feet and stomachaches, he will rest for 6–7 days until he has to continue the 8–10 days journey to M. Aziz. But he had no idea why he was sent there.[12] According to Vahe-Haig (Վահէ-Հայկ), survivor of the massacre of Harput, Parsegh Shahbaz was jailed 8 days after the massacre in the central prison of Mezre. Parsegh Shahbaz remained without food for a week and was severely beaten and finally killed by gendarmes under the wall of 'the factory'.[12]
A. Shahen
Ա. Շահէն 		Patriot or educator[8]
Yenovk Shahen
Ենովք Շահէն 		1881 in Bardizag (near İzmit) Killed Actor[8] Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]
Sarkis Shahinian
Սարգիս Շահինեան 		Survived Çankırı "Pardoned on condition on not returning to Constantinople" according to a telegramme from the Ministry of the Interior on 25 August 1915 on the subject of exiles erroneously unlisted in a former 3 August telegramme.[40]
Harutiun Shahrigian (Adom)
Յարութիւն Շահրիկեան (Ատոմ) 		1860 in
Shabin-Karahisar 		Killed Dashnak Dashnak leader, lawyer, member of Armenian National Assembly. Ayaş[21][28] First tortured[50] and then killed in Angora.[21]
Levon Shamtanchian
Լեւոն Շամտանճեան 		Survived Ayaş Deported in lieu of Mikayel Shamtanchian, returned to Constantinople.[12][21]
Mikayel Shamtanchian
Միքայէլ Շամտանճեան 		1874 Survived Friend of Dikran Chökürian Newspaper editor at Vostan, writer, lecturer, leader in the Armenian National Assembly Çankırı Departed from Çankırı in winter after seven months and survived the next three years as refugee in Uşak together with his companions Hovhan Vartaped Garabedian, Kaspar Cheraz, Vartan Kahanay Karagözian from Feriköy. After the armistice he returned to Constantinople.[8] Published his memoirs of exile after the war.[13] – d. 1926[39]
Levon Shashian
Լեւոն Շաշեան 		Killed Merchant[8] Killed in Der Zor.[12]
Siamanto (Adom Yerdjanian)
Սիամանթօ (Ատոմ Եարճանեան) 		1878
in Akn 		Killed Dashnak[21] Poet, writer, member of Armenian National Assembly[21] Killed in Angora.[21]
Krikor Siurmeian
Գրիգոր Սիւրմէեան 		Survived Father of Artavazd V. Siurmeian.[12] Ayaş Granted permission to return to Constantinople.[12]
Onnig Srabian (Onnig Jirayr)
Օննիկ Սրապեան (Օննիկ Ժիրայր) 		1878 in Erzincan Killed Teacher Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]
Yeghia Sughikian
Եղիա Սուղիկեան 		Writer, publicist[8] Met Yervant Odian and Aram Andonian in September 1915 while working in the mill of Aram and Ardashes Shalvarjian in Tarson (supplying daily 30,000 Ottoman soldiers with flour).[48]
S. Svin
Ս. Սուին 		Patriot or educator[8] 24 April 1915
Mihran Tabakian
Միհրան Թապագեան 		1878
from Adapazar[28] 		Killed Dashnak[28] Teacher and writer[28] Çankırı Belonged to the second convoy with only one[6] or two survivors that left Çankırı on 19 August 1915, jailed in Angora 20–24 August killed en route to Yozgat.[34]
Garabed Tashjian
Կարապետ Թաշճեան 		Killed Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]
Garabed Tashjian
Կարապետ Թաշճեան 		Survived Butcher[28] Çankırı Deported in lieu of Garabed Tashjian jailed in Ayaş, released and returned to Constantinople.[28]
Stepan Tatarian
Ստեփան Թաթարեան 		Survived[28] Merchant[28] Çankırı Dispatched to Kayseri to appear before a court martial (where he was an eyewitness to executions[12]). Joined by a group of four from Ayaş beginning of July.[30] Survived deportation from Çankırı to Kayseri to Aleppo and returned to Constantinople after the armistice.[28]
Kevork Terjumanian
Գէորգ Թէրճիմանեան 		Killed Ayaş Merchant[8] Killed in Angora.[21]
Ohannes Terlemezian
Օհաննես Թէրլէմէզեան 		from Van Survived[28] Money changer[28] Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople soon after 11 May 1915.[30] One of the last who was released from Çankırı. He left Çankırı on 6 August 1915, was jailed in Angora, came to Tarson, arrived in Constantinople on 22 September 1915.[28]
Hagop Terzian
Յակոբ Թէրզեան 		1879 in Hadjin Killed Hunchak Pharmacist Çankırı Belonged to the second convoy with only one[6] or two survivors that left Çankırı on 19 August 1915, jailed in Angora 20–24 August killed en route to Yozgat,[34] killed near Angora.[18]
Haig Tiriakian
Հայկ Թիրեաքեան 		about
60 years old[21] 		Survived Cashier of Phoenix[12] Ayaş Deported instead of his Dashnak homonym. Returned to Constantinople.[12][21]
Haig Tiriakian
Հայկ Թիրեաքեան (Հրաչ) 		1871
in Trabzon 		Killed Dashnak Member of Armenian National Assembly[21] Çankırı[21] After learning that another Haig Tiriakian had been detained in Ayaş he demanded his namesake's release and his own transfer from Çankırı to Ayaş. He was later killed in Angora.[21]
Yervant Tolayan
Երուանդ Թօլայեան 		1883 Survived Theater director, playwright, editor of the satirical journal Gavroche Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople by special telegramme from Talat Pasha on 7 May 1915.[37][38] The eight prisoners of this group were notified on Sunday, 9 May 1915, about their release[38] and left Çankırı on 11 May 1915.[30] Yervant Tolayan died in 1937.[39]
Hagop Topjian
Յակոբ Թօփճեան 		1876 Survived Ramgavar Editor[n 13] Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople mid-June 1915,[13] died in 1951.[39]
Torkom
Թորգոմ 		Patriot or educator[8]
Vahram Torkomian
Վահրամ Թորգոմեան 		20 April 1858[56]
in Constantinople 		Survived Physician,[n 14] medical historian Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople by special telegramme from Talat Pasha on 7 May 1915.[37] The eight prisoners of this group were notified on Sunday, 9 May 1915, about their release[38] and left Çankırı on 11 May 1915.[30] He moved to France in 1922.[39] He published a book after the war (a list of Armenian doctors) in Évreux, France in 1922 and a study on Ethiopean Taenicide-Kosso[57] in Antwerp in 1929. He died 11 August 1942 in Paris.[58]
Samvel Tumajan (Tomajanian)
Սամուել Թումաճան (Թոմաճանեան) 		Died[28] Hunchak[28] Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople soon after 11 May 1915.[30] Samvel Tomajian/Թօմաճեան (!) died according to Alboyajian.[28]
Daniel Varoujan
Դանիէլ Վարուժան 		1884
in Brgnik (near Sivas) 		Killed Poet Çankırı Killed together with Ruben Sevak by 12 çetes on 26 August 1915 six hours after Çankırı near the han of Tüneh in a group of five.[34]
Aram Yerchanik
Արամ Երջանիկ 		1865 Died Restaurant owner Çankırı Deported because many intellectuals regularly met at his restaurant in Bahçekapı, died in 1915.[28]
D. Yerganian
Տ. Երկանեան 		Lawyer[8]
Krikor Yesayan
Գրիգոր Եսայեան 		1883
from Van[28] 		Killed[34] Dashnak[28] French and Math teacher, translator of Levon Shant's Ancient Gods into French[28] Çankırı Belonged to the second convoy with only one[6] or two survivors that left Çankırı on 19 August 1915, jailed in Angora 20–24 August killed en route to Yozgat.[34]
Yeznik
Եզնիկ 		Profession Çankırı[28]
Nerses Zakarian
Ներսէս Զաքարեան 		Killed Hunchak[21] Patriot or educator,[8] member of Armenian National Assembly[21] Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]
Avedis Zarifian
Աւետիս Զարիֆեան 		Survived[18] Pharmacist Çankırı Permitted to return to Constantinople soon after 11 May 1915.[30]
Rupen Zartarian
Ռուբէն Զարդարեան 		1874
in Kharpert 		Killed Writer, poet, newspaper (Azadamard) and textbook editor, considered a pioneer of Armenian rural literature. Translated Victor Hugo, Maxim Gorki, Anatole France, Oscar Wilde into Armenian.[29] Ayaş Removed from the Ayaş prison on 5 May and taken under military escort to Diyarbakır along with Daghavarian, Agnouni, Jangülian, Khajag and Minassian to appear before a court martial there and they were, seemingly, murdered by state-sponsored paramilitary groups led by Cherkes Ahmet, and lieutenants Halil and Nazım, at a locality called Karacaören [tr] shortly before arriving at Diyarbakır.[13] The murderers were tried and executed in Damascus by Cemal Pasha in September 1915, and the assassinations became the subject of a 1916 investigation by the Ottoman Parliament led by Artin Boshgezenian, the deputy for Aleppo.
Zenop[28]
Զենոբ 		Çankırı
Krikor Zohrab
Գրիգոր Զօհրապ 		1861 in Constantinople Killed Writer, jurist, deputy in the Ottoman parliament Dispatched to Diyarbakır to appear before a court martial Deported either 21 May 1915 or 2 June 1915.[52] Ordered to appear before a court martial in Diyarbakır, together with Vartkes Hovhannes Serengülyan, both went to Aleppo by train, escorted by one gendarme, remained in Aleppo for a few weeks, waited the results of infructuous attempts by the Ottoman governor of the city to have them sent back to Constantinople (some sources mention Cemal Pasha himself intervening for their return, but Talat Pasha insisting on them to send to the court martial), and then dispatched to Urfa and remained there for some time in the house of a Turkish deputy friend, taken under police escort and led to Diyarbakır by car -allegedly accompanied on a voluntary basis by some notable Urfa Armenians, and with many sources confirming, they were murdered by state-sponsored paramilitary groups led by Cherkes Ahmet, Halil and Nazım, at a locality called Karaköprü or Şeytanderesi in the outskirts of Urfa, some time between 15 July and 20 July 1915. The murderers were tried and executed in Damascus by Cemal Pasha in September 1915, and the assassinations became the subject of a 1916 investigation by the Ottoman Parliament led by Artin Boshgezenian, the deputy for Aleppo.
Partogh Zorian(Jirayr)
Բարթող Զօրեան (Ժիրայր) 		1879 in Tamzara Killed Dashnak Publicist Ayaş Killed in Angora.[21]

Notes

  1. ^ According to Teotig's year book 1916–20 these were: Dikran Ajemian, Mkrtich Garabedian, H. Asadurian, Haig Tiriakian, Shavarsh Panossian, Krikor Siurmeian, Servet, Dr. Parseghian, Piuzant Bozajian, and Dr. Avedis Nakashian.
  2. ^ According to Teotig's year book 1916–20 these were: Dikran Ajemian, Mkrtich Garabedian, H. Asadurian, Haig Tiriakian, Shavarsh Panossian, Krikor Siurmeian, Servet, Dr. Parseghian, Piuzant Bozajian, and Dr. Avedis Nakashian.
  3. ^ According to Teotig's year book 1916–20 these were: Dikran Ajemian, Mkrtich Garabedian, H. Asadurian, Haig Tiriakian, Shavarsh Panossian, Krikor Siurmeian, Servet, Dr. Parseghian, Piuzant Bozajian, and Dr. Avedis Nakashian.
  4. ^ Western Armenian orthography is used throughout the article as the deportees mother language and eyewitness accounts are all Western Armenian.
  5. ^ 'From a place' (e.g. from Van, from Kayseri) means place of origin, i.e. a citizen living in Constantinople was often identified with the place his family originally came from.
  6. ^ Wrongly recorded as "Barsamian" by Krikor Balakian in his memoirs.
  7. ^ Teotik lists a M. Stepanian (merchant).
  8. ^ Teotik and Balakian list two B. Kalfayans or Bedros Kalfayans respectively, both killed in Angora (jailed in Ayaş according to Garine Avakian). One of them being mayor of Bakırköy (Makriköy) and Dashnak the other, a merchant, being deported and killed mistakenly.
  9. ^ Patriarch Zaven Der Yeghiayan was amazed how Piuzant Kechian received permission to get free from detention, and repeats assumptions about him being a spy for the Young Turks.[22]
  10. ^ Studied at the theological seminary of Merzifon, worked for the Bible House founded by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.
  11. ^ He was also the music teacher of prince Mejid's wife.
  12. ^ Not to be confused with Parsegh Shahbaz (listed among the "writers, publicists" on Teotig's list).
  13. ^ Edited a catalogue of the manuscripts of the monastery of Armaş, posthumously Venice 1962.
  14. ^ He was also the physician of Patriarch Zaven Der Yeghiayan and Prince Mejid.

References

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  3. ^ Bloxham, Donald (2005). The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians. Oxford University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-19-927356-0. ...the decapitation of the Armenian nation with the series of mass arrests that began on 24 April...
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  20. ^ Kévorkian 2006, p. 318.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck Palak'ean, Grigoris (2002). Le Golgotha arménien : de Berlin à Deir-es-Zor (in French). Vol. 1. La Ferté-sous-Jouarre: Le Cerle d'Écrits Caucasiens. pp. 87–94. ISBN 978-2-913564-08-4. OCLC 163168810.
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  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl Avagyan, Karine (2002). Եղեռնահուշ մասունք կամ խոստովանողք եւ վկայք խաչի [Relic of the Genocide or to those who suffered in the name of the cross and died for their faith] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Zangak 97. ISBN 978-99930-2-436-1. OCLC 62755097.[ref-notes 2]
  29. ^ a b c d e Article in Yevrobatsi 23 April 2007. "Etre à l'Université du Michigan pour la commemoration du 24 avril 1915", 23-04-2007, Par le Professor Fatma Müge Göçek, Université du Michigan Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Kévorkian 2006, p. 662.
  31. ^ a b Peroomian, Rubina (1993). Literary Responses To Catastrophe. A Comparison Of The Armenian And Jewish Experience. Studies in Near Eastern culture and society, 8. Atlanta: Scholars Press. ISBN 978-1-55540-895-4. LCCN 93026129. OCLC 28547490.
  32. ^ Andonian, Aram (2007). En ces sombres jours. Prunus armeniaca, 4 (in French). Translated from Armenian by Hervé Georgelin. Genève: MétisPresses. p. 10. ISBN 978-2-940357-07-9. OCLC 470925711.
  33. ^ a b c Der Yeghiayan 2002, p. 49.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Kévorkian 2006, p. 663.
  35. ^ a b Bardakjian, Kevork B. (2000). A Reference Guide to Modern Armenian Literature, 1500–1920. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-2747-0. LCCN 98043139. OCLC 39930676.
  36. ^ Balakian, Krikoris Հայ Գողգոթան [The Armenian Golgotha], Mechitaristenpresse Vienna 1922 (vol. 1) and Paris 1956 (vol. 2)
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h "Kastamonu Vilâyeti'ne" (PDF) (in Turkish). State Archives of the Republic of Turkey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2008.
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  41. ^ a b c d Göçek, Fatma Müge (2011). The Transformation of Turkey: Redefining State and Society from the Ottoman Empire to the Modern Era. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 220–221. ISBN 9781848856110. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  42. ^ a b c d e Kévorkian 2006, p. 652.
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  45. ^ Somel, Selcuk Aksin (2010). The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-1461731764.
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  50. ^ a b Dr. Nakashian according Vrtanès Mardiguian in a letter to Aram Andonian, 26 April 1947
  51. ^ Ternon, Yves (1990). The Armenians : history of a genocide (2nd ed.). Delmar, N.Y.: Caravan Books. ISBN 0-88206-508-4.
  52. ^ a b Raymond H. Kévorkian (ed.): Revue d'histoire arménienne contemporaine. Tome 1. 1995 Paris p.254
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  54. ^ Kantian, Raffi. Der Dichter und seine Frau. Rupen Sevag & Helene Apell. Ein armenisch-deutsches Paar in den Zeiten des Genozids in: Armenisch-Deutsche Korrespondenz, Nr. 139, Jg. 2008/Heft 1, pp. 46
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  56. ^ Vahram Torkomian: Mémoires d'un médecin stambouliote. 1860–1890, translated by Simone Denis-Torkomian, edited by Raymond Kévorkian, Centre d'histoire arménnienne contemporaine, Bibliothèque Nubar de l'UGAB 2007, ISSN 1259-4873
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  58. ^ Raymond Kévorkian (editor): Simone Denis-Torkomian: Les Mémoires du Dr. Vahram Torkomian, p. 14, in: Vahram Torkomian: Mémoires d'un médecin stambouliote. 1860–1890, translated by Simone Denis-Torkomian, edited by Raymond Kévorkian, Centre d'histoire arménnienne contemporaine, Bibliothèque Nubar de l'UGAB 2007, ISSN 1259-4873

Reference notes

  1. ^ Gives an account of over 1,500 deported clergymen all over the Ottoman Empire with selected biographical entries and lists 100 notables of 24 April 1915 by name out of 270 in total and classifies them roughly in 9 professional groups.
  2. ^ Gives an account of the events that lead to Çankırı (first deportation stop in Anatolia) and 100 short biographic descriptions of deportees on the basis of a rosary/worry-beads (Hamrich) in the History Museum of Yerevan with the engraved names of the deportees, that a deportee himself, Varteres Atanasian (Nr. 71 of the worry-beads), created.

Bibliography

  • Avagyan, Karine (2002). Եղեռնահուշ մասունք կամ խոստովանողք եւ վկայք խաչի [Relic of the Genocide or to those who suffered in the name of the cross and died for their faith] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Zangak 97. ISBN 978-99930-2-436-1. OCLC 62755097.
  • Krikor Balakian Հայ Գողգոթան [The Armenian Golgotha], Mechitaristenpresse Vienna 1922 (vol. 1) and Paris 1956 (vol. 2) (a new edition in French: Georges Balakian: Le Golgotha arménien, Le cercle d'écrits caucasiens, La Ferté-Sous-Jouarre 2002 (vol. 1) ISBN 978-2-913564-08-4, 2004 (vol. 2) ISBN 2-913564-13-5)
  • Beledian, Krikor (2003). "Le retour de la Catastrophe". In Coquio, Catherine (ed.). L'histoire trouée. Négation et témoignage (in French). Nantes: éditions l'atalante. ISBN 978-2-84172-248-8. [essay about the survivor literature 1918–23]
  • Kévorkian, Raymond (2006). Le Génocide des Arméniens [The Armenian Genocide] (in French). Paris: Odile Jacob. ISBN 978-2-7381-1830-1.
  • Lapçinciyan, Teotoros (1921). Գողգոթա հայ հոգեւորականութեան [The Golgotha of the Armenian clergy]. Constantinople: H. Mateossian. [Gives an account of over 1.500 deported clergymen all over the Ottoman Empire with selected biographical entries and lists 100 notables of 24 April 1915 by name out of 270 in total and classifies them roughly in 9 professional groups]
  • Lapçinciyan, Teotoros (1920). Ամէնուն Տարեցոյցը. Ժ-ԺԴ. Տարի. 1916–1920. [Everyman's Almanac. 10.-14. Year. 1916–1920]. Constantinople: G. Keshishian Press.
  • Shamtanchian, Mikayel (2007). The Fatal Night. An Eyewitness Account of the Extermination of Armenian Intellectuals in 1915. Translated by Jinbashian, Ishkhan. Studio City, California: Manjikian Publications. ISBN 978-0-9791289-9-8.
  • Kuyumjian, Rita Soulahian (2001). Archeology of Madness. Komitas. Portrait of an Armenian Icon. Princeton, New Jersey: Gomidas Institute Taderon Press. ISBN 978-0-9535191-7-0. LCCN 2005551875. OCLC 60664608.
  • Der Yeghiayan, Zaven (2002). My Patriarchal Memoirs [Patriarkʻakan hushers]. Translated by Ared Misirliyan, copyedited by Vatche Ghazarian. Barrington, Rhode Island: Mayreni. ISBN 978-1-931834-05-6. LCCN 2002113804. OCLC 51967085.

Further reading

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