The Devil's Humps (also known as the Kings' Graves) are four Bronze Age barrows situated on Bow Hill on the South Downs near Stoughton, West Sussex. They are situated on a downland ridgeway crossed by an ancient trackway, above Kingley Vale.[1] The Devil's Humps are counted among the most impressive round barrows surviving on the South Downs.[2] The Devil's Humps are within the Kingley Vale National Nature Reserve.[3] The two bell barrows together with two pond barrows and a cross dyke are listed as Scheduled Ancient Monument 1008371,[4] while the two bowl barrows are listed as Scheduled Ancient Monument 1008372.[5]
The barrows
editThe four mounds form a small cemetery group running in a line southwest to northeast.[6] The two southwestern mounds are located close together; they are bell barrows with a banked depression separating them.[1] The two northeastern mounds are bowl barrows.[1]
The four barrows forming the Devil's Humps are all aligned and stand 3 to 4 metres (9.8 to 13.1 ft) high in spite of damage caused by early explorations.[1] No records survive from these early excavations, so the precise date for the construction of the barrows is unknown. However, they are believed to date from the Late Neolithic or the Early Bronze Age. It is possible that they were reused in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods.[2]
The barrows are designated from A through to D, in order from the southwest to the northeast.[7]
Barrow A is a bell barrow. It measures 22 metres (72 ft) across, and is bordered by a 3.7-metre (12 ft) wide berm enclosed by a 3.7-metre (12 ft) wide ditch. The ditch is 0.46 metres (1.5 ft) deep, and the barrow stands 3.7 metres (12 ft) high.[7]
Barrow B is also a bell barrow. It is 24 metres (78 ft) across, and encircled by a 4.6-metre (15 ft) wide berm. The mound stands 3.7 metres (12 ft) high. A ditch runs around the berm; it is 3.7 metres (12 ft) wide and 0.46 metres (1.5 ft) deep.[7]
Barrow C is a ditched bowl barrow standing 3.0 metres (10 ft) high. It measures 28 by 26 metres (92 by 85 ft) (NS/EW), with the ditch having been filled in on the northwest side by the construction of a boundary bank. The centre of the barrow has been excavated.[7]
Barrow D is another ditched bowl barrow. It also stands 3.0 metres (10 ft) high and measures 24 metres (79 ft) across, with damage to the centre from previous excavation. It is partially covered by bramble and scrub.[7]
Two further possible barrows have been identified, one between Barrows A and B, and one to the northeast of Barrow B. They are small depressions measuring approximately 8 metres (26 ft) across and 0.8 metres (31 in) deep. They resemble pond barrows, but are considered to be small in size.[7]
Excavations
editThe two bowl barrows, C and D, were inspected in 1853, and Barrow C was opened. Upon opening it was evident that it had been disturbed previously, although a number of artefacts were recovered. These included burnt bones situated on top of an area of burnt soil, a whetstone, the tooth of a horse, antlers and a few fragments of Iron Age pottery. The artefacts from Barrow C are now in the collection of the British Museum. Barrow B was excavated in 1933. Surface finds from Barrow B included a Bronze Age flint scraper and fragments of Bronze Age or Iron Age pottery. The finds are now held by Lewes Museum.[7]
Other archaeological remains
editThere are a number of other ancient remains around Bow Hill and in neighbouring Kingley Vale, including a number of cross dykes and other earthworks, settlement sites in the Vale itself, two Iron Age hill forts, one of which is Goosehill Camp, and several long barrows on Stoughton Down to the north.[8]
Folklore
edit
The Devil's Humps are linked to a body of folklore encompassing Kingley Vale on the southern approach to Bow Hill. This folklore records how the men of Chichester defeated a Viking war party in the Vale, and the Viking leaders were buried in the Devil's Humps, giving them their alternative name of the Kings' Graves, while many of the Viking dead lie where they fell, under the yew trees on the slopes of the hill. Their ghosts are said to haunt the yew groves, and the trees themselves are said to come alive and move at night. This folklore may have had its origin in a battle between the men of Chichester and the marauding Danes that is recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as having taken place in AD 894:[9]
And then when the raiding-army which had besieged Exeter turned back homewards, they raided up in Sussex near Chichester, and the garrison put them to flight and killed many hundred of them, and took some of their ships.
— Michael Swanton (ed. and trans.), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (1996), p. 88.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c d Dyer 2001, p.171.
- ^ a b English Heritage.
- ^ Natural England, p.2.
- ^ Historic England: The National Heritage List for England: List entry Number 1008371.
- ^ Historic England: The National Heritage List for England: List entry Number 1008372.
- ^ Dyer 2001, p.171. Ordnance Survey 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g Historic England 2015.
- ^ Ordnance Survey 2009. English Heritage.
- ^ Simpson 2002, p.45.
References
edit
- Dyer, James (2001). Discovering Prehistoric England. Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire, UK: Shire Books. ISBN 0-7478-0507-5. OCLC 51109530.
- English Heritage. "Bow Hill Barrows, West Sussex". English Heritage. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1008371)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1008372)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- Historic England (2015). "Devils Humps (246469)". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- Garmonsway, G. N., ed. (1992) [1953]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Everyman. London, UK: J. M. Dent. ISBN 0-460-87038-6. OCLC 28800816.
- Natural England (2010). "NE275: Kingley Vale National Nature Reserve" (PDF). Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Natural England. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- Ordnance Survey (2009). Chichester, South Harting & Selsey (Map). 1:25000. Active Map 120. Southampton, UK: Ordnance Survey. ISBN 978-0-319-46762-6.
- Simpson, Jacqueline (2002). The Folklore of Sussex. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-2469-6. OCLC 62273222.