Dhammalok Mahasthavir (Nepali: धम्मालोक महास्थविर) (born Das Ratna Tuladhar) (16 January 1890 – 17 October 1966) was a Nepalese Buddhist monk who worked to revive Theravada Buddhism in Nepal in the 1930s and 1940s. For this act, he was expelled from the country by the tyrannical Rana regime.[1]
Dhammalok Mahasthavir | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Personal | |
| Born | Das Ratna 16 January 1890 |
| Died | 17 October 1966 (aged 76) |
| Religion | Buddhism |
| Nationality | Nepalese |
| School | Theravada |
| Other names | Bhikkhu Dhammalok Mahathero, Dharmaloka |
| Occupation | Buddhist monk |
Dhammalok was also a writer who contributed to the Nepal Bhasa renaissance. He worked to promote Theravada Buddhism and Nepal Bhasa braving government persecution.[2][3]
Early life
editDhammalok (alternative names: Bhikkhu Dhammalok Mahathero, Dharmaloka) was born Das Ratna Tuladhar at Asan Dhalasikwa, Kathmandu to a trading family. His father was Kesh Sundar and his mother Bekha Laxmi Tuladhar. Das Ratna engaged in business in Tibet during his early years and was known by the nickname Baran Sahu (बारां साहु).[4]
He was married to Dibya Laxmi with whom he had two sons and a daughter. Grief at the death of his wife and his association with Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan of India drew him towards religion.[5] His elder son Gaja Ratna too became a Buddhist monk, taking up the name Aniruddha Mahathera.
Imprisonment and ordination
editIn 1929, Das Ratna went to Sri Lanka for religious study. Returning to Nepal, he lived at the monastery of Kindo Baha near Swayambhu where he conducted regular prayer meetings and distributed pamphlets written in Nepal Bhasa appealing for donations. On 6 November 1931, he was arrested and imprisoned for seven days as it was illegal to write in Nepal Bhasa[6] or propagate Buddhism. Subsequently, Das Ratna went to Rangoon, Burma (now Yangon, Myanmar) where he lived a year. Returning from Burma, he went to Kusinagar where he became a novice monk and took the name Dhammalok in 1933.[7]
Dhammalok returned to Kindo Baha, where he began writing a series of books in Nepal Bhasa that challenged traditional thinking. Lokay Kuchal Kubyabahar Sudhar ("Reforming Ill Practices and Customs in Society") and Dharmaya Namay Pap ("Sinning in the Name of Religion") published from Varanasi, India are some of his well-known works. Dhammalok has also translated Buddha Charita, a biography of the Buddha by Asva Ghosh, into Nepal Bhasa from the Sanskrit.[8] Among his notable books, the travelogue Mahachin Yatra ("A Journey to Great China") was published from Kalimpong in 1950. Dhammalok received higher ordination in Sarnath in 1935.[9]
Into exile
editIn 1943, Dhammalok established Ananda Kuti Vihar, the first Theravada monastery in modern Nepal, at Swayambhu. It became the center for the Theravada community.[10]
The government declared that the activities of the Theravada monks of spreading Buddhism and writing in Nepal Bhasa were illegal, and on 30 July 1944, eight monks including Dhammalok, Pragyananda Mahasthavir and Kumar Kashyap Mahasthavir were expelled from Nepal for refusing to sign a pledge to stop doing so.[11][12] The exiled monks first went to Kushinagar, India and then to Sarnath. On the full moon day of 31 November[clarification needed] 1944 in Sarnath, they founded Dharmodaya Sabha (Society for the Rise of the Teaching) which published books and a magazine on Buddhism titled Dharmodaya.
Dhammalok spent his exile in India, Tibet and Bhutan, and returned to Kathmandu on 5 June 1946 after the ban was lifted.[13] From 1946, following pressure from Indian Buddhist societies, the government also allowed publication of literature in Nepal Bhasa after being censored.[14] Dhammalok devoted his later years to writing. He also worked to develop Lumbini and Kapilavastu, the Buddha's birthplace and family home in southern Nepal.[15] Dhammalok died at Ananda Kuti Vihar.
Gallery
edit-
Statue of Dhammalok at Ananda Kuti Vihar. -
Ananda Kuti Vihar, Kathmandu. -
Kindo Baha, Kathmandu.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Sarah Ethel LeVine; David N Gellner (2005). Rebuilding Buddhism: The Theravada Movement in Twentieth Century Nepal. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-674-01908-9.
- ^ "Theravada Buddhism in Modern Nepal". Lumbini Nepalese Buddha Dharma Society (UK). Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
- ^ Gellner, David N. (2004). "Three Buddhist Hymns from Nepal" (PDF). Guthi. Newa Pasa Pucha UK. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
- ^ Aniruddha, Bhikshu (July 2004). Mahosadha Mahajataka. Taipei: The Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation. Page 3.
- ^ Sudarshan, Bhikshu (1970). Lumankebahapin ("Memorable Figures"). Kathmandu: Chwasapasa. Pages 75-84.
- ^ Lienhard, Siegfried (1992). Nevārīgītīmañjarī. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 4. ISBN 978-81-208-0963-5.
- ^ Mahasthavir, Bhikkhu Dharmaloka (1999). A Pilgrimage in China. Kathmandu: Bhikkhu Aniruddha Mahasthavir. Page 17.
- ^ Kloppenborg, Ria. "Theravada Buddhism in Nepal" (PDF). Kailash. Retrieved 16 March 2011. Page 305.
- ^ Mahasthavir, Bhikkhu Dharmaloka (1999). A Pilgrimage in China. Kathmandu: Bhikkhu Aniruddha Mahasthavir. Page 30.
- ^ "Theravada Buddhism in Modern Nepal". Lumbini Nepalese Buddha Dharma Society (UK). Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
- ^ Mahasthavir, Bhikkhu Dharmaloka (1999). A Pilgrimage in China. Kathmandu: Bhikkhu Aniruddha Mahasthavir. Pages 124-125.
- ^ Dietrich, Angela (1996). "Buddhist Monks and Rana Rulers: A History of Persecution". Buddhist Himalaya: A Journal of Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods. Archived from the original on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
- ^ "Boudddha Bhichhuharu" (PDF). Gorkhapatra. 3 September 1946. Retrieved 19 April 2012.[permanent dead link] Page 7.
- ^ Hutt, Michael (December 1986). "Diversity and Change in the Languages" (PDF). CNAS Journal. Tribhuvan University. Retrieved 15 March 2011. Page 10.
- ^ Sakya, Ratna Man. "Lumbini - The Birthplace of Lord Buddha". Non-Resident Nepali Association. Archived from the original on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2011.