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Diabloceratops

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Diabloceratops (/daɪˌæbloʊˈsɛrətɒps/ dy-AB-loh-SERR-ə-tops) is an extinct genus of centrosaurine ceratopsian dinosaur that lived approximately 81.4-81 million years ago during the latter part of the Cretaceous Period in what is now Utah, in the United States.[1] Diabloceratops was a medium-sized, moderately built, ground-dwelling, quadrupedal herbivore, that could grow up to an estimated 4.5 metres (15 ft) in length and 1.3 metric tons (1.4 short tons) in body mass. At the time of its discovery, it was the oldest-known ceratopsid, and first centrosaurine known from latitudes south of the U.S. state of Montana. The generic name Diabloceratops means "devil-horned face," coming from Diablo, Spanish for "devil," and ceratops, Latinized Greek for "horned face." The specific name honors Jeffrey Eaton, a paleontologist at Weber State University and long time friend of the lead author Jim Kirkland. Eaton had a big role in establishing the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument where the specimen was found. The type species, Diabloceratops eatoni, was named and described in 2010 by James Ian Kirkland and Donald DeBlieux.

Diabloceratops
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, 81.4–81 Ma
↓
Restored skull
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: †Ornithischia
Clade: †Neornithischia
Clade: †Ceratopsia
Family: †Ceratopsidae
Subfamily: †Centrosaurinae
Genus: †Diabloceratops
Kirkland and DeBlieux, 2010
Species:
†D. eatoni
Binomial name
†Diabloceratops eatoni
Kirkland and DeBlieux, 2010

Discovery

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Preserved fossil material of specimen UMNH VP 16704
 
Holotype skull of Diabloceratops

The only specimen of Diabloceratops eatoni was recovered at the Last Chance Creek Member of the Wahweap Formation, in Kane County, Utah. Type specimen UMNH VP 16699 was collected by Don DeBlieux in 2002, at the Last Chance Creek locality of this formation, in intraclastic sandstone that was deposited during the Campanian stage of the Cretaceous period. The stratigraphic level of which it was found has been estimated to be 81.27 Ma, with an error range between 81.42 and 81.01 Ma.[2] It consists of a partial skull with a piece of the lower jaw, with the right side being intact and part of the left side, which has been weathered. Another specimen, UMNH VP 16704, was discovered years earlier in 1998 by Joshua A. Smith of the same formation, but was not described until 2010, when it was assigned to Diabloceratops. However, this specimen may not belong to Diabloceratops, because it shares features found only in more derived centrosaurines.[3] Some researchers suggest that the UMNH VP 16704 specimen is more similar to Machairoceratops, Yehuecauhceratops and Menefeeceratops than to Diabloceratops due to the fan-shaped shape end of the squamosal.[4][5] These specimens are housed in the collection of the Natural History Museum of Utah.

Description

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Life restoration

Diabloceratops was a medium-sized ceratopsian, growing up to 4.5 metres (15 ft) in length and 1.3 metric tons (1.4 short tons) in body mass.[6] It was built like a typical ceratopsian in that it had a large neck frill made of bone. It had a small horn on the nose, perhaps a second horn in front of that, and a pair of relatively small horns above the eyes. The skull is deeper and shorter than that of any other centrosaurines.[1]

Upon the frill it also had a pair of very long spikes as in Einiosaurus and Styracosaurus. It being one of the earliest centrosaurine ceratopsids, Kirkland noted a character Diabloceratops shared with the more "primitive" protoceratopsid forms. Both possess an accessory opening in the skull that would become much reduced or disappear in later, more advanced ceratopsids. Kirkland and DeBlieux saw this as an indication that the earlier species were not together included in some single natural group but instead presented a gradual sequence of ever more derived forms, increasingly closer related to the Ceratopsidae.[1]

Classification

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Restored skulls of Nasutoceratops (left) and Diabloceratops, Natural History Museum of Utah

A phylogenetic tree after a recent phylogenetic analysis by Chiba et al. (2017):[7]

Centrosaurinae

A 2019 phylogenetic analysis recovered this genus is a sister taxon of the ceratopsid family, but as a ceratopsian outside the group.[8] Subsequent studies still consider this genus as a basal centrosaurine based on phylogenetic analyses.[9][10][11]

Paleoecology

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Diabloceratops in environment

Habitat

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The Wahweap Formation has been radiometrically dated as being between 82.2 and 77.3 million years old. The precise age of Diabloceratops has been estimated to be 81.27 Ma, with a range of uncertainty between 81.42-81.01 Ma.[2] During the time that Diabloceratops lived, the Western Interior Seaway was at its widest extent, almost completely isolating southern Laramidia from the rest of North America. The area where dinosaurs lived included lakes, floodplains, and east-flowing rivers. The Wahweap Formation is part of the Grand Staircase region, an immense sequence of sedimentary rock layers that stretch south from Bryce Canyon National Park through Zion National Park and into the Grand Canyon. The presence of rapid sedimentation and other evidence suggests a wet, seasonal climate.[12]

Paleofauna

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Diabloceratops shared its paleoenvironment with other dinosaurs, such as the hadrosaur Acristavus gagslarsoni,[13][14] and the lambeosaur Adelolophus hutchisoni,[15] unnamed ankylosaurs and pachycephalosaurs, and the theropod Lythronax argestes, which was likely the apex predator in its ecosystem.[16][17][18] Vertebrates present in the Wahweap Formation at the time of Diabloceratops included freshwater fish, bowfins, abundant rays and sharks, turtles like Compsemys, crocodilians,[19] and lungfish.[20] A fair number of mammals lived in this region, which included several genera of multituberculates, cladotherians, marsupials, and placental insectivores.[21] The mammals are more primitive than those that lived in the area that is now the Kaiparowits Formation. Trace fossils are relatively abundant in the Wahweap Formation, and suggest the presence of crocodylomorphs, as well as ornithischian and theropod dinosaurs.[22] In 2010 a unique trace fossil was discovered that suggests a predator-prey relationship between dinosaurs and primitive mammals. The trace fossil includes at least two fossilized mammalian den complexes as well as associated digging grooves presumably caused by a maniraptoran dinosaur. The proximity indicates a case of probable active predation of the burrow inhabitants by the animals that made the claw marks.[23] Invertebrate activity in this formation ranged from fossilized insect burrows in petrified logs[24] to various mollusks, large crabs,[25] and a wide diversity of gastropods and ostracods.[26]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Kirkland, J.I.; DeBlieux, D.D. (2010). "New basal centrosaurine ceratopsian skulls from the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, southern Utah". In Ryan, M.J.; Chinnery-Allgeier, B.J.; Eberth, D.A. (eds.). New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 117–140. ISBN 978-0253353580.
  2. ^ a b Beveridge, Tegan L.; Roberts, Eric M.; Ramezani, Jahandar; Titus, Alan L.; Eaton, Jeffrey G.; Irmis, Randall B.; Sertich, Joseph J.W. (April 2022). "Refined geochronology and revised stratigraphic nomenclature of the Upper Cretaceous Wahweap Formation, Utah, U.S.A. and the age of early Campanian vertebrates from southern Laramidia". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 591: 110876. Bibcode:2022PPP...59110876B. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110876. ISSN 0031-0182. S2CID 246766015.
  3. ^ Loewen, Mark A.; Farke, Andrew A.; Sampson, Scott D.; Getty, Michael A.; Lund, Eric K.; O'Connor, Patrick M. (2013). "Ceratopsid Dinosaurs from the Grand Staircase of Southern Utah". In Titus, Alan L.; Loewen, Mark A. (eds.). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 488–503. ISBN 9780253008961.
  4. ^ Eric K. Lund; Patrick M. O’Connor; Mark A. Loewen; Zubair A. Jinnah (2016). "A New Centrosaurine Ceratopsid, Machairoceratops cronusi gen et sp. nov., from the Upper Sand Member of the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Southern Utah". PLOS ONE. 11 (5): e0154403. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1154403L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154403. PMC 4871575. PMID 27192148.
  5. ^ Rivera-Sylva, H.E.; Hendrick, B.P.; Dodson, P. (2016). "A Centrosaurine (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) from the Aguja Formation (Late Campanian) of Northern Coahuila, Mexico". PLOS ONE. 11 (4): e0150529. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1150529R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150529. PMC 4830452. PMID 27073969.
  6. ^ Paul, G. S. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs (2nd ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 286. ISBN 9780691167664.
  7. ^ Kentaro Chiba; Michael J. Ryan; Federico Fanti; Mark A. Loewen; David C. Evans (2018). "New material and systematic re-evaluation of Medusaceratops lokii (Dinosauria, Ceratopsidae) from the Judith River Formation (Campanian, Montana)". Journal of Paleontology. 92 (2): 272–288. Bibcode:2018JPal...92..272C. doi:10.1017/jpa.2017.62. S2CID 134031275.
  8. ^ Morschhauser, E.M.; You, H.; Li, D.; Dodson, P. (2019). "Phylogenetic history of Auroraceratops rugosus (Ceratopsia: Ornithischia) from the Lower Cretaceous of Gansu Province, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38 (Supplement): 117–147. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1509866. S2CID 202867827.
  9. ^ Dalman, Sebastian G.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Jasinki, Steven G.; Lichtig, Asher J.; Dodson, Peter (2021). "The oldest centrosaurine: a new ceratopsid dinosaur (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Allison Member of the Menefee Formation (Upper Cretaceous, early Campanian), northwestern New Mexico, USA". PalZ. 95 (2): 291–335. Bibcode:2021PalZ...95..291D. doi:10.1007/s12542-021-00555-w. ISSN 0031-0220. S2CID 234351502.
  10. ^ Madzia, D.; Arbour, V.M.; Boyd, C.A.; Farke, A.A.; Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Evans, D.C. (2021). "The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs". PeerJ. 9: e12362. doi:10.7717/peerj.12362. PMC 8667728. PMID 34966571.
  11. ^ Dalman SG, Jasinski SE, Lucas SG (2022). "A new chasmosaurine ceratopsid from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Farmington Member of the Kirtland Formation, New Mexico". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 90: 127–153.
  12. ^ Zubair A. Jinnah, #30088 (2009)Sequence Stratigraphic Control from Alluvial Architecture of Upper Cretaceous Fluvial System - Wahweap Formation, Southern Utah, U.S.A. Search and Discovery Article #30088. Posted June 16, 2009.
  13. ^ Gates, T. A.; Horner, J. R.; Hanna, R. R.; Nelson, C. R. (2011). "New unadorned hadrosaurine hadrosaurid (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) from the Campanian of North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (4): 798. Bibcode:2011JVPal..31..798G. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.577854. S2CID 8878474.
  14. ^ "New Horned Dinosaurs from the Wahweap Formation" (PDF). Utah Geology. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 27, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013.
  15. ^ Terry A. Gates; Zubair Jinnah; Carolyn Levitt; Michael A. Getty (2014). "New hadrosaurid (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) specimens from the lower-middle Campanian Wahweap Formation of southern Utah". In David A. Eberth; David C. Evans (eds.). Hadrosaurs: Proceedings of the International Hadrosaur Symposium. Indiana University Press. pp. 156–173. ISBN 978-0-253-01385-9.
  16. ^ John Wesley Powell Memorial Museum display, visited April 30th, 2009
  17. ^ "Diabloceratops eatoni". Natural History Museum of Utah. May 14, 2012. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  18. ^ http://geology.utah.gov/surveynotes/articles/pdf/horned_dinos_39-3.pdf Archived August 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine [bare URL PDF]
  19. ^ Thompson, Cameron R. "A preliminary report on biostratigraphy of Cretaceous freshwater rays, Wahweap Formation and John Henry Member of the Straight Cliffs Formation, southern Utah." Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, vol.36, no.4, pp.91, Apr 2004
  20. ^ Orsulak, Megan et al. "A lungfish burrow in late Cretaceous upper capping sandstone member of the Wahweap Formation Cockscomb area, Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah." Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, vol. 39, no. 5, pp.43, May 2007
  21. ^ Eaton, Jeffrey G; Cifelli, Richard L. "Review of Cretaceous mammalian paleontology; Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah. Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, vol.37, no.7, pp.115, Oct 2005
  22. ^ Tester, Edward et al. Isolated vertebrate tracks from the Upper Cretaceous capping sandstone member of the Wahweap Formation; Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, UtahAbstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, vol. 39, no. 5, pp.42, May 2007
  23. ^ Simpson, Edward L.; Hilbert-Wolf, Hannah L.; Wizevich, Michael C.; Tindall, Sarah E.; Fasinski, Ben R.; Storm, Lauren P.; Needle, Mattathias D. (2010). "Predatory digging behavior by dinosaurs". Geology. 38 (8): 699–702. Bibcode:2010Geo....38..699S. doi:10.1130/G31019.1.
  24. ^ De Blieux, Donald D. "Analysis of Jim's hadrosaur site; a dinosaur site in the middle Campanian (Cretaceous) Wahweap Formation of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument (GSENM), southern Utah." Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, vol. 39, no. 5, pp.6, May 2007
  25. ^ Kirkland, James Ian. "An inventory of paleontological resources in the lower Wahweap Formation (lower Campanian), southern Kaiparowits Plateau, Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah." Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, vol.37, no.7, pp.114, Oct 2005.
  26. ^ Williams, Jessica A J; Lohrengel, C Frederick. Preliminary study of freshwater gastropods in the Wahweap Formation, Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah. Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, vol. 39, no. 5, pp.43, May 2007
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