Diwan ḏ-Nahrawata or Diwan ḏ-Nahrauata (Classical Mandaic: ࡃࡉࡅࡀࡍ ࡖࡍࡀࡄࡓࡀࡅࡀࡕࡀ, lit. 'Scroll of the Rivers') is a Mandaean religious text. It is written as an illustrated scroll.[1][2]
| Diwan ḏ-Nahrawata Scroll of the Rivers | |
|---|---|
| Information | |
| Religion | Mandaeism |
| Language | Mandaic language |
Contents
editThe scroll contains esoteric schematic diagrams of the cosmos. Well-springs are shown as small circles, mountains as triangles, and rivers (including the Tigris, Euphrates, and Karun) as long straight lines. Zamzam Well is also depicted.[3] Illustrations in the scroll also depict Hibil Ziwa as the grand mediator and messenger of the Life.[4]: 70
Manuscripts and translations
editE. S. Drower obtained a copy of the text and later donated it to the Bodleian Library at Oxford University, where it was catalogued as Manuscript 7 of the Drower Collection (abbreviated DC 7).[1] A typesetted Mandaic version of DC 7 was published by Majid Fandi Al-Mubaraki in 2002.[5] In 2022, Brikha Nasoraia published an English translation and analysis.[6]
Nasoraia (2022) lists four known manuscripts of the scroll, which he labels Mss A, B, C, and D. Only Mss A and B were previously known to Western scholars.[6]: 28
- Ms A (also known as DC 7): dated 1259 AH (1843 CE) and written in Shushtar. 538.76 cm long by 12.25 cm wide. 12 pages (each approximately 44 cm long) attached together as a scroll. Analyzed by Kurt Rudolph.
- Ms B: also known as the Baghdad manuscript (from the library of Ganzibra Shaikh Dakhil Aidan), dated 1336 AH (1917 CE), from Ahvaz. Photocopied by the German Assyriologist Manfred Müller in 1975. Analyzed by Kurt Rudolph.
- Ms C: copied in Iraq in 1948 and contains many errors.
- Ms D: copied in Qurnah, Basrah by Rbai Sam son of Adam, in 1192 AH (1779 CE). This is the oldest known manuscript.
Diwan Nahrawata is a geographical treatise[7] that focuses mainly on esoteric cosmology.[6] Kurt Rudolph published a German translation in 1982, based on Ms B, a copy held in Dakhil Aidan's private library in Dora, Baghdad that was originally from Ahvaz.[8] It has about 3300 words and was copied by Ram Zihrun, son of Sam Bihram, Kupašia in Shushtar, Iran in 1259 A.H. (1843 A.D.).
References
edit- ^ a b Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2010). The great stem of souls: reconstructing Mandaean history. Piscataway, N.J: Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-59333-621-9.
- ^ Trompf, G.; Nasoraia, B. (2011). Reflecting on the 'Rivers Scroll'. ARAM Periodical, 22(2010), 61-86. doi:10.2143/ARAM.22.0.2131032
- ^ Buckley, Jorunn J. (2016). "Mandaic Literature". The Oxford Handbook of the Literatures of the Roman Empire. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199699445.013.9. ISBN 978-0-19-969944-5.
- ^ Nasoraia, Brikha H.S. (2021). The Mandaean gnostic religion: worship practice and deep thought. New Delhi: Sterling. ISBN 978-81-950824-1-4. OCLC 1272858968.
- ^ Al-Mubaraki, Majid Fandi (2002). Nahrawatha (D.C. 7). Mandaean Diwan. Vol. 1. ISBN 1-876888-01-6.
- ^ a b c Nasoraia, Brikha (2022). The Mandaean Rivers Scroll (Diwan Nahrawatha): an analysis. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-367-33544-1. OCLC 1295213206.
- ^ Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515385-5. OCLC 65198443.
- ^ Rudolph, Kurt. Der Mandäische ‘Diwan der Flüsse.’ Berlin: Abhandlungen der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, philosophisch-historische Klasse, vol. 70, no. 1, 1982.
External links
edit- Diwan Nahrawatha (Mandaic text from the Mandaean Network)
- Diwan Nahrawatha (Mandaic text from the Mandaean Network)