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Doctor of Nursing Practice

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The Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) is a professional degree in nursing in the United States of America.

In the United States, the DNP is one of three doctoral degrees in nursing, the other two being the research degree PhD and the Doctor of Nursing Science.[1] The DNP program may include clinical/residency hours as well as a final scholarly project.

DNP in North America

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The curriculum for the United States DNP degree builds on work completed during previous master's-level courses. It provides education in evidence-based practice, quality improvement, and systems leadership, and is typically more clinically oriented than a PhD.[2] Although approximately 52% of nurse anesthetist programs will award the DNP, the remaining 48% may use the title doctor of nurse anesthesia practice (DNAP).[citation needed]

Rationale for the existence of the DNP

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According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), transitioning advance practice registered nursing programs from the graduate level to the doctoral level is a "...response to changes in health care delivery and emerging health care needs, additional knowledge or content areas have been identified by practicing nurses. In addition, the knowledge required to provide leadership in the discipline of nursing is so complex and rapidly changing that additional or doctoral level education is needed."[3] According to the AACN, "...benefits of practice-focused doctoral programs include:

  • development of needed advanced competencies for increasingly complex clinical, faculty and leadership roles;
  • enhanced knowledge to improve nursing practice and patient outcomes;
  • enhanced leadership skills to strengthen practice and health care delivery;
  • better match of program requirements and credits and time with the credential earned;
  • provision of an advanced educational credential for those who require advanced practice knowledge but do not need or want a strong research focus (e.g. clinical faculty);
  • enhanced ability to attract individuals to nursing from non-nursing backgrounds;
  • increased supply of faculty for clinical instruction; and
  • improved image of nursing."[3]

Transitioning toward the doctorate

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In the United States, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) recommended that all entry-level nurse practitioner educational programs be transitioned from the Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) degree to the DNP degree.[4] The American Association of Nurse Anesthetists has followed suit, requiring the DNP (or DNAP - Doctor of Nurse Anesthesia Practice) degree for entry-level nurse anesthetist programs by the year 2025.[5] Meanwhile, the National Association of Clinical Nurse Specialists (NACNS) announced in July 2015 its endorsement of the doctor of nursing practice (DNP) as the required degree for CNS entry into practice by 2030.[citation needed] Nurse practitioners and nurse anesthetists currently practicing with either an MSN or certificate will not be required to obtain the DNP for continued practice.[citation needed]

Comparison to other doctorates

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The DNP, as a professional degree, has a different focus from a research doctorate such as the PhD in Nursing. The DNP is a practice-focused degree intended to prepare nurses to practice at the highest level, while the PhD in Nursing is a research-focused degree intended to prepare nurses to carry out academic research within their profession. This is reflected in significant differences between the curricula for the two degrees, such as the PhD not requiring any clinical hours and the DNP having a scholarly project rather than the PhD's original research dissertation.[6][7] The PhD also takes longer to complete on average, taking 5.0–5.1 years for students entering post-master's compared to 2.43 years for the DNP and 5.2–5.9 years for students entering post-bachelor's compared to 3.8 years for the DNP. The faculty profile differs between DNP and PhD programs, with DNP program faculty teaching being more likely to be active in clinical practice and to hold a DNP, while PhD program are more likely to be active in research and to hold a PhD.[8]

When the DNP was proposed, critics described its development as "a major mistake for [the] profession of nursing as well as the discipline of nursing knowledge", due to it separating the missions of practice and research.[9]

The required clinical practice hours to be accepted on a DNP course range from zero to 1000 hours, compared to a minimum of one year of clinical experience for admission to a PhD.[8] There is a requirement that DNP students are expected to complete at least 1000 post-baccalaureate clinical hours.[10] These can include clinical hours undertaken as part of a prior degree, and DNP programs do not specifically require additional clinical hours beyond those at the master's level, but many programs do include clinical components.[8][11]

Title confusion in the clinical setting

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Some critics have argued that there is scope for patients or service users to be confused about whether they are consulting a physician or a nurse if nurses use the title "doctor" in a clinical setting.[12][13] Lawsuits have also resulted from this confusion, where holders of the DNP have referred to themselves as the title "doctor" in clinical settings.[14][15] In some US states, there is a legal basis limiting nurses using the title of "doctor" in clinical practice.[16] However, in other US states, nurses are bringing their own legal arguments to facilitate their legal use of the title.[17]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Reid Ponte, Patricia; Nicholas, Patrice K. (July 2015). "Addressing the Confusion Related to DNS, DNSc, and DSN Degrees, With Lessons for the Nursing Profession: DNS, DNSc, and DSN Degrees". Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 47 (4): 347–353. doi:10.1111/jnu.12148. PMID 26078101.
  2. ^ "American Association of Colleges of Nursing | DNP Fact Sheet". aacn.nche.edu. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  3. ^ a b Report of the Task Force on the Clinical Doctorate
  4. ^ American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2004). AACN Position Statement on the Practice Doctorate in Nursing. Available at http://www.aacn.nche.edu/DNP/pdf/DNP.pdf Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  5. ^ American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (2007). AANA Position on Doctoral Preparation of Nurse Anesthetists. Available at "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ^ "DNP-PhD Comparison | Duke University School of Nursing". nursing.duke.edu. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  7. ^ "Comparing the PhD & DNP". School of Nursing. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  8. ^ a b c Dobrowolska, Beata; Chruściel, Paweł; Pilewska-Kozak, Anna; Mianowana, Violetta; Monist, Marta; Palese, Alvisa (15 November 2021). "Doctoral programmes in the nursing discipline: a scoping review". BMC Nursing. 20 (1): 228. doi:10.1186/s12912-021-00753-6. ISSN 1472-6955. PMC 8591938. PMID 34781935.
  9. ^ Meleis, Afaf; Dracup, Kathleen (September 2005). "The Case Against the DNP: History, Timing, Substance, and Marginalization". Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. 10 (3): 3. doi:10.3912/ojin.vol10no03man02. PMID 16225383. S2CID 10883573.
  10. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions: DNP Programs & CCNE Accreditation" (PDF). AACN. p. 3. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  11. ^ "Course Descriptions | DNP". SC-UMT. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  12. ^ Gaddis, Gary (2022). "Nurses With a Doctorate in Nursing Practice (DNP) Should Not Call Themselves "Doctor" in a Clinical Setting". Missouri Medicine. 119 (4): 314–320. ISSN 0026-6620. PMC 9462903. PMID 36118817.
  13. ^ Miller, Jason E. (4 November 2008). "The Doctor of Nursing Practice: Recognizing a Need or Graying the Line Between Doctor and Nurse?". The Medscape Journal of Medicine. 10 (11): 253. ISSN 1934-1997. PMC 2605113. PMID 19099003.
  14. ^ "NP Fined $20K for Advertising Herself as 'Doctor Sarah'". Medscape. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  15. ^ JD, Ann W. Latner (6 June 2023). "DNP Sued for Referring to Herself as Doctor". Clinical Advisor. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  16. ^ FNP, Julee Waldrop, DNP, PNP (13 March 2013). "State medical boards trying to limit who can be called "Doctor"". Clinical Advisor. Retrieved 29 October 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ "Nurse Practitioners Sue The State Of California Over Right To Use 'Doctor' In Titles | NurseJournal". nursejournal.org. 8 September 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
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