During the Bourbon Restoration (1814–1830) and the July Monarchy (1830–1848), the Doctrinals (French: Doctrinaires) were a group of French royalists who hoped to reconcile the monarchy with the French Revolution and power with liberty. Headed by Royer-Collard, these liberal royalists were in favor of a constitutional monarchy, but with a heavily restricted census suffrage—Louis XVIII, who had been restored to the throne, had granted a Charter to the French with a Chamber of Peers and a Chamber of Deputies elected under tight electoral laws (only around 100,000 Frenchmen had at the time the right to vote). The Doctrinaires were a centrist,[4][5] as well as a conservative-liberal group,[3] but at that time, liberal was considered to be the mainstream political left, so the group was considered a centre-left group.[6][7]
Doctrinals Doctrinaires | |
|---|---|
| Leader | Pierre Paul Royer-Collard François Guizot Duke of Broglie |
| Founded | 8 July 1815 |
| Dissolved | 1848 |
| Succeeded by | Movement Party Resistance Party |
| Newspaper | Le Censeur |
| Ideology | Chartism Classical liberalism[1][2] Conservative liberalism[3] Orléanism (minority) |
| Political position | Centre-left to centre-right[A] |
| Colours | Celeste |
^ A: The Docrinaires was one of the major monarchist parties during the Bourbon Restoration period. The Docrinaires were right-leaning compared to the more progressive centre-left Liberal Party, but were more moderate compared to the further right-wing Ultra-royalists. Additionally, most liberals during its existence were considered to belong closer to the political left. | |
During the July Monarchy, they were an intellectual and political group within the Resistance Party. Led by the Duke of Broglie and François Guizot, the Doctrinaires held powerful posts throughout the reign of Louis-Philippe. Broglie (1835–1836) and Guizot (1847–1848) were both Prime Ministers of France, although Guizot and the Doctrinaires dominated the political scenery during the premiership of Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult (1840–1847).[8]
History and characteristics
editOrigins
editThe Doctrinaires first obtained in 1816 the co-operation of Louis XVIII, who had been frightened by the violence of the Ultra-royalists in the Chambre introuvable of 1815.[9] However, the Ultras quickly came back to government, headed by the comte de Villèle. The Doctrinaires were then in the opposition, although they remained quite close to the government, especially to Decazes who assumed some governmental offices. The Doctrinaires were opposed on their left by republicans and liberals, and on their right by the Ultras.
Finally, the Doctrinaires were destroyed by Charles X, the reactionary successor of his brother Louis XVIII. Charles took the ultra prince de Polignac as his minister. This nomination in part caused the 1830 July Revolution, during which the Doctrinaires became absorbed in the Orléanists, from whom they had never been separated on any ground of principle.[9] According to René Rémond's famous classification of the various right-wing families in France, the Orléanists became the second right-wing tradition to emerge after the Legitimists, a term used to refer to the Ultras after the July Revolution.[citation needed]
Doctrinaires, a pejorative word quickly reappropriated
editAs has often been the case with party designations, the name was at first given in derision and by an enemy. In 1816, the Nain jaune réfugié, a French paper, published at Brussels by Bonapartist and liberal exiles, began to speak of Royer-Collard as the doctrinaire and also as le Pierre Royer-Collard de la doctrine chrétienne, a name which came from Royer-Collard's studies under the Prêtres de la doctrine chrétienne, a French religious order founded in 1592 by César de Bus and popularly known as the doctrinaires.[9]
The choice of a nickname for Royer-Collard does credit to the journalistic insight of the contributors to the Nain jaune réfugié, for he was emphatically a man who made it his business to preach a doctrine and an orthodoxy. The term quickly became popular and was extended to Royer-Collard's colleagues, who came from different horizons. The duc de Richelieu and Hercule de Serre had been royalist émigrés during the revolutionary and imperial epoch.[9]
Nationalize the monarchy and royalize France
editRoyer-Collard himself, Jean Maximilien Lamarque and Maine de Biran had sat in the revolutionary Assemblies. Pasquier, the comte de Beugnot, the baron de Barante, Georges Cuvier, Mounier, Guizot and Decazes had been imperial officials, but they were closely united by political principle and also by a certain similarity of method. Some of them, notably Guizot and Maine de Biran, were theorists and commentators on the principles of government. The baron de Barante was an eminent man of letters. All were noted for the doctrinal coherence of their principles and the dialectical rigidity of their arguments. The object of the party as defined by the future duc Decazes was to "nationalize the monarchy and to royalize France".[9] The king, who had been king of France during the Ancien Régime, ultimately became king of the French under the July Monarchy. This illustrated the change from the divine right of kings to national sovereignty as sovereignty was not derived from God anymore, but from the people.[citation needed]
The means by which they hoped to attain this end were a loyal application of the Charter granted by Louis XVIII and the steady co-operation of the king with themselves to defeat the Ultra-royalists, a group of counterrevolutionaries who aimed at the complete undoing of the political and social work of the French Revolution. The Doctrinaires were ready to allow the king a large discretion in the choice of his ministers and the direction of national policy. They refused the principle of parliamentary responsibility, that is to allow that ministers should be removed in obedience to a hostile vote in the chamber.[9]
Their ideal in fact was a combination of a king who frankly accepted the results of the Revolution and who governed in a liberal spirit, with the advice of a chamber elected by a very limited constituency in which men of property and education formed, if not the wholes at least the very great majority of the voters. This king was not to be found until Louis-Philippe's reign during the July Monarchy. Guizot set forth the Doctrinaires' ideology in his 1816 treatise Du gouvernement représentatif et de l'état actuel de la France. The chief organs of the party in the press were the Indépendant (renamed the Constitutionnel in 1817) and the Journal des Débats. The Doctrinaires were chiefly supported by ex officials of the empire who believed in the necessity for monarchical government, but had a lively memory of Napoleon's authoritative rule and a no less lively hatred of the Ancien Régime — merchants, manufacturers and members of the liberal professions, particularly the lawyers.[9]
English terminology
editThe word doctrinaire has become naturalized in English terminology as applied in a slightly contemptuous sense to a theorist as distinguished from a practical man of affairs.[9]
Prominent members
edit- Jean Maximilien Lamarque
- Étienne-Denis Pasquier
- The Count of Rémusat
- The Duke of Richelieu
- Hercule de Serre
- Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
- Abel-François Villemain
- Chateaubriand, himself a classical conservative, sided with the ultra-royalistes but joined the liberal-doctrinaire opposition against ultras minister Villèle
Electoral results
edit| Chamber of Deputies | ||||||
| Election year | No. of overall votes |
% of overall vote |
No. of overall seats won |
+/– | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1815 | 5,200 (2nd) | 12.5 | 50 / 400
|
New
|
||
| 1816 | 49,820 (1st) | 52.7 | 136 / 258
|
 86 |
||
| 1820 | 42,300 (1st) | 44.7 | 194 / 434
|
58 |
||
| 1824 | 3,760 (2nd) | 4.0 | 17 / 430
|
 177 |
||
| 1827 | 37,600 (2nd) | 39.5 | 170 / 430
|
163 |
||
| 1830 | 46,060 (2nd) | 49.3 | 274 / 378
|
204 |
||
| 1831 | 76,805 (1st) | 61.4 | 282 / 459
|
8 |
||
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Ralph Raico, ed. (2012). Classical Liberalism and the Austrian School. Ludwig von Mises Institute. p. 274.
- ^ Katherine Harloe; Neville Morley, eds. (2012). Thucydides and the Modern World: Reception, Reinterpretation and Influence from the Renaissance to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 59.
Post-revolutionary French liberals (Thermidorians and doctrinaires) devised the theory of the dichotomy between ancient liberty and modern liberty as a reaction against eighteenth-century republican ideology and its devastating consequences.
- ^ a b Doctrinaires is described as a "conservative liberal" party by numerous sources:
- Robert Tombs, ed. (2014). France 1814 - 1914. Routledge. ISBN 9781317871439.
... The conservative liberal Doctrinaires argued that the classe moyenne (their preferred term) was the representative part of the nation, and could legitimately govern on behalf of all. All this placed the idea of class at the centre of ...
- Alan Kahan, ed. (2003). Liberalism in Nineteenth Century Europe: The Political Culture of Limited Suffrage. Springer. p. 36. ISBN 9781317871439.
... After 1835 even some of the right-liberal 'doctrinaires,' e.g. Rémusat, moved from resistance to movement, a development which ...
- Sudhir Hazareesingh, ed. (2015). How the French Think: An Affectionate Portrait of an Intellectual People. Penguin UK. ISBN 9780141974804.
... different but no less authoritarian (and metaphysical) form of Cartesian rationalism was invoked by the Doctrinaires, a collection of thinkers who shaped the conservative liberal politics of the July Monarchy between 1830 and 1848. ...
- Robert Tombs, ed. (2014). France 1814 - 1914. Routledge. ISBN 9781317871439.
- ^ Craiutu, Aurelian (2003). Liberalism under Siege: The Political Thought of the French Doctrinaires. Lexington Books. p. 9.
- ^ Takeda, Chinatsu (2018). Mme de Staël and Political Liberalism in France. Springer. pp. 226–227.
- ^ Maria Fairweather, ed. (2013). Madame de Stael. Hachette UK. ISBN 9781472113306.
... the chief theorist of the left, which included La Fayette and Manuel, known in the Chamber of Deputies as the Independants. The new generation of liberals on the centre left, the Doctrinaires, who now gathered around Madamede Staël, ...
- ^ Michael J. LaMonica, ed. (2014). French Revolutions For Beginners. For Beginners, LLC. p. 140. ISBN 9781934389911.
The effort was a success, bringing the Doctrinaires to power, a center-left party that tried to reconcile a constitutional monarchy with the gains of the Revolution.
- ^ H. A. C Collingham (1988). The July Monarchy: A Political History of France 1830-1848.
- ^ a b c d e f g h One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Doctrinaires". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 367.
Further reading
edit- Craiutu, Aurelian. Liberalism under Siege: The Political Thought of the French Doctrinaires. Lexington Books, 2003.
- Rosanvallon, Pierre. Le Moment Guizot. Gallimard, 1985.
- Siedentop, Larry. "Two Liberal Traditions". The Idea of Freedom: Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin. Oxford University Press, 1979.
- Starzinger, Vincent E. The Politics of the Center: The Juste Milieu in Theory and Practice, France and England, 1815-1848. Transaction Publishers, 1991.