Wikipedia

Therapy dog

(Redirected from Dog-assisted therapy)
For the film, see Therapy Dogs (film).

A therapy dog is a dog that is trained to provide affection, comfort and support to people, often in settings such as hospitals, retirement homes, nursing homes, schools, libraries, hospices, or disaster areas. In contrast to assistance dogs, which are trained to assist specific patients with their day-to-day physical needs, therapy dogs are trained to interact with all kinds of people, not just their handlers.

Golden Retrievers are often used as therapy dogs due to their calm demeanor, gentle disposition, and friendliness to strangers.

History

edit

Dogs have been utilized as a therapeutic resource by many medical professionals over the last few centuries. In the late 1800s, Florence Nightingale observed that small pets helped reduce anxiety and improve recovery in children and adults living in psychiatric institutions.[1] Sigmund Freud began using his own pet dog to improve communication with his psychiatric patients in the 1930s.[2][3] More recently, Elaine Smith established the first therapy dog organization in 1976 after observing positive effects of dogs on hospital patients during her work as a registered nurse.[4][5] Assistance Dogs International followed in 1986, with the merger of several organizations.[citation needed]

Background

edit
 
Tim, Therapy dog, Israel

Brian Hare, director of Duke University Canine Cognition Center, says the human-canine bond goes back thousands of years. Hare states, "Dogs have been drawn to people since humans began to exist in settlements [...] part of what makes dogs special is that they are one of the only species that does not generally exhibit xenophobia, meaning fear of strangers. We've done research on this, and what we've found is that not only are most dogs totally not xenophobic, they're actually xenophilic - they love strangers!".[6] Although a dog does not think according to language, people often intuit that dogs are compassionate and communicative. This builds a feeling of intimacy, leading the person to feel safe and understood. This can benefit the grieving human, who may be apprehensive about talking with another person for the fear of being hurt or lied to. Pets are an addition to therapy because they allow people to feel safe and accepted.[7]

Certification

edit

In order for a dog to be a good candidate to become a therapy dog and receive certification, they should be calm and social with strangers. They should also be able to adjust to loud noises and fast movements.[8] There are certain steps that are needed for a dog to become certified by a national organization such as The Alliance of Therapy Dogs, e.g., to socialize the dog around other animals and people. They are tested on behaviors such as not jumping on people and being able to walk on a loose leash. Exact testing/certification requirements differ based on the organization's requirements. Some organizations offer classes such as "distraction-proofing", which strengthens the dog's ability to focus and therapy training to help prepare the dog and the dog's owner for therapy visits.[8]

Although therapy dogs are not limited to a certain size or breed, common breeds used in therapy dog application and research include the Golden Retriever and the Labrador Retriever.[9][10][11] Cavalier King Charles Spaniels are considered natural therapy dogs since they were bred to be companion dogs. Thus they love meeting new people including children, are very gentle, and are eager to sit on someone's lap for long periods of time and are small enough to do so.[12][13]

Therapy dogs offer many benefits to people and patients. For example, therapy dogs help patients participate in physical activities. They also help encourage them to have cognitive, social, and communication goals.[14]

History

edit

Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior at the time, proposed utilizing dogs with psychiatric patients at St Elizabeth's Hospital in Washington, DC in the year 1919.[15] Florence Nightingale also contributed ideas to the future field of Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT). She discovered that patients of different ages living in a psychiatric institution were relieved from anxiety when they were able to spend time with small animals.[16] Freud believed that dogs could sense certain levels of tension being felt by his patients. Freud also used his dog to improve communication with his patients. He felt as if his patients were more comfortable talking to his dog at first and this opened up doors for them to later feel more comfortable talking to him.[16] Boris Levinson, an American child psychiatrist, was one of the first to write about animal therapy, specifically with dogs as a tool to facilitate work with a child client. Dr. Levinson found the dog’s presence helped his pediatric clients with positive focus, communication, and allowing the initiation of therapy, and shared this information with the medical world in 1961. About 10 years later, psychiatrists Sam and Elizabeth Corson at Ohio State University Psychiatric Hospital used Levinson's findings to expand this form of therapy to adults.[17] The use of therapy can also be attributed to Elaine Smith, a registered nurse.[14][15] While a chaplain and his dog visited, Smith noticed the comfort that this visit seemed to bring the patients. In 1976, Smith started a program for training dogs to visit institutions, and the demand for therapy dogs continued to grow.

Classification

edit

Therapy dogs are usually not assistance or service dogs, but can be one or both with some organizations.

Many organizations provide evaluation and registration for therapy dogs. Typical tests might ensure that a dog can handle sudden loud or strange noises; can walk on assorted unfamiliar surfaces comfortably; are not frightened by people with canes, wheelchairs, or unusual styles of walking or moving; get along well with children and the elderly; and so on. Institutions may invite, limit, or prohibit access by therapy dogs. If allowed, many institutions have requirements for therapy dogs. United States–based Therapy Dogs International (TDI) bans the use of service dogs in their therapy dog program.[18][19] Service dogs perform tasks for persons with disabilities and have a legal right to accompany their owners in most areas.[20]

In Canada, St John Ambulance provides therapy dog certification. In the UK, Pets As Therapy (PAT) provides visiting dogs and cats to establishments where pets are otherwise not available. Also in the UK, Therapy Dogs Nationwide (TDN) and Canine Concern CIO provide visiting dogs to establishments.

Types

edit

Specialist therapy dogs have been described in various ways:

  • Therapeutic visitation dogs.[21] These dogs are usually household pets; the owner of these dogs will take their pets to hospitals, nursing homes or rehabilitation facilities to visit patients. These dogs are used to improve the mental health of patients through socialization and encouragement.
  • Animal-assisted therapy dogs (AAT):[21] dogs that fall under this category have the duty of providing assistance to patients to reach certain goals towards their recovery. They work to help patients gain skills such as motor skills, use of limbs and hand-eye coordination. They do this by walking patients through certain activities and games to help them practice these skills. These dogs are usually based in rehabilitation facilities.
  • Facility therapy dog:[21] these dogs usually work in nursing homes along with their handlers. They live at the facility and help patients with Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive and mental illnesses.
  • Grief therapy dog (also known as an emotional support dog, companion dog, or comfort dog):[22] assist people in overcoming grief, which has led to a recent rise in the use of therapy dogs; although animal-assisted therapy theory has been around since World War II.[23] Grief therapy dogs can be found in locations such as funeral homes, hospitals, nursing homes, schools, and hospices,[24] and may provide support in situations such as funeral services, counseling sessions, and disaster relief. Popular breeds used as therapy dogs include the Portuguese Water Dog, Bernese Mountain Dog, St. Bernard, and Golden Retriever. In contrast to service dogs who assist disabled people with physical tasks, comfort dogs are not trained in skilled tasks, but serve as constant companions with a keen sense for someone feeling down.[25] They can provide a way for people who are distressed to find sanctuary.[26]
edit

United States

edit

In the United States, therapy dogs are defined but not covered or protected under the Federal Housing Act or Americans with Disabilities Act. According to the Americans with Disabilities Act, only dogs that are "individually trained to do work or perform tasks for the benefit of an individual with a disability" have legal protection as a service animal.[27][28] Therapy dogs do not have public access rights with exception to the specific places they are visiting and working.[clarification needed] Typically the dog would be granted rights by individual facilities only. Therapy dogs are subjected to several tests to ensure that they are fit for the job. These tests look at their ability to block out distractions, comfort level around a variety of people with many different disabilities, and if they are comfortably able to walk through many different terrains.

While some states define therapy animals and emotional support animals, they are not protected by federal laws,[27] and therefore can be prohibited from businesses, restaurants and many other locations.[29]

Benefits

edit

Psychological

edit

Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT) has been reported to improve many psychological conditions such as anxiety, depression, social skills, and simply improving the moods of the patient.[30][31][32][33]

Additional psychological benefits of therapy dog programs in educational settings include provided comfort, companionship, a diversion to unpleasant thoughts or situations, and decreased resistance to relationship development in the therapy process.[34][medical citation needed]

A large number of studies show that animals can offer relief and serenity to a wide age range of vulnerable people with various different emotional issues.[35] Ross DeJohn Jr. of DeJohn Funeral Homes in Ohio says Magic, a Portuguese water dog, "Makes people smile even when they don't want to." (qtd. in Sinatra-Ayers). Amy Sather, Rincon Valley assistant principal, brings her 2-year-old Golden Retriever to the school to assist in the therapy of the children. Sather says, "I've got kids whose parents are going through a divorce and they are so depressed by it. I've had children literally hug and cry into his fur." (qtd. in Warren). Principal Brad Cosorelli claims the students will flock to the dog in time of distress instead of the counselor.[36] Children were found during a study to find their pet (in most cases dogs) a bigger comfort in sharing secrets or scary situations than they found the adults in the family to be.[37] In some cases, life experience has led people to believe they will be hurt by the people closest to them; animals can provide non-judgmental and unrestricted emotional support. This is true for both children and adults. In a survey done by the American Animal Hospital Association, many of those who responded specified that they were emotionally dependent on their pet. Therapists believe they can utilize clients' attachment to animals for therapeutic reasons (Urichuk). The presence of a dog in a therapy session has indicated improvements in a patient's outlook, as well as their willingness to share on a deeper level.[38] The petting of an animal can also put a patient at ease, whereas a therapist must maintain a professional state and thus is unable to provide physical support. This creates a unique bridge for patient-therapist communication (Urichuk).

Psychological benefits in school setting

edit
 
Greyhound therapy dogs in an elementary school in North Port, Florida

The University of Connecticut uses therapy dogs in their program Paws to Relax, available during finals week to help students deal with increased anxiety. The school uses them in other stressful situations, including suicides and deadly automobile accidents.[39] Since 2011, Yale Law School has used therapy dogs to aid students experiencing stress.[40] Some colleges and universities in the US bring therapy dogs to campus to help students de-stress. These campus events are often referred to as "Therapy Fluffies", a term coined by Torrey Trust, the original founder of the University of California San Diego therapy dog de-stress event.[41] In 2009, Sharon Franks shared the idea of bringing therapy dogs to campus with the UC San Diego Office of Student Wellness.[42]

Since the autumn of 2010, "Therapy Fluffies" has visited the UC Davis, UC Santa Cruz, and UC Riverside campuses during the week before mid-term and final exams.[43][44] These events give students and staff the opportunity to pet and relax with therapy-certified dogs.[45] The university also works with the Inland Empire Pet Partners, a service of the Humane Society to bring therapy-certified dogs to the campus' Mental Health Day Spa, held quarterly.[46][47]

In 2014, Concordia University, Wisconsin became the first university in the US to adopt a full-time therapy dog to its campus in Mequon, Wisconsin. The golden retriever, Zoey, is a Lutheran church Charities K-9 Comfort Dog, trained to interact with people at churches, schools, nursing homes, hospitals, events, and in disaster response situations.[48] Concordia later purchased a second comfort dog, named Sage.[49]

Stressful situations

edit

Therapy dogs were used to offer comfort to faculty, staff and students following the 2007 Virginia Tech shooting in Blacksburg, Virginia, when 32 people were killed.[40] On December 14, 2012, therapy dogs were brought to the Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, following the shooting and deaths of 26 people, providing comfort to children and parents.

The court system in King County, Washington uses a comfort dog with crime victims, particularly traumatized minors.[50]

In Uganda, The Comfort Dog Project pairs dogs with those traumatized by war. Participants learn how to care for and train the animals as the dogs assist with confidence, help with depression and assist with recovery from post traumatic stress disorder.[51]

Cognitive

edit

Programs such as the Reading Education Assistance Dogs (R.E.A.D.) program promote literacy and communication skills. The practice uses therapy dogs to encourage children to read aloud by giving them a nonjudgmental listener.[52][53][54][55][56][57] It has been proven that the academic performance and children's enthusiasm for reading has increased by having a therapeutic dog with them, especially in children with special education.[58] Goals of canine-assisted reading programs include increasing reading fluency, increasing motivation to read, providing encouragement for reluctant readers, and making reading fun.[59]

These cognitive benefits can be seen in libraries as well as schools.[60] Internationally, there are programs that use therapy dogs in educational settings such as Germany,[61] Argentina,[62] Finland (Lukukoira Sylvi from Kuopio, Finland was the first animal nominated for Citizen of the Year),[63] and Croatia,[64] for example.

An article published by the American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias reported that during visits with dogs, residents with dementia were able to be involved in special activities and were more verbal than usual.[32] Researchers have identified further cognitive benefits of therapy dogs, which include an increase in mental stimulation and assistance in the recall of memories and the sequence of events.[34]

Physical

edit

Interaction with therapy dogs improves cardiovascular health, and as a result patients may need less medication. Personal pet visitation and animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) can benefit patients' pain, blood pressure, stress, depression, and anxiety, as well as increasing mobility and socialization with staff and families.[65] Further, petting animals promotes the release of hormones that can elevate moods, specifically serotonin, prolactin and oxytocin.[34] Patients receiving occupational therapy have improved their fine motor skills by grooming therapy dogs.[66] Studies have found decreased cortisol levels in children with insecure attachment styles, children with autistic spectrum disorder, in hospital patients with heart failure, and in healthcare professionals, after physical contact with a dog.[67]

Social

edit

Therapy dogs promote greater self-esteem in students and encourage positive interactions with peers and teachers.[40] Additionally, children with autism demonstrated increased verbal abilities and social interaction during therapy sessions when animals were present compared to traditional therapy sessions without them.[34]

Concerns

edit

There are some concerns with using therapy dogs with children and adults in various public facilities. Some include hygiene, allergies, cross-cultural expectations, safety of participants, animal welfare, and lack of consistent training or certification process and liability.[68] AAI (animal-assisted interventions) and AAA (animal-assisted activities) are facilitated by human/dog teams with extensive therapy dog training and have obtained behavioral and health evaluations. They follow guidelines for cleanliness (bathing and brushing dogs before sessions, keeping vaccinations up to date, trimming nails, human hand washing before and after visits) to alleviate most hygiene concerns.[69] In all of these locations, patrons, students or patients are often required to take responsibility for their interactions with dogs in the form of a liability release or parental permission form. Advance considerations of the responsibilities of handlers and the institution or organization include insurance and background checks to address liability.[70] Insurance claims against trained dog teams are rare, however, costs can be high if specialist insurance is not in place.[71] Since therapy dog interaction is an optional activity, those with allergies, those who develop anxiety when near dogs, or those with general opposition to the program need not participate.

While there is no nationwide standard for certification or registration of ESAs, many online agencies claim to “register” an animal as an ESA for a fee.[72] The qualifications are not strict which may raise concern. There have been countless incidents of people misusing confusing restrictions, given the sometimes overlapping terminology and recent emergence of service dogs and ESAs. To combat the issue of fraud, numerous states are enacting new regulations, the majority of which are centered on service animals.[72] Some states have more specific laws that focus on exact situations, while other's are more general.

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Rummel, Margaret; Dickson, Ashley (2019-08-05). "The Therapy Dog Will See You Now". Journal of Oncology Navigation Survivorship. 10 (8). Archived from the original on 2021-11-11. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  2. ^ Haynes, Beverly; Thomason, Judith (April–June 2019). "Shelby Will Shine: Planning for a Full-Time Animal-Assisted Therapy Dog in a Weight Management Clinic". Journal of Pediatric Surgical Nursing. 8 (2): 23–25. doi:10.1097/JPS.0000000000000204. S2CID 243491247. Archived from the original on 2022-06-15. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  3. ^ "Animal-Assisted Therapy: An Exploration of Its History, Healing Benefits, and How Skilled Nursing Facilities Can Set Up Programs". www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com. Archived from the original on 2021-11-11. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
  4. ^ Cusack, Odean; Smith, Elaine (2014-05-12). Pets and the Elderly: The Therapeutic Bond. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-77444-0. Archived from the original on 2022-04-07. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  5. ^ Geldenhuys, Kotie (2015-10-01). "Therapy dogs : a voice to traumatised children and the lonely elderly". Servamus Community-based Safety and Security Magazine. 108 (10): 21–23. hdl:10520/EJC177616. Archived from the original on 2022-07-11. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  6. ^ "After the Bombing, Comfort Dogs Come to Boston". Animals. 2013-04-20. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  7. ^ Beck, Alan, and Aaron Honori Katcher. Between Pets and People: The Importance of Animal Companionship: New York: Putnam, c1983, 1983. Print.
  8. ^ a b "Training your Dog to be a Therapy Dog". American Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 2018-11-26. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  9. ^ Fine, Aubrey H. (May 12, 2015). Handbook on Animal-Assisted Therapy: Foundations and Guidelines for Animal-Assisted Interventions. Academic Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-12-801436-3. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  10. ^ Silva, Nathiana B.; Osório, Flávia L. (April 4, 2018). "Impact of an animal-assisted therapy programme on physiological and psychosocial variables of paediatric oncology patients". PLOS ONE. 4 (13): e0194731. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1394731S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194731. PMC 5884536. PMID 29617398.
  11. ^ Davis, Rebecca (May 1, 2018). "A 4-Legged Approach to Clinical Education and Research". The ASHA Leader. 23 (5): 32–33. doi:10.1044/leader.AE.23052018.32.
  12. ^ "Therapy Dogs | Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club". ckcsc.org. Archived from the original on 2020-05-11. Retrieved 2020-08-18.
  13. ^ "Cavalier King Charles, One of the Best Therapy Service Dogs – Ruby Cavalier King Charles Spaniel". Archived from the original on 2020-09-20. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  14. ^ a b Butler, Kris (2013). Therapy Dogs Today, 2nd Edition: Their Gifts, Our Obligations. Norman, OK: Dogwise Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9747793-7-9.
  15. ^ a b Velde, Beth P.; Cipriani, Joseph; Fisher, Grace (2005-03-01). "Resident and therapist views of animal-assisted therapy: Implications for occupational therapy practice". Australian Occupational Therapy Journal. 52 (1): 43–50. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1630.2004.00442.x. ISSN 0045-0766.
  16. ^ a b Compitus, Katherine (2021). The human-animal bond in clinical social work practice. Essential clinical social work series. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-87783-5.
  17. ^ Hooker, Shirley D.; Holbrook Freeman, Linda; Stewart, Pamela (October 2002). "Pet Therapy Research". Holistic Nursing Practice. 17 (1): 17–23. doi:10.1097/00004650-200210000-00006. ISSN 0887-9311. PMID 12465214. S2CID 5800108.
  18. ^ "Therapy Dogs International". www.tdi-dog.org. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2014-11-25.
  19. ^ "ADA Requirements: Service Animals". www.ada.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2013-09-09.
  20. ^ "Revised ADA Requirements: Service Animals" (PDF). ADA. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-01-25. Retrieved 2013-07-23.
  21. ^ a b c "Therapy Dogs - The Different Types & Their Benefits | Fienberg Consulting". Feinberg Consulting. 2018-05-05. Archived from the original on 2019-04-01. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
  22. ^ Christensen, Peter. "Service Dogs, Emotional Support Dogs and Therapy Dogs." Service Dogs, Emotional Support Dogs and Therapy Dogs. N.p., 2015. Web. 03 Dec. 2015.
  23. ^ Woodruff, Racheal. "Dogs Healing Power over Grief." Guardian Liberty Voice. N.p., 11 Feb. 2014. Web. 03 Dec. 2015.
  24. ^ Woodruff, Racheal. "Dogs Healing Power over Grief." Guardian Liberty Voice. N.p., 11 Feb. 2014. Web. 03 Dec. 2015.
  25. ^ Turnbull, Joann. "Is a 'Comfort Dog' a Service Dog?" Delta Society Animals Helping People. Seattlepi, 21 Feb. 2009. Web. 03 Dec. 2015.
  26. ^ "What Does a Comfort Animal Do?" comfortanimals.net. Comfort Animals. 2015. Web. 7 Dec.2015.
  27. ^ a b "Service Animals and Emotional Support Animals - ADA National Network". adata.org. Archived from the original on 2015-12-14. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
  28. ^ "Information Resource on Assistance Animals for the Disabled". Nal.usda.gov. September 19, 2011. Archived from the original on April 23, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  29. ^ Dogs, Alliance of Therapy (2017-03-12). "Difference Between a Therapy Dog vs a Service Dog". Alliance of Therapy Dogs Inc. Archived from the original on 2019-03-26. Retrieved 2019-04-05.
  30. ^ Chubak, Jessica; Hawkes, Rene; Dudzik, Christi; Foose-Foster, Jessica M.; Eaton, Lauren; Johnson, Rebecca H.; Macpherson, Catherine Fiona (September–October 2017). "Pilot Study of Therapy Dog Visits for Inpatient Youth With Cancer". Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing. 34 (5): 331–341. doi:10.1177/1043454217712983. ISSN 1532-8457. PMC 6711573. PMID 28614971.
  31. ^ Hunt, Melissa G.; Chizkov, Rachel R. (2014-09-01). "Are Therapy Dogs Like Xanax? Does Animal-Assisted Therapy Impact Processes Relevant to Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy?". Anthrozoös. 27 (3): 457–469. doi:10.2752/175303714X14023922797959. ISSN 0892-7936. S2CID 149428596.
  32. ^ a b Ernst, Lorraine. "Animal-Assisted Therapy: An Exploration of Its History, Healing Benefits, and How Skilled Nursing Facilities Can Set Up Programs". www.managedhealthcareconnect.com. Archived from the original on 2016-06-10. Retrieved 2019-04-05.
  33. ^ Pandey, Ramendra Pati; Himanshu; Gunjan; Mukherjee, Riya; Chang, Chung-Ming (2024-03-18). "The Role of Animal-Assisted Therapy in Enhancing Patients' Well-Being: Systematic Study of the Qualitative and Quantitative Evidence". JMIRx Med. 5: e51787. doi:10.2196/51787. ISSN 2563-6316. PMC 10986847. PMID 38606668.
  34. ^ a b c d "Animal-Assisted Therapy Research | UCLA Health". www.uclahealth.org. Archived from the original on 2022-06-25. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  35. ^ Hart, Lynette A., PhD. "Companion Animals Enhancing Human Health and Wellbeing (Proceedings)." Dvm360.com. Dvm360, 1 Aug. 2008. Web. 04 Dec. 2015.
  36. ^ Warren, Chis. "Therapy Dogs Becoming Fixtures in Santa Rosa Schools." Santa Rosa Press Democrat. The Press Democrat, 20 Nov. 2015. Web. 02 Dec. 2015.
  37. ^ McNicholas, J., and G. M. Collis. "Children's Representations of Pets in Their Social Networks." Child: Care, Health and Development Child Care Health Dev 27.3 (2001): 279-94. Web. 9 Dec. 2015.
  38. ^ Bryan, Jennifer L., Michelle C. Quist, Chelsie M. Young, Mai-Ly N. Steers, Dawn W. Foster, and Qian Lu. "Canine Comfort: Pet Affinity Buffers the Negative Impact of Ambivalence over Emotional Expression on Perceived Social Support." Personality and Individual Differences 68 (2014): 23-27. Web.
  39. ^ "10 Colleges With Successful Pet Therapy Programs". Deaf Dogs Rock. 2012-01-26. Archived from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  40. ^ a b c Dogs, Alliance of Therapy (2017-04-29). "Benefits of Therapy Dogs in Classrooms and on College Campuses". Alliance of Therapy Dogs Inc. Archived from the original on 2021-11-22. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  41. ^ Gastaldo, John (December 8, 2015). "Therapy Fluffies at UCSD". San Diego Tribune. Archived from the original on December 23, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  42. ^ Bowler, Matthew (December 9, 2015). "San Diego Colleges Use Dogs To Take Bite Out Of Exam Stress". KPBS. Archived from the original on December 13, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  43. ^ "Therapy Fluffies at UC Davis". Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  44. ^ Keckeisen, Kevin (December 7, 2012). "Riverside: Therapy dogs help UCR students relieve stress". The Press Enterprise. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  45. ^ "The Mind Spa". Archived from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  46. ^ "Therapy dogs provide relief to stressed out students". UC Riverside. May 26, 2010. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  47. ^ "Students at UC Riverside get some pet therapy as they cram for exams". CBS Los Angeles. June 4, 2014. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  48. ^ McCarthy, C. "K-9 comfort dog drives on CUW's campus". Concordia University Wisconsin. Archived from the original on March 31, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  49. ^ Thiel, Kali (2 October 2018). "Double the love". Concordia University Wisconsin. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  50. ^ Swaby, Natalie (April 28, 2023). "King County's courthouse dog providing comfort in tough situations". king5.com. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
  51. ^ Martyn-Hemphill, Amelia (August 22, 2019). "Ugandan War Survivors Partnered with Therapy Dogs". British Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on October 13, 2019. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
  52. ^ Thackara, Gina (March 19, 2017). "Event at Pittston Memorial Library allows youngsters to read to animals". Times Leader. Archived from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  53. ^ Sherwinski, Adam (January 30, 2018). "Joplin Public Library gets surprise visit from therapy dogs". Four States Home Page. Archived from the original on September 18, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  54. ^ Harding, Tanner (January 28, 2018). "Famous Amos: Therapy dog a hit at Plumb library". Sippican Week. Archived from the original on July 11, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  55. ^ Van Kirk, Celeste (February 4, 2018). "Woman rescues Spanish greyhounds, gives them new purpose in life". Observer-Reporter. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  56. ^ Endo, Judy (August 31, 2014). "Therapy animals: Healing power in furry, or feathered, packages". The Citizens Voice. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  57. ^ "Read Team Steps". Therapy Animals. Archived from the original on 2021-05-14. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  58. ^ Chang, Heather (1 April 2019). "Creating a Therapy Dog Program To Promote Reading, Reduce Stress". School Library Journal. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  59. ^ Lane, Holly B.; Zavada, Shannon D.W. (October 2013). "When Reading Gets Ruff: Canine-Assisted Reading Programs". The Reading Teacher. 67 (2): 87–95. doi:10.1002/TRTR.1204. JSTOR 24573538.
  60. ^ Denning, Jillian (2 August 2019). "Therapy Dogs in the Library: A Pawsitive Experience". ALSC Blog. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  61. ^ Busch, F. (4 October 2019). "Warum Kinder an einer Münchner Grundschule einer Hündin Geschichten vorlesen" (in German). Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  62. ^ Martin, E. (6 October 2016). "Leyendo con perros" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  63. ^ Pirinen, A. (15 November 2019). "Tässä ovat Vuoden kuopiolainen -ehdokkaat – Äänestä suosikkiasi!" (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  64. ^ Gabriel, Dunja Marija; Lencek, Mirjana; Sabljak, Ljiljana (2014). Dyslexia and Library Programmes for Motivation to Read in Croatia. IFLA WLIC 2014. Archived from the original on 2021-07-30. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  65. ^ Davidson, Judy E. (2020-06-04). Patient and Family Experience in the ICU, An Issue of Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-323-75939-7. Archived from the original on 2022-07-11. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  66. ^ Foreman, Anne M.; Allison, Penelope; Poland, Michelle; Jean Meade, B.; Wirth, Oliver (15 January 2019). "Employee Attitudes about the Impact of Visitation Dogs on a College Campus". Anthrozoös. 32 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1080/08927936.2019.1550280. S2CID 150143622.
  67. ^ Beetz, Andrea; Uvnäs-Moberg, Kerstin; Julius, Henri; Kotrschal, Kurt (9 July 2012). "Psychosocial and Psychophysiological Effects of Human-Animal Interactions: The Possible Role of Oxytocin". Frontiers in Psychology. 3: 234. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00234. PMC 3408111. PMID 22866043.
  68. ^ Foreman, Anne; Glenn, Margaret; Meade, B.; Wirth, Oliver (8 May 2017). "Dogs in the Workplace: A Review of the Benefits and Potential Challenges". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14 (5): 498. doi:10.3390/ijerph14050498. PMC 5451949. PMID 28481317.
  69. ^ White, J. (2015, March 5). New guidance for animals, pet therapy in hospitals Archived 2021-04-11 at the Wayback Machine.
  70. ^ Marrall, Rebecca M.; Trott, Barry (2016). "Assistance Animals in the Library How One Academic Library Developed Best Practices". Reference & User Services Quarterly. 56 (1): 8–13. doi:10.5860/rusq.56n1.8. JSTOR 90009877.
  71. ^ "Dog Therapy 101". American Libraries Magazine. 2014-12-22. Archived from the original on 2021-05-30. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  72. ^ a b Schoenfeld-Tacher, Regina; Hellyer, Peter; Cheung, Louana; Kogan, Lori (2017-06-15). "Public Perceptions of Service Dogs, Emotional Support Dogs, and Therapy Dogs". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14 (6): 642. doi:10.3390/ijerph14060642. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 5486328. PMID 28617350.
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Therapy dogs.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Therapy_dog&oldid=1252154186"