Dolakha Newar (endonym Dwālkhā Nepal Bhasa[1]), or Eastern Newar, is a divergent dialect of the Newar language (Nepal Bhasa) spoken in Dolakha District, east of the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal, by 5,645 Newar people as of 1988. Some speakers of Dolakha Newar can be found in Kathmandu for education or work.[2]
| Dolakha Newar | |
|---|---|
| Dolakhāe Newar Dolakhā Newār | |
| 𑐡𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐮𑑂𑐏𑐵 𑐣𑐾𑐥𑐵𑐮 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵, Dwālkhā Nepal Bhasa | |
| Native to | Nepal |
Native speakers | (undated figure of 5,000–10,000[citation needed]) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | east2773 |
Geographical region
editDolakha Newar is spoken in Dolakha town of Dolakha district, Tauthali of Sindupalchowk district, Listi and Duti of Kavre district.[1]
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | (Alveolo-) palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | ʈ | tɕ | k | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | tɕʰ | kʰ | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɖ | dʑ | ɡ | ||
| murmured | bʱ | dʱ | ɖʱ | dʑʱ | ɡʱ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | |||||
| Nasal | voiced | m | n | ŋ | |||
| murmured | |||||||
| Tap | voiced | (ɾ) | [ɽ] | ||||
| murmured | [ɾʱ] | [ɽʱ] | |||||
| Lateral | voiced | l | |||||
| murmured | |||||||
| Approximant | voiced | w | j | ||||
| murmured | |||||||
- Notes
- Marginal phonemes are in parentheses.
- Allophonic variants are in Square brackets.
- Tap consonants mainly occur as word-medial alternates of /t/, /d/, /dʱ/ or /ɖ/ (in Dolakha only).
- /s/ can be heard as [ɕ] when occurring before front vowels/glide /i, e, j/.
- Affricates /tɕ, dʑ/ can also shift to retracted sounds [t̠s̠, d̠z̠] when occurring before back vowels.
Vowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | nasal | short | long | nasal | short | long | nasal | |
| Close | i | iː | ĩ | u | uː | ũ | |||
| Close-mid | e | eː | ẽ | o | oː | õ | |||
| Mid | (ə) | (əː) | (ə̃) | ɔ~ɑ | ɔː~ɑː | ɔ̃~ɑ̃ | |||
| Open-mid | |||||||||
| Open | a | aː | ã | ||||||
- /o, oː/ and /u/ can also be heard as [ɔ, ɔː], and [ʊ].
- In Dolakha Newar, the back vowel sound can be [ɑ], [ʌ], or [ə].[3][4][5]
- The following nasal vowels can also be distinguished in vowel length as /ĩː ẽː ɔ̃ː ãː õː ũː/.
Diphthongs
edit| Front | Central | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| oral | nasal | oral | nasal | oral | nasal | ||
| Diphthong | Close | ui | uĩ | ||||
| Mid | ei | eĩ | ɔi | ɔĩ | ɔu | ɔũ | |
| Open | ai | aĩ | au | aũ | |||
Number
edit| No. | Dolakha Newar |
|---|---|
| 1 | thi |
| 2 | ní |
| 3 | sõ |
| 4 | pe |
| 5 | ŋā |
| 6 | khu |
| 7 | nas |
| 8 | cyā |
| 9 | gu |
| 10 | ji(m) |
References
edit- ^ a b Shrestha (PhD), Anita (27 August 2020). "द्वाल्खा नेपाल भाषा : आधारभूत तहमा मातृभाषा शिक्षा". Bampijhyala. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ Genetti, Carol (2007). A Grammar of Dolakha Newar. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-019303-9.
- ^ Genetti, Carol (2003). Dolakhā Newār. The Sino-Tibetan Languages: London & New York: Routledge. pp. 353–370.
- ^ Hargreaves, David (2003). Kathmandu Newar (Nepāl Bhāśā). The Sino-Tibetan Languages: London & New York: Routledge. pp. 371–384.
- ^ Hale, Austin; Shrestha, Kedar P. (2006). Newār (Nepāl Bhāsā). Languages of the World/Materials, 256: München: LINCOM. pp. 1–22.
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