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Clausiliidae

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Clausiliidae, also known by the common name door snails, is a taxonomic family of small, very elongate, mostly left-handed, air-breathing land snails, sinistral terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.[2]

Clausiliidae
Cochlodina laminata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Order: Stylommatophora
Suborder: Helicina
Infraorder: Clausilioidei
Superfamily: Clausilioidea
Family: Clausiliidae
J. E. Gray, 1855[1]
Type genus
Clausilia
Draparnaud, 1805

With over 1700 recognized recent and fossil species,[2] this is among the most diverse families of terrestrial gastropods (cf. Orthalicidae), although the marine gastropod family Pyramidellidae is larger.

Most species of Clausiliidae have an anatomical structure known as a clausilium, which enables the snail to close off the aperture of the shell with a sliding "door".

Shell description

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Megalophaedusa martensi is the largest species of the family Clausiliidae in the world. The individual in the photograph has a shell which is 45.5 mm long. The whole snail weighs 3.2 g live.

Almost all the species of snails in the family of door snails are left-handed, which is an uncommon feature in gastropod shells in general.

These snails have shells which are extremely high-spired, with numerous whorls.

The shells tend to be club-shaped, tapering at both ends to a rounded nub. The aperture usually has visible folds.

The clausilium

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Main article: clausilium
 
The clausilium of Clausilia dubia

Clausiliids are also very unusual among pulmonate gastropods in that most of them have a "door" or clausilium. The clausilium is not the same thing as an operculum, which does not exist at all in pulmonate gastropods.

The clausilium is a calcareous structure, tongue-shaped or spoon-shaped, which can close the aperture of the snail shell to protect the soft parts against predation by animals such as carnivorous beetle larvae. The narrow end of the clausilium slides in the grooves that are formed by the folds on the inside of the shell.

Anatomy

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In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 21 and 30 (according to the values in this table).[3]

Taxonomy

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The type genus is Clausilia Draparnaud, 1805.

The family Clausiliidae is classified within the informal group Sigmurethra, itself belonging to the clade Stylommatophora within the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).[4]

2005 taxonomy

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The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 recognizes subfamilies as follows:

subfamily Clausiliinae Gray, 1855

  • tribe Baleini (previously the subfamily Baleinae A. J. Wagner, 1913) - synonyms: Laciniariini H. Nordsieck, 1963; Tristaniinae Schileyko, 1999
  • tribe Clausiliini Gray, 1855 - synonym: Fusulinae Lindholm, 1924
  • tribe Gracillariini H. Nordsieck, 1979

subfamily Alopiinae A. J. Wagner, 1913

  • tribe Alopiini A. J. Wagner, 1913
  • tribe Cochlodinini Lindholm, 1925 (1923) - synonym: Marpessinae Wenz, 1923
  • tribe Delimini Brandt, 1956 - synonym: Papilliferini Brandt, 1961 (n.a.)
  • tribe Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997
  • tribe Montenegrinini H. Nordsieck, 1972

subfamily † Constrictinae H. Nordsieck, 1981[5]

subfamily Garnieriinae C. Boettger, 1926

  • tribe Garnieriini C. Boettger, 1926
  • tribe Tropidaucheniini H. Nordsieck, 2002

subfamily † Eualopiinae H. Nordsieck, 1978

  • tribe † Eualopiini H. Nordsieck, 1978[6]
  • tribe † Rillyini H. Nordsieck, 1985[7]

subfamily Laminiferinae Wenz, 1923

subfamily Mentissoideinae Lindholm, 1924

  • tribe Mentissoideini Lindholm, 1924 - synonym: Euxininae I. M. Likharev, 1962
  • tribe Acrotomini H. Nordsieck, 1979
  • tribe Boettgeriini H. Nordsieck, 1979
  • tribe Euxinellini Neubert, 2002
  • tribe Filosini H. Nordsieck, 1979
  • tribe Olympicolini Neubert, 2002
  • tribe Strigileuxinini H. Nordsieck, 1994
  • tribe Strumosini H. Nordsieck, 1994

subfamily Neniinae Wenz, 1923 - Neniastrinae H. B. Baker, 1930

subfamily Phaedusinae A. J. Wagner, 1922

  • † tribe Disjunctariini H. Nordsieck, 2014
  • tribe Megalophaedusini Zilch, 1954 - synonym: Zaptyxini Zilch, 1954
  • † tribe Nordsieckiini H. Nordsieck, 2007
  • tribe Phaedusini A. J. Wagner, 1922
  • † tribe Serrulellini H. Nordsieck, 2007
  • tribe Serrulinini Ehrmann, 1927
  • tribe Synprosphymini H. Nordsieck, 2007

subfamily Serrulininae Ehrmann, 1927

Genera

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Genera include:

Clausiliinae

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Tribe Acrotomini H. Nordsieck, 1979

  • Acrotoma O. Boettger, 1881 - with four subgenera: Acrotoma, Acrotomina H. Nordsieck, 1977; Bzybia H. Nordsieck, 1977 and Castelliana Suvorov, 2002
  • Akramowskia H. Nordsieck, 1975
  • Armenica O. Boettger, 1877 - with two subgenera: Armenica and Astrogena Szekeres, 1970
  • Inobseratella Lindholm, 1924
  • Phrygica H. Nordsieck, 1994
  • Roseniella Thiele, 1931 - with two subgenera: Chavchetia Neubert, 1992 and Roseniella
  • Scrobifera O. Boettger, 1877
  • Sprattia O. Boettger, 1883

tribe Baleini

  • Alinda H. & A. Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera: Alinda and Pseudalinda O. Boettger, 1877
  • Balea J. E. Gray, 1824
  • Bulgarica O. Boettger, 1877 - with three subgenera Bulgarica, Pavlovicia H. Nordsieck, 1973 and Strigilecula Kennard & Woodward, 1923
  • Lacinaria Hartmann, 1842
  • Likharevia H. Nordsieck, 1975
  • Mentissa H. & A.Adams, 1855
  • Mentissella H. Nordsieck, 1973
  • Micropontica O. Boettger, 1881 - with two subgenera: Baleopsina Lindholm, 1924 and Micropontica
  • Mucronaria O. Boettger, 1877 - with two subgenera: Index O. Boettger, 1877 and Mucronaria
  • Quadriplicata O. Boettger, 1878
  • Strigillaria Vest, 1867
  • Vestia Hesse, 1916 - with three subgenera: Brabenecia H. Nordsieck, 1974; Vestia and Vestiella H. Nordsieck, 1877

Tribe Boettgeriini H. Nordsieck, 1979

  • Boettgeria O. Boettger, 1863 - with two subgenera: Boettgeriaand Loosjesiella Neubert & Groh, 1998
  • Macroptychia O. Boettger, 1877
  • Sabaeola Lindholm, 1925

tribe Clausiliini

Tribe † Emarginariini H. Nordsieck, 2007

Tribe Euxinellini Neubert, 2002

Tribe Filosini H. Nordsieck, 1979

  • Filosa O. Boettger, 1877
  • Idyla H. & A. Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera: Idyla and Strigilidyla H. Nordsieck, 1994

tribe Gracillariini H. Nordsieck, 1979

Tribe Mentissoideini Lindholm, 1924

  • Elia H. & A.Adams, 1855 - with four subgenera: Acroeuxina O. Boettger, 1877; Caucasica O. Boettger, 1877; Elia and Megaleuxina O. Boettger, 1877
  • Euxina O. Boettger, 1877 - with two subgenera: Euxina and Illunellaria Lindholm, 1924
  • Euxinastra O. Boettger, 1888 - with two subgenera: Euxinastra and Odonteuxina H. Nordsieck, 1875
  • Galeata O. Boettger, 1877
  • Mentissoidea O. Boettger, 1877

Tribe Olympicolini Neubert, 2002

Tribe Strigileuxinini H. Nordsieck, 1994

Tribe Strumosini H. Nordsieck, 1994

Alopiinae A. J. Wagner, 1913

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Alopiinae[11]

tribe Alopiini

tribe Cochlodinini Lindholm, 1925 (1923)

  • Cochlodina A. Férussac, 1821 - with four subgenera: Cochlodina; Cochlodinastra H. Nordsieck, 1977; Paracochlodina H. Nordsieck, 1969; Procochlodina H. Nordsieck, 1969
  • Macedonica O. Boettger, 1877

tribe Delimini R. Brandt, 1956

tribe Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997

Constrictinae

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Fossil subfamily Constrictinae contains genera:

Eualopiinae

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Fossil subfamily Eualopiinae contains genera:

Tribe † Eualopiini H. Nordsieck, 1978

Tribe † Rillyini † H. Nordsieck, 1985

Garnieriinae

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  • tribe Garnieriini C. Boettger, 1926
  • Garnieria Bourguignat, 1877

Laminiferinae

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Tribe Laminiferini Wenz, 1923

  • † Baboria Cossmann, 1898
  • † Laminifera O. Boettger, 1863 - the type genus of the family Laminiferinae.[4] Its type species is fossil.[4]
  • † Laminiplica H. Nordsieck, 1978
  • † Omanifera H. Nordsieck in Harzhauser et al., 2016

Tribe † Oospiroidesini H. Nordsieck, 2007

Tribe † Polloneriini H. Nordsieck, 2007

Mentissoideinae

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synonym of the tribe Mentissoideini Lindholm, 1924 (superseded classification)

Neniinae Wenz, 1923

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Tribe Neniini Wenz, 1923

Peruiniinae H. Nordsieck, 2005

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Phaedusinae A. J. Wagner, 1922

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Tribe † Disjunctariini H. Nordsieck, 2014

Tribe † Nordsieckiini H. Nordsieck, 2007

tribe Phaedusini A. J. Wagner, 1922

  • Acanthophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2007
  • Atractophaedusa Ehrmann, 1927
  • Bacillophaedusa Grego & Szekeres, 2011
  • Bathyptychia Lindholm, 1925 - with three subgenera: Bathyptychia; Brachyptychia H. Nordsieck, 2001 and Strictiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
  • Castanophaedusa Páll-Gergely & Szekeres, 2017
  • Celsiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
  • Changphaedusa Motochin & Ueshima, 2017
  • Cylindrophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877 - with three subgenera: Cylindrophaedusa and Montiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002
  • Dautzenbergiella Lindholm, 1924 - with two subgenera: Dautzenbergiella and Mansuyiella H. Nordsieck, 2003
  • Euphaedusa O. Boettger, 1877 - with subgenera: Dentiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003; Euphaedusa; and Telophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003
  • Fuchsiana Gredler, 1887
  • Hemiphaedusa O. Boettger, 1877 - with subgenera: Dendrophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002; Hemiphaedusa; Hemiphaedusoides H. Nordsieck, 2001; Hemizaptyx Pilsbry, 1905; Labyrinthiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001; ; Pinguiphaedusa Azuma, 1982; Placeophaedusa Minato, 1994)
  • Juttingia Loosjes, 1965 - with two subgenera: Juttingia and Pseudohemiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002
  • Liparophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
  • Loosjesia H. Nordsieck, 2002
  • Luchuphaedusa Pilsbry, 1901 - with two subgenera: Luchuphaedusa and Nesiophaedusa Pilsbry, 1905
  • Macrophaedusa Moellendorff, 1883
  • Macrophaedusella H. Nordsieck, 2001
  • Megalophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877 - with four subgenera: Megalophaedusa; Mesophaedusa Ehrmann, 1929; Mesozaptyx Kuroda, 1963 and Mundiphaedusa Minato, 1979. (Neophaedusa is a synonym of Megalophaedusa).[14]
  • Messageriella Páll-Gergely & Szekeres, 2017
  • Miraphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2005
  • Musaphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2018
  • Nannophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2012
  • Notoptychia Ehrmann, 1927
  • Oospira Blanford, 1872[15] - with subgenera Formosanella H. Nordsieck, 2003; Oospira; Paraformosella H. Nordsieck, 2003 and Siphonophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
  • Papilliphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003
  • Paraphaedusa O. Boettger, 1877
  • Phaedusa H. & A.Adams, 1855 - with subgenera: Metaphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001; Phaedusa; Pseudophaedusa Tomiyama, 1984
  • Probosciphaedusa Z.-Y. Chen, 2021
  • Reinia Kobelt, 1876 - with three subgenera: Parareinia H. Nordsieck, 1998; Pictophaedusa Azuma, 1982 and Reinia
  • Serriphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
  • Sinigena Lindholm, 1925
  • Solitariphaedusa Motochin & Ueshima, 2017
  • Stereophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877
  • Streptodera Lindholm, 1925
  • Tauphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003
  • Tosaphaedusa Ehrmann, 1929
  • Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1901 - with two subgenera: Prozaptyx Loosjes, 1950 and Zaptyx

Tribe † Serrulellini H. Nordsieck, 2007

Tribe Serrulinini Ehrmann, 1927

Tribe Synprosphymini H. Nordsieck, 2007

Synonyms

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  • Diceratoptyx Pilsbry, 1905: synonym of Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1900 (junior synonym)
  • Heterozaptyx Pilsbry, 1906: synonym of Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1900 (junior synonym)
  • Kazancia Neubert, 1992 : synonym of [[]] Lindholm, 1924 (junior synonym)
  • Leptacme Ehrmann, 1927:[15] synonym of Oospira (Leptocochlea) Grego & Szekeres, 2011 represented as Oospira W. T. Blanford, 1872
  • Lindholmiella Ehrmann, 1927: synonym of Oospira (Lindholmiella) Ehrmann, 1927 represented as Oospira W. T. Blanford, 1872
  • Metazaptyx Pilsbry, 1905synonym of Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1900
  • Neniauchenia H. Nordsieck, 2002: synonym of Grandinenia Minato & D.-N. Chen, 1984
  • Neostyriaca A. J. Wagner, 1920:[9] synonym of Clausilia (Neostyriaca) A. J. Wagner, 1920 represented as Clausilia Draparnaud, 1805
  • Oligozaptx Pilsbry, 1905: synonym of Zaptyx (Stereozaptyx) Pilsbry, 1905 represented as Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1900
  • Parazaptyx Pilsbry, 1905: synonym of Zaptyx (Parazaptyx) Pilsbry, 1905 represented as Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1900
  • Pliciphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 1998: synonym of Stereophaedusa (Pliciphaedusa) H. Nordsieck, 1998 represented as Stereophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877
  • Pulchraptyx Minato, 1981: synonym of Zaptyx (Pulchraptyx) Minato, 1981 represented as Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1900
  • Renschiphaedusa Loosjes & Loosjes-van Bemmel, 1973: synonym of Phaedusa H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855
  • Selenoptyx Pilsbry, 1908: synonym of Zaptyx (Selenoptyx) Pilsbry, 1908 represented as Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1900
  • Serrulinella H. Nordsieck, 1984: synonym of Serrulina (Serrulinella) H. Nordsieck, 1984 represented as Serrulina Mousson, 1873 (unaccepted rank)
  • Stereozaptyx Pilsbry, 1905: synonym of Zaptyx (Stereozaptyx) Pilsbry, 1905 represented as Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1900
  • Thaumatoptyx Pilsbry, 1908: synonym of Zaptyx (Thaumatoptyx) Pilsbry, 1908 represented as Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1900
  • Tyrannophaedusa Pilsbry, 1901: synonym of Megalophaedusa (Tyrannophaedusa) Pilsbry, 1900 represented as Megalophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877
  • Tyrannozaptyx Käufel, 1930: synonym of Zaptyx (Tyrannozaptyx) Käufel, 1930 represented as Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1900
  • Zaptychopsis Ehrmann, 1927: synonym of Zaptyx (Zaptychopsis) Ehrmann, 1927 represented as Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1900

Conservation

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Although non-marine molluscs appear to be exceptionally vulnerable to extinction,[16] the IUCN Red list listed only 9 species[17] from this family.

References

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  1. ^ J. E. Gray. April 14, 1855. Catalogue of Pulmonata or air-breathing Mollusca in the collection of the British Museum, Part I: 156.
  2. ^ a b MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Clausiliidae L. Pfeiffer & J. E. Gray, 1855. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.molluscabase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=833936 on 2023-04-11
  3. ^ Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology. in Barker G. M. (ed.): The biology of terrestrial molluscs. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, ISBN 0-85199-318-4. 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard; Ponder, Winston; Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia. 47 (1–2). Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks: 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.
  5. ^ Nordsieck H. (1981). Archiv für Molluskenkunde 111(1-3): 101.
  6. ^ Nordsieck H. (1978). Archiv für Molluskenkunde 109(1-3): 104.
  7. ^ Nordsieck H. (1985). Heldia 1(3): 83.
  8. ^ Rodrigo B. Salvador; Abraham S.H. Breure (2020). "Type material of Clausiliidae door snails from Philippe Dautzenberg in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa". Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. 31. Te Papa: 56–69. ISSN 1173-4337. Wikidata Q106839645.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Clausiliini". Fauna Europaea, last update 27 January 2011, accessed 27 April 2011.
  10. ^ "Graciliaria". Fauna Europaea, last update 27 January 2011, accessed 27 April 2011.
  11. ^ Uit de Weerd D. R. (2004). "Molecular phylogenetic history of eastern Mediterranean Alopiinae, a group of morphologically indeterminate land snails". Doctoral thesis, Leiden University, ISBN 90-6464-874-3.
  12. ^ Gittenberger E. & Uit de Weerd D. R. (2009). "Summarizing data on the Inchoatia taxa, including Inchoatia megdova bruggeni subspec. nov. (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Clausiliidae)" Zoologische Mededelingen 83 http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/83/nr03/a08 Archived 16 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Rodrigo B. Salvador; Alina Wahab; Nicole E. Phillips; Abraham S.H. Breure (2021). "South American and Trinidadian terrestrial Gastropoda in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa". Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. 32. Te Papa: 64–80. ISSN 1173-4337. Wikidata Q116264204.
  14. ^ cf. Nordsieck H. (2006). "Species list of recent Clausiliidae".
  15. ^ a b Maassen W. J. M. & Gittenberger E. (2007). "Three new clausiliid land snails from Tonkin, northern Vietnam (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Clausiliidae)". Zoologische Mededelingen 81(1): http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/81/nr01/a10 Archived 7 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ Lydeard, C.; Cowie R.; Ponder, W.F.; et al. (April 2004). "The global decline of nonmarine mollusks". BioScience. 54 (4): 321–330. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0321:TGDONM]2.0.CO;2.
  17. ^ IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 5 March 2010.

Further reading

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  • Maltz T. K. & Sulikowska-Drozd A. (2008) "Life Cycles of Clausiliids of Poland — Knowns and Unknowns". Annales Zoologici 58(4): 857-880. doi:10.3161/000345408X396783.
  • Nordsieck H. (2007). Worldwide Door Snails. ConchBooks, 213 pp. ISBN 978-3-939767-07-7.
  • Uit de Weerd D. R. (2004). "Molecular phylogenetic history of eastern Mediterranean Alopiinae, a group of morphologically indeterminate land snails". Doctoral thesis, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Leiden University. HTM, PDF.
  • Uit de Weerd D. R., Piel W. H. & Gittenberger E. (2004). "Widespread polyphyly among Alopiinae snail genera: when phylogeny mirrors biogeography more closely than morphology". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33(3): 533-548. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.010
  • Páll-Gergely B. & Szekeres M. , 2017. New and little-known Clausiliidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) from Laos and southern Vietnam. Journal of Conchology 42(6): 507-519
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