A flophouse (American English) or doss-house (British English) is a place that has very low-cost lodging, providing space to sleep and minimal amenities.[1]
Characteristics
editHistorically, flophouses, or British "doss-houses", have been used for overnight lodging by those who needed the lowest-cost alternative to staying with others, shelters, or sleeping outside. Generally, rooms are small, bathrooms are shared, and bedding is minimal, sometimes with mattresses or mats on the floor, or canvas sheets stretched between two horizontal beams creating a series of hammock-like beds.
People who make use of these places have often been called transients and have been between homes. Quarters are typically very small, and may resemble office cubicles more than a regular room in a hotel or an apartment building.[2] Some flophouses qualify as boarding houses, but only if they offer meals.
American flophouses date at least to the 19th century, but the term flophouse itself is only attested from around the early 1900s, originating in hobo slang. In the past, flophouses were sometimes called lodging houses or workingmen's hotels and catered to hobos and transient workers such as seasonal railroad and agriculture workers, or migrant lumberjacks who would travel west during the summer to work and then return to an eastern or midwestern city which ran along the rail lines, such as Chicago, to stay in a flophouse during the winter. This is described in the 1930 novel The Rambling Kid by Charles Ashleigh and the 1976 book The Human Cougar by Lloyd Morain. Another theme in Morain's book is the gentrification which was then beginning and which has led cities to pressure flophouses to close.
Some city districts with flophouses in abundance became well known in their own right, such as the Bowery in Manhattan, New York City. Since the middle 20th century, reforms there have gradually made flophouses scarcer.[3] The resulting gentrification and higher real-estate value have further eroded the ability of flophouses and inexpensive boarding-style hotels to make a profit.[4]
21st-century revival
editIn the 2010s, the high cost of housing in cities such as San Francisco saw an increase in the number of flophouses. The modern flophouses, sometimes marketed as co-living "pods", usually have partitions between beds for privacy, and are created from existing houses or apartments. They are often marketed toward commuters who stay in the city during the workweek.[5]
Cage homes in Hong Kong
editCage homes were built in colonial Hong Kong in the 1950s for single working men from Mainland China. Cage homes are described as "wire mesh cages resembling rabbit hutches crammed into a dilapidated apartment."[6] As of 2012, the number of impoverished residents in Hong Kong was estimated at 1.19 million, and cage homes, along with substandard housing such as cubicle apartments, were still serving a portion of this sector's housing needs.[6] The combination of high rents and income inequality has been given as one reason that cage homes persist.[7][8][9]
Michael Adorjan, a University of Hong Kong criminology professor, has noted that "The United Nations has called cage and cubicle homes an 'insult to human dignity.'"[10]
Cage hotels in the United States
editCage hotels, a form of single-room occupancy, were common in Chicago at the turn of the 20th century; an estimated 40,000 to 60,000 people lived in them during the winter.
These were lofts or other large, open buildings that were subdivided into tiny cubicles using boards or sheets of corrugated iron. Since these walls were always one to three feet short of the floor or ceiling, the open space was sealed off with chicken wire, hence the name "cage hotels."[11]
A 1958 survey by Christopher Jencks found that homeless men preferred cage hotels over shelters for reasons of privacy and security.[12]
A similar preference for cage hotels over shelters was reported in turn of the century New York City, where single working men ranked their housing preference in the following order:
They preferred lodging and boarding houses to cages, cages to dormitories, dormitories to flops, and flops to the city's shelters. Men could act on these preferences by moving as their incomes increased.[13]
"Regulatory efforts to combat low-cost 'cage hotels,' ... [has been] a driver of the expansion of the homeless population in US cities", according to Jencks.[14] By 2021, only one, the Ewing Annex Hotel, remained in Chicago, housing some 200 men, many of whom would otherwise be homeless.[15]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ "The Last of the Mohicans | The Village Voice". www.villagevoice.com. 22 February 2005.
- ^ "N.Y. Court says flophouses fall under rent stabilization laws". Archived from the original on 2016-01-08. Retrieved 2018-07-23.
- ^ Tierney, John (14 January 1996). "The Big City;Save the Flophouses". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-02-02.
- ^ From flophouses to fancy on the Bowery Archived 2008-10-17 at the Wayback Machine from The Real Deal Magazine Archived 2013-11-16 at the Library of Congress Web Archives
- ^ "Startup rents bunkbeds in the Tendernob for $1,200 per month". 2019-06-05.
- ^ a b Kelvin Chan (Director) (2013-02-07). "Poor in cages show dark side of Hong Kong boom". NBCNews.com. Retrieved 2013-02-13.
{{cite episode}}: Missing or empty|series=(help) - ^ Gargan, Edward A. (14 July 1996). "In Rich Hong Kong, Cages as Homes for the Poor". The New York Times. p. 6.
- ^ "Hong Kong cage home rents soar above luxury flat". Reuters. 2010-04-28. Archived from the original on 2020-04-01. Retrieved 2013-02-13.
- ^ Benjamin Gottlieb, Christie Hang (Director) (2011-07-26). "Hong Kong's poorest living in 'coffin homes'". CNN.com. Retrieved 2013-02-13.
{{cite episode}}: Missing or empty|series=(help) - ^ Michael Adorjan (2011-12-21). "Cage homes in Hong Kong: capitalism this Christmas". Archived from the original on 2020-04-01. Retrieved 2013-02-13.
- ^ "Single Room Occupancy Hotels". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Retrieved 2013-02-13.
- ^ Christopher Jencks. "Housing the Homeless". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 2013-02-13.
- ^ Filer, Randall K (1992). "Opening the Door to Low-Cost Housing". City Journal. No. Summer. Archived from the original on 2012-06-20. Retrieved 2013-02-13.
- ^ Reihan Salam. "The Agenda: Stephen Smith on the Missing Driverless Trains". National Review Online. Retrieved 2024-11-02.
- ^ Prout, Katie (2021-04-02). "Inside the Last Men's Hotel in Chicago". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved 2021-04-04.
Further reading
edit
- Jesse Walter Dees (1948). Flophouse; an authentic undercover study of flophouses, cage hotels, including missions, shelters and institutions serving unattached (homeless) men. A sociological study that includes English origins of mass relief, samples of American mass relief and a modern investigation of public and private policies in Chicago. Francestown, New Hampshire: M. Jones Co. OCLC 494608.