Joseph Athanase Doumer, commonly known as Paul Doumer (French pronunciation: [pɔl dumɛːʀ]; 22 March 1857 – 7 May 1932), was a French politician who served as the President of France from June 1931 until his assassination in May 1932. He is described as "the Father of French Indochina,"[1] and was seen as one of the most active and effective governors general of Indochina.[2]
Paul Doumer | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Doumer in 1931 | |
| 14th President of France | |
| In office 13 June 1931 – 7 May 1932 | |
| Prime Minister | Pierre Laval André Tardieu |
| Preceded by | Gaston Doumergue |
| Succeeded by | Albert Lebrun |
| President of the Senate | |
| In office 14 January 1927 – 9 June 1931 | |
| Preceded by | Justin de Selves |
| Succeeded by | Albert Lebrun |
| Minister of Finance | |
| In office 16 December 1925 – 9 March 1926 | |
| Prime Minister | Aristide Briand |
| Preceded by | Louis Loucheur |
| Succeeded by | Raoul Péret |
| In office 16 January 1921 – 15 January 1922 | |
| Prime Minister | Aristide Briand |
| Preceded by | Frédéric François-Marsal |
| Succeeded by | Charles de Lasteyrie |
| In office 1 November 1895 – 29 April 1896 | |
| Prime Minister | Léon Bourgeois |
| Preceded by | Alexandre Ribot |
| Succeeded by | Georges Cochery |
| President of the Chamber of Deputies | |
| In office 10 January 1905 – 31 May 1906 | |
| Preceded by | Henri Brisson |
| Succeeded by | Henri Brisson |
| Governor-General of French Indochina | |
| In office 13 February 1897 – 14 March 1902 | |
| Preceded by | Armand Rousseau |
| Succeeded by | Paul Beau |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 22 March 1857 Aurillac, France |
| Died | 7 May 1932 (aged 75) Paris, France |
| Manner of death | Assassination by gunshot |
| Political party | Independent |
| Alma mater | University of Paris |
| Signature | .svg) |
Early life
editJoseph Athanase Doumer was born in Aurillac, in the Cantal département, in France on 22 March 1857, into a family of modest means. Alumnus of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers,[3] he became a professor of mathematics at Mende in 1877.[4]
In 1878 Doumer married Blanche Richel, whom he had met at college. They had eight children, four of whom were killed in the First World War (including the French air ace René Doumer).
Career
editFrom 1879 until 1883 Doumer was professor at Remiremont, before leaving on health grounds. He then became chief editor of Courrier de l'Aisne, a French regional newspaper. Initiated into Freemasonry in 1879, at "L'Union Fraternelle" lodge, he became Grand Secretary of Grand Orient de France in 1892.[5][6][7]
He made his debut in politics in 1885 as chef de cabinet to Charles Floquet, then president of the Chamber of Deputies (a post equivalent to the speaker of the House of Commons). In 1888, Doumer was elected Radical deputy for the department of Aisne. Defeated in the general elections of September 1889, he was elected again in 1890 by the arrondissement of Auxerre. He was briefly Minister of Finance of France (1895–1896) when he tried without success to introduce an income tax.[8]
Doumer was Governor-General of French Indochina from 1897 to 1902. Upon his arrival the colonies were losing millions of francs annually. Determined to put them on a paying basis, he levied taxes on opium, wine and the salt trade. The Vietnamese, Cambodians and Laotians who could not or would not pay these taxes, lost their houses and land, and often became day laborers. He established Indochina as a market for French products and a source of profitable investment by French businessmen.[9] Doumer set about outfitting Indochina, especially Hanoi, the capital, with modern infrastructure befitting property of France. Tree-lined avenues and a large number of French colonial buildings were constructed in Hanoi during his governance. The Long Bien Bridge and the Grand Palais in Hanoi were among large-scale projects built during his term; the bridge was originally named after him. The palace was destroyed by airstrikes toward the end of World War II. The bridge survived, and became a well-known landmark and target for US pilots during the Vietnam War.
With a view to annexing south Yunnan to French Indochina, Doumer successfully lobbied the French government to approve construction of the Indochina-Yunnan railway in 1898.[10]
After returning to France, Doumer was elected by Laon to the Chamber of Deputies as a Radical. He refused to support the ministry of Émile Combes, and formed a Radical dissident group, which grew in strength and eventually caused the fall of the ministry.[8] He then served as President of the Chamber from 1902 to 1905.
Doumer became Minister of Finance of France again in 1925 when Louis Loucheur resigned.[11] He then served as President of the French Senate from 1927 until the 1931 presidential election. He was elected President of the French Republic on 13 May 1931, defeating the better known Aristide Briand, and replacing Gaston Doumergue.[12]
Death
editOn 6 May 1932, Paul Doumer was in Paris at the opening of a book fair at the Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild, talking to author Claude Farrère. Suddenly several shots were fired by Paul Gorguloff, a Russian émigré. Two of the shots hit Doumer, at the base of the skull and in the right armpit, and he fell to the ground. Claude Farrère wrestled with the assassin before the police arrived. Doumer was rushed to the hospital in Paris, where he died at 04:37 on 7 May. He is the only French president to die of a gunshot wound (although president Sadi Carnot had been assassinated by being stabbed 38 years before).
Trial
editGorguloff was indicted for murder and executed by the guillotine four months later, after a swift trial.[13]
Aftermath
editAndré Maurois was an eyewitness to the assassination, having come to the book fair to autograph copies of his book. He later described the scene in his autobiography, Call No Man Happy. As Maurois notes, because the President was assassinated at a meeting of writers, it was decided that writers - Maurois among them - should stand guard over the body while he lay in state at the Élysée.[14]
Writings
editAs an author he is known by his L'Indo-Chine française (1904), and Le Livre de mes fils (1906).[8]
See also
edit- List of finance ministers of France
- Politics of France
- Friends of the Natural History Museum Paris, of which he was one of the founders and the second president, in office from 1922 to 1931.[15]
References
edit- ^ Logan, William Stewart (2000). Hanoi: Biography of a City. UNSW Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-86840-443-1.
- ^ "Paul Doumer | French politician, governor-general, assassination | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-03-18. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
- ^ Alumnus of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers
- ^ Sasges, Gerard (2017-09-30). Imperial Intoxication: Alcohol and the Making of Colonial Indochina. University of Hawaii Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-8248-6691-4.
- ^ Dictionnaire de la Franc-Maçonnerie, page 363 (Daniel Ligou, Presses Universitaires de France, 2006)
- ^ Dictionnaire universelle de la Franc-Maçonnerie, page 245 (Marc de Jode, Monique Cara and Jean-Marc Cara, ed. Larousse, 2011)
- ^ Histoire de la Franc-Maçonnerie française (Pierre Chevallier, ed. Fayard, 1975)
- ^ a b c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Doumer, Paul". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 450.
- ^ Ladenburg, Thomas. "The French in Indochina" (PDF). digitalhistory.uh.edu. University of Houston. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
- ^ Rousseau, Jean-François (2014-06-01). "An Imperial Railway Failure: The Indochina—Yunnan Railway, 1898–1941". The Journal of Transport History. 35 (1): 1–17. doi:10.7227/TJTH.35.1.2. ISSN 0022-5266. S2CID 111066738.
- ^ "Paul Doumer Has Succeeded Louis Loucheur. Latter Forced to Resign as Minister of Finance. Other Names Mentioned". United Press. December 16, 1925. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
- ^ "Paul Doumer Becomes President Of France". United Press. June 14, 1931. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
- ^ Lorin, Amaury (2011). "Un « régicide républicain » : Paul Doumer, le président assassiné (6 mai 1932)". Criminocorpus (in French). Paris: Centre pour les humanités numériques et l’histoire de la justice (Clamor). doi:10.4000/criminocorpus.435. ISSN 2108-6907 – via OpenEdition Journals.
- ^ Andre Maurois, Call No Man Happy, English translation by the Reprint Society, London, 1944, Ch. XIX, P. 221-222
- ^ Yves Laissus, "Cent ans d'histoire", 1907-2007 - Les Amis du Muséum, centennial special, September 2007, supplement to the quarterly publication Les Amis du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, n° 230, June 2007, ISSN 1161-9104 (in French).
