Andrew Turnbull (1718 – March 13, 1792) was a Scottish physician and diplomat who served as the British consul at Smyrna, Ottoman Empire. In 1768, he founded the colony of New Smyrna, Florida, named in honor of his wife's birthplace, the ancient Greek city of Smyrna on the Aegean coast of Anatolia. Turnbull was married to Gracia Dura Bin (some sources give her name as Maria Gracia Rubini),[1] the daughter of a Greek merchant from Smyrna.[2] His colony was located in the province of British East Florida, and encompassed some 101,400 acres (410 km2); it was nearly three times the size of the colony at Jamestown.
Andrew Turnbull | |
|---|---|
| Consul to the Ottoman Empire | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Andrew Turnbull 1718 Scotland |
| Died | March 13, 1792 (aged 73–74) Charleston County, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Resting place | Saint Philip's Episcopal Church Cemetery, Charleston, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Spouse | Maria Gracia Dura Bin (or Maria Gracia Rubini) |
In partnership with Sir William Duncan he secured a grant of 40,000 acres (160 km2) of land on the east coast of the peninsula, with the requirement from the British government that it be settled within 10 years in the proportion of one person for every 100 acres (400,000 m2). In 1765 he sailed to St. Augustine, the capital of the province, and secured the grant from Governor James Grant. The land was located at what is now New Smyrna Beach about 62 miles (100 km) south of St. Augustine. Turnbull then returned to England, secured financing for his forthcoming venture through bounties from the government and the Board of Trade, and subsequently sailed for the Mediterranean to find colonists "for a Tract of Land in East Florida on which I might settle a small Colony of Greeks," as Turnbull explained in a letter to Lord Shelburne.
One of Turnbull's prospective partners in the venture was Francis Levett, an English factor working in Livorno for the Levant Company. From a powerful English mercantile family with extensive trading connections, Levett hoped to use his influence in the Levant to supply Greek laborers to Turnbull's new colony.[3] Levett then left London, where he had relocated, and settled in British East Florida, where he was granted a 10,000-acre (40 km2) plantation by Governor Grant. His collaboration with Turnbull apparently came to naught.[4]
In June 1767, Turnbull arrived with his ships in the Mediterranean, where he visited Mahon, Menorca; Livorno, Italy; Smyrna, Asia Minor; Melos, Mani, Koroni, Methoni in Greece; Crete; Santorini; and Corsica. He encountered opposition from French, Italian, and Turkish authorities, who did not want to see their subjects leave, but after persistent efforts, he finally rounded up over 1,400 colonists, the majority from Menorca, and left for his new colony in East Florida.[5]
Turnbull's settlers eventually succeeded in producing crops of high quality indigo, hemp and sugarcane for making rum, but the plantation suffered major losses due to insect-borne diseases and Native American raids. Meanwhile, tensions grew between Turnbull and the colonists because of his neglect and mistreatment by his overseers. The remaining colonists marched north in 1777 to St. Augustine along the King's Road to complain of this mistreatment to Governor Patrick Tonyn, and permanently abandoned New Smyrna when he offered them sanctuary.[6] In 1783 Florida was returned to the Spanish, and Turnbull left his plantation to retire in Charleston, South Carolina.[7][8]
References
edit- ^ Moskos, Charles C. (2018). Greek Americans: Struggle and Success. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-51672-3.
- ^ Panagopoulos, E. P. (1956). "The Background of the Greek Settlers in the New Smyrna Colony". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 35 (2): 97. ISSN 0015-4113. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
- ^ Massachusetts Historical Society (1859). Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. The Society. p. 223. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ "English Plantations on the St. Johns River". www.unf.edu.
- ^ Patricia C. Griffin (1991). Mullet on the Beach: The Minorcans of Florida, 1768-1788. St. Augustine Historical Society. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8130-1074-8.
- ^ info@stphotios.com, All: www.St.Photios.com; e-mail. "- Welcome to St. Photios Greek Orthodox National Shrine -". www.stphotios.com.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Cassanello, Robert (24 January 2014). ""Episode 08 European Earthenware" by Robert Cassanello and Chip Ford". A History of Central Florida Podcast. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
- ^ Cassanello, Robert (26 January 2014). ""Episode 09 St Benedict Medal" by Robert Cassanello and Chip Ford". A History of Central Florida Podcast. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
Honors
edit- In World War II, the United States liberty ship SS Andrew Turnbull was named in his honor.