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The Bessborough Mother & Baby Home, (also known as the Bessborough Sacred Heart Home) was a home for mothers and their children that operated in Blackrock, County Cork, Ireland, from 1922 until 1998. It was included in an investigation by the Irish government following the discovery of hundreds of bodies at Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home in Tuam, County Galway.[1] The home was run by Sisters of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, a religious order of Catholic nuns. The home was one of the largest in Ireland, with 9,768 women and 8,938 children being admitted. Forced adoptions are recorded in the report, including children who were adopted to families in the United States in return for cash donations, while over 900 children died. Their bodies were buried in unmarked graves.[2][3]
Life at Bessborough
editOn arrival expectant mothers were given new names and ordered not to speak of their pasts. They were then set to work, often doing laundry for local businesses or cleaning the home. By the 1980s the jobs available to mothers had diversified to include pottery and hairdressing, for which they were now being paid. Some women were allowed to study for their leaving certs and other qualifications. However forced hard labour was still being reported by survivors.
By the 1950s women were spending less than six months in the home, on average. This was much lower than at some other homes in which women could be expected to stay for up to three years.[3] A significant cause of the decline in time spent in the home was driven by an increase in early adoption of even younger children. In some cases this was done willingly due to societal shame or poverty, however many mothers were ordered to sign their babies away against their will.
Stories from three survivors of the home are documented in a 2022 book by Dierdre Finnerty, Bessborough: Three Women. Three Decades. Three Stories of Courage.[4] Other survivors and staff were interviewed as part of the government commission.
Infant mortality rates varied greatly over the decades at the home. In the 1920s and 1930s mortality rates were often above 30%, they then spiked to 75% in the 1943 before declining. By the 1960s death rates were around the national average.[3] In total, 921 children died at Bessborough.
Comparisons with other Mother & Baby Homes
editThe Sisters of the Sacred Heart were responsible for three homes in Ireland during this period, the other two were also found to have high death tolls and stories of abuse. They were Castlepollard Mother & Baby Home, County Westmeath, and Sean Ross Abbey in Roscrea, the latter is the part of the setting of Philomena. All three had high death tolls, particularly Sean Ross Abbey where 1,024 children died. Tuam, the home which brought the issue of infant mortality at the homes to attention of the public was run by a separate organisation and recorded 796 child deaths, they were buried in a septic tank.[5] Some state run homes, including Stranorlar County Mother & Baby Home saw fewer fatalities St Patrick's Mother and Baby Home, or 'Pelletstown' in Dublin may have had the highest death toll anywhere in Ireland with at least 3,512 deaths recorded by the official investigation.[2]
No reburials have been undertaken at any Mother and Baby Home in Ireland.
Similar finds have occurred in homes run by Catholic organisations elsewhere, including at Kamloops Indian Residential School in Canada, Smyllum Park, Lanarkshire.[6] and St Josephs Orphanage, Vermont.[7]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ "List of institutions that were investigated as part of the Mother and Baby Homes Commission of Investigation". Gov.ie. 21 January 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
- ^ a b "Final Report of the Commission of Investigation into Mother and Baby Homes, Chapter 18, Bessborough". Gov.ie. 21 January 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
- ^ a b c "Final Report of the Commission of Investigation into Mother and Baby Homes, Chapter 18, Bessborough, Statistical Analysis". Gov.ie. 21 January 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
- ^ "Bessborough: Three Women. Three Decades. Three Stories of Courage". Waterstones.com. 21 April 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
- ^ McGreevy, Ronan. "Tuam case 'reminder of a darker past in Ireland'". Irish Times. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
- ^ Blackstock, Gordon (10 September 2017). "'Smyllum's Children'". SundayPost. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
- ^ Kenneally, Christine (27 August 2018). "'We Saw Nuns Kill Children: The Ghosts of St. Joseph's Catholic orphanage'". BuzzfeedNews. Retrieved 26 August 2022.