Discovery Tree

The Discovery Tree, also known as The Mammoth Tree was a Sequoiadendron giganteum tree located in Calaveras Grove, California. In 1852, A.T. Dowd found a grove in the Sierra Nevada; the trees in the grove were believed to be the first giant sequoia trees to be discovered, though some earlier reports of giant sequoias were reported.^[1] The trees he discovered included the Discovery Tree, with a height of 300 feet (91 m) high and a base measuring over 24 feet (7.3 m) in diameter.^[2] The Discovery Tree was cut down and shipped to San Francisco and New York City as an exhibition tree. The tree played a large role in the introduction of the Yosemite Grant to Congress, an act that helped preserve the giant sequoias. The stump of the Discovery Tree is a popular attraction in Calaveras Grove, which has about 200,000 visitors each year.^[3]

Discovery

In the 1850s, during the California gold rush, stories were told of a grove of trees in the Sierra Nevada that were larger than the tallest buildings on earth. This attracted Augustus T. Dowd who in 1852, while working as a hunter for a construction crew building canals to transport water to a mining camp, shot a California grizzly bear and followed it into a forest where he discovered the giant sequoias in the Sierra Nevada. Though Dowd's discovery was initially believed as the first discovery of the big trees, historical evidence refutes his claim.^[1]

Felling and exhibition

Workers felling the Discovery Tree with augers in 1853.

In the 1850s, when travel to California's big trees was difficult and only possible by horse-and-wagon on primitive mountain trails, the idea of exploiting them for profit began to gain traction. One man, Mr. Lewis, a member of the discovery party that found the big trees, had the idea of removing the bark from one of the trees and transporting it to the East Coast for exhibition.^[4] In 1853, an article in the Daily Alta California noted that a section of bark had been taken off and packed for display at the Crystal Palace in New York.^[5]^: 18 However, Captain Hanford, a local resident, had his own scheme to fell the "Discovery Tree" for public exhibition. He bought the tree from his friend Lapham and proceeded to cut it down by drilling away at the trunk with two-inch pump augers and sawing at the spaces between the boreholes which took five men 22 days. The tree was over 25 feet (7.6 m) in diameter, 280 feet (85 m) tall, and 1,244 years old when felled.^[6]

The tree was eventually felled, and the bark was crated up and taken to San Francisco where it was put on display on Bush Street, adjacent to a local fair.^[7] The bark was reassembled in its natural state, forming a spacious room, with a carpet, piano forte, and seats for forty persons. This attracted many visitors and was widely publicized in the San Francisco newspapers of the day.^[8]

Advertising for the Big Tree Exhibit on Broadway, 1854.

In 1854, Hanford, with financial support from miners Kimball and Cutting, set out to bring the giant sequoia tree from California to the eastern United States. He arrived in New York City amid controversy surrounding the Crystal Palace, a popular exhibition space that had recently closed following the World's Fair. Hanford intended to showcase the tree at the Palace, but when he and the Palace's new president, P. T. Barnum, could not agree on terms, Hanford instead rented a space at 596 Broadway.^[9] However, just days before Hanford's exhibit was set to open, Barnum announced that he too would be displaying a giant California sequoia tree at the Crystal Palace. Hanford's exhibit opened one week later and was ultimately not as successful as Barnum's, due in part to the confusion caused by the competing exhibits.^[5]^: 20–25

After its display in San Francisco and New York, the tree was destroyed by fire before it could reach Paris for exhibition.^[10]

Legacy

The felling of the tree was met with criticism.^[11] Naturalist John Muir exclaimed, "Then the vandals danced upon the stump!"^[12] In 1864, the Discovery Tree was used as a symbol of the need for preservation and played a key role in the introduction of the Yosemite Grant to Congress. The Calaveras land was owned by logging interests, with public protests stopping the cutting of the trees.

In 1931, the land was purchased by the State of California. The stump and remaining log of the Discovery Tree became a popular tourist attraction. Since its discovery in 1852, Calaveras Big Trees has remained one of the state's longest-running tourist destinations. The stump was used as a dance floor, a bar, and a two-lane bowling alley. Visitors view the size of the tree and the other towering sequoias that make up the Calaveras Big Trees.^[3]

The Discovery Tree was the first giant sequoia to be felled by a basal cut, allowing botanists to accurately estimate the tree's age by counting its rings. The initial reading revealed 1,120 rings, indicating that the tree was younger than originally thought, but that it grew at a steady pace throughout its life.^[13]

Dimensions

Height above base^[14]	287 ft	87.5 m
Circumference at ground^[14]	96 ft	29.3 m

References

^ ^a ^b Fry, Walter; White, John R. (1930). Big Trees. Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 8–9.
^ McKinney, John (October 11, 2002). "An autumn walk through Calaveras County's majestic groves". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
^ ^a ^b "A Guide to the North Grove of the Calaveras Big Trees" (PDF). California State Parks. California State Parks. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
^ "The Mammoth Trees of California" (PDF). Hutchings' California Magazine. Vol. 3, no. 9. March 1859. p. 2. Retrieved January 22, 2023. Mr. Lewis, one of the party above alluded to, after seehing these gigantic forest patriarchs, conceived the idea of removing the bark from one of the trees and taking it to the Atlantic cities for exhibition, and invited Dowd to join him in the enterprise.
^ ^a ^b Kruska, Dennis G. (1985). Sierra Nevada Big Trees: History of the Exhibitions, 1850–1903. Los Angeles, California: Dawson's Book Shop.
^ "California Big Trees State Park: The Discovery Stump". HMdb.org: The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
^ "The Mammoth Tree". San Joaquin Republican. September 8, 1853. Retrieved January 22, 2023. The bark, although slightly warped by heat and other causes, still preserves much of its natural form, and is put together with great skill and care, as to give a perfect idea of the appearance of the tree, as it once stood, towering above its huge companions of the grove upon the mountain side in Calaveras.
^ "Mammoth Tree". Daily Alta California. September 3, 1853. Retrieved January 29, 2023. We went yesterday afternoon to see a section of the bark, 20 feet in height, of the Mammoth Redwood Tree, erected in its original position. This section was taken off eight feet above the ground, and is 80 feet in circumference [...] It is on exhibition on Bush, near Montgomery.
^ "The Big Tree from California" (PDF). The New York Herald. April 29, 1854. Retrieved January 29, 2023. The Big Tree from California -- ready for exhibition on the 8th of May. This immense tree recently felled upon the Sierra Nevada, California, has at length arrived in the city of New York, where it is placed for public exhibition in the spacious Racket Court, adjoining the Metropolitan Hotel, Broadway.
^ Chamings, Andrew (July 10, 2024). "The tragedy of California's oldest tourist attraction". SF Gate. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
^ Hickman, Leo (June 27, 2013). "How a giant tree's death sparked the conservation movement 160 years ago". The Guardian. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
^ Zhang, Sarah (January 10, 2017). "Drive-Through Redwoods Are Monuments to Violent Deforestation". The Atlantic. The Atlantic. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
^ Farmer, Jared (2013). Trees in Paradise: The Botanical Conquest of California. Heyday. p. 44.
^ ^a ^b "The Big Tree". Placer Herald. Rocklin, California. July 9, 1853. Retrieved January 28, 2023.

Bibliography

Kruska, Dennis G. (1985). Sierra Nevada Big Trees: History of the Exhibitions, 1850-1903: Los Angeles, California: Dawson's Book Shop.
Lowe, Gary D. (2004). The Big Tree Exhibits of 1870-1871 and the Roots of the Giant Sequoia Preservation Movement. Livermore, California: Lowebros Publishing.