Julius Kaplan (יחיאל קפלן) (1939—1885), was a scholar of the Babylonian Talmud and made major contributions to the scientific understanding of the development of the Talmudic text. Kaplan was the first to systematically argue that Ravina and Rav Ashi were not the redactors of the Talmud, but rather the Savoraim.
.png)
Biography
editJulius Kaplan was born in Koidanov near Minsk, then part of the Russian Empire on May 7, 1885.[1][2][3] After studying at the local yeshiva, he went to Vilna and studied with Rabbi Chaim Ozer Grodzinski, then Chief Rabbi of Vilna. In 1906, Kaplan moved to New York and continued his studies at the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary.[2] Israel Efros was a one time classmate of his.[4] Kaplan received his undergraduate (1914) and masters degree (1915) from Columbia University.[1][2] In 1915, Kaplan received his rabbinic ordination from the Jewish Theological Seminary, where he also learned critical approaches to rabbinic literature from Louis Ginzberg.[1][5] After briefly serving in rabbinical positions in Glen Cove, NY and Bradford, PA, in 1917, Kaplan became an instructor of Talmud at the Mizrachi Teachers Institute,[2] which was eventually merged into Yeshiva College by Rabbi Meir Bar-Ilan.[6] Kaplan returned to Columbia University for his PhD and, in 1932, he completed his dissertation, "The Redaction of the Babylonian Talmud," under the supervision of Richard Gottheil.[7] Kaplan died in 1939.[3]
Work
editKaplan's book, "The Redaction of the Babylonian Talmud," a reworking of his dissertation, was published in 1933. In the book, Kaplan argued that Ravina and Rav Ashi were not the redactors of the Babylonian Talmud, but created "Gemara," that is, set traditions, and the later Savoraim redacted the Talmud.[8] While it has been known since the time of Rabbi Sherira Gaon that the Savoraim played some role in editing the Talmud and medieval commentators on occasion mention post-talmudic editing, Kaplan was the first to argue that the Talmud as a whole post-dated Rav Ashi.[8] While originally rejected by scholars such as Boaz Cohen[5] (or considered only one possibility by Gedaliah Alon),[9] Kaplan's thesis of the post-Amoraic redaction of the Babylonian Talmud has been further argued in the work of Hyman Klein, Abraham Weiss, Shamma Friedman, and David Weiss Halivni.[10][11][12]
References
edit- ^ a b c Students' Annual: Jewish Theological Seminary. The Seminary. 1915.
- ^ a b c d Julius Kaplan, "Redaction of the Babylonian Talmud," Phd diss., (Columbia University, 1932), "Vita."
- ^ a b eds. Salo W. Baron, et al. The Jewish People, Past and Present, Volume 4 (1955), 425.
- ^ Israel Efros, "In Memoriam: Julius Kaplan," in Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly 7 (1941): 317-320 [Hebrew]
- ^ a b Cohen, Boaz (1934). "Review of The Redaction of the Babylonian Talmud". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 24 (3): 263–267. doi:10.2307/1451901. ISSN 0021-6682. JSTOR 1451901.
- ^ Menachem Keren-Kratz, "The Haredization of American Orthodoxy in The Early Twentieth Century," Tradition 54 (2022), 25n.52.
- ^ Julius Kaplan, "Redaction of the Babylonian Talmud," Phd diss., (Columbia University, 1932), "Forward."
- ^ a b Kalmin, Richard (1986). "The Post: Rav Ashi Amoraim: Transition or Continuity? A Study of the Role of the Final Generations of Amoraim in the Redaction of the Talmud". AJS Review. 11 (2): 159–161. doi:10.1017/S0364009400001689. ISSN 0364-0094. JSTOR 1486245.
- ^ Gedaliah Alon, "Review of the Redaction of the Babylonian Talmud by Julius Kaplan," Kiryat Sefer 11 (1933): 197-203 [Hebrew], available at: https://www.nli.org.il/en/articles/RAMBI990005817280705171/NLI
- ^ Terry R. Bard, "Julius Kaplan, Hyman Klein, and the Saboraic Element," in The Formation of the Babylonian Talmud, ed. Jacob Neusner (Leiden: Brill,1970): 61-74
- ^ Wald, Stephen G. "Talmud, Babylonian." Encyclopaedia Judaica, edited by Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik, 2nd ed., vol. 19, Macmillan Reference USA, 2007, pp. 470-481. Gale eBooks,
- ^ Shamma Yehudah Friedman, “Perek ha-isha rabbah be-bavli, be-tziruf mevo klali al derekh heker ha-sugya,” in Mehkarim u-mekorot, vol. 1 (New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1978),293 [Hebrew]