Khoisan revivalism is the phenomenon of individuals claiming to be Khoisan (descendants) and defending indigenous rights.[1] The Khoisan revival movement aims to confirm and demarginalize the cultural identity of the Khoisan in modern-day South Africa.[2] Khoisan revival is most active and likely to impact policy-making in Cape Town, in the Western Cape province of South Africa.[3] The Koranna, Nama, San, Griqua, and Cape Khoi are among the Khoisan revivalist groups of the Western Cape.[3]
The growth of the Khoisan revival has been fueled by contemporary political discussions in South Africa about the potential of pre-1913 land claims and the recognition of Khoisan traditional authority.[3][4] In order to support their pursuit of land claims, Khoisan revivalists emphasize ancestral kinship and question "coloured" identity.[4] Rejecting the term Coloured as an oppressive colonialist and apartheid imposition is the foundation of the Khoisan revivalist movement.[2] In that its adherents reject colour as the colonizers' caricature of the colonized, the Khoisan revivalist movement is fundamentally instrumentalist, due to the connection between the identity and land rights and restoration.[5] In essence, Khoisan revivalism is both Coloured-rejectionist and exclusionist.[6] It is rejectionist in the sense that Khoisan identity, which is rejected as the colonizer's twisted caricature of the colonized, is joyfully affirmed as an actual civilization with a long history.[6] It is exclusive in the sense that it introduces a new justification for a position of relative privilege, even if it does not express the claim to be the actual indigenes of South Africa.[6] Many wonder what it means for this revivalist movement, which asserts indigeneity and first nation status in South and Southern Africa, to do so under the title Khoisan, whose colonial and Eurocentric roots are generally known.[2][7] Because they value their racial identity, most coloured people do not adhere to Khoisan revivalism, despite its expansion.[4] Due to the historical contributions made by other demographic groups to coloured identity, many people also view assertions of Khoisan identification to be problematic.[4]
Competition for socioeconomic resources or tries to obtain resources had an impact on the Khoisan revival.[8] Segments of colored groups were more willing to recognise and proclaim an African heritage when a White administration was replaced in 1994 by one controlled by Bantu-speaking Africans.[8] According to Khoisan revivalists, apartheid-era colonization left many coloured communities in South Africa with a foundational dispossession that led to the current socio-economic problems of housing, drug usage, and organized crime.[4] Khoisan revivalism strives to emphasize the necessity to address the continuities relating conditions before, during, and after apartheid since apartheid is not its primary focus, in order to give some existential bearings for many.[4]
Khoisan history and identity are revived in the private sector in a variety of ways, such as learning to speak Khoekhoegowab, a standardized Nama language, altering one's name (particularly on social media), or referring to significant persons in Khoisan history.[4] A new method of (re)constructing contemporary Khoisan identities has been made possible by the resurgence of the Khoekhoegowab language.[9] The rebuilding of contemporary Khoisan identities, which includes the use and development of the Khoekhoegowab language, is essential to Khoisan revivalism and is rooted in a decolonizing epistemology.[10] The Khoisan revivalist movement has given rise to organizations, such as the Khoi and San Active Awareness Group (KSAAG),[11] whose members are teaching Khoekhoegowab.[10] The KSAAG maintains that the Khoi and San (Bushmen) linguistic heritage should be preserved and promoted.[11]
References
edit- ^ Justin., Barnard, Alan. Kenrick (2001). Africa's indigenous peoples : 'First peoples' or 'Marginalized minorities'?. Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh. ISBN 978-0-9527917-5-1. OCLC 47316153.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Rakei, Simon (2019). "The Khoisan Revivalist Movement and the Decolonial Turn: Authenticity, naming and cultural identities in Khoisan historiography for epistemic justice". WritingThreeSixty. 5 (1). ISSN 2708-6119.
- ^ a b c Verbuyst, Rafael (2016-05-31). "Claiming Cape Town: towards a symbolic interpretation of Khoisan activism and land claims". Anthropology Southern Africa. 39 (2): 83–96. doi:10.1080/23323256.2016.1171159. ISSN 2332-3256. S2CID 148151060.
- ^ a b c d e f g Veracini, Lorenzo; Verbuyst, Rafael (2020-05-03). "South Africa's settler-colonial present: Khoisan revivalism and the question of indigeneity". Social Dynamics. 46 (2): 259–276. doi:10.1080/02533952.2020.1805883. ISSN 0253-3952. S2CID 222232366.
- ^ Adhikari, Mohamed (2009). Burdened By Race : Coloured Identities in Southern Africa. UCT Press. doi:10.26530/oapen_628130. ISBN 978-1-919895-14-7. S2CID 135080430.
- ^ a b c "'Not black enough' : changing expressions of coloured identity in post-apartheid South Africa : feature : ten years of democracy". South African Historical Journal. hdl:10520/ejc93611. Retrieved 2022-10-24.
- ^ Adhikari, Mohamed (2010-06-01). "A total extinction confidently hoped for: the destruction of Cape San society under Dutch colonial rule, 1700–1795". Journal of Genocide Research. 12 (1–2): 19–44. doi:10.1080/14623528.2010.508274. ISSN 1462-3528. PMID 20941880. S2CID 43522981.
- ^ a b Besten, Michael Paul (2006). Transformation and reconstitution of Khoe-San identities: AAS Le Fleur I, Griqua identities and post-apartheid Khoe-San revivalism (1894-2004). [s.n.] OCLC 71630376.
- ^ van Wyk, Berte (2014), "The Khoisan Indigenous Educational System and the Construction of Modern Khoisan Identities", Indigenous Concepts of Education, Palgrave Macmillan, doi:10.1057/9781137382184.0007, ISBN 9781137382184, retrieved 2022-10-24
- ^ a b Barnabas, Shanade; Miya, Samukelisiwe (2019-09-03). "KhoeSan Identity and Language in South Africa: Articulations of Reclamation". Critical Arts. 33 (4–5): 89–103. doi:10.1080/02560046.2019.1702071. ISSN 0256-0046. S2CID 214327058.
- ^ a b "Khoi & San Active Awareness Group (KSAAG)". Khoi & San Active Awareness Group (KSAAG). Retrieved 2022-10-24.