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Kim Hong-il (general)

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In this Korean name, the family name is Kim.

Kim Hong-il (Korean: 김홍일; 23 September 1898 – 8 August 1980) was a Korean independence activist and a general of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Korean War, who later became a diplomat and politician in South Korea. Born in North Pyongan, he did his early schooling in China and Korea, and had a brief career as a teacher before his connections with the nascent Korean independence movement led to his imprisonment. He fled into exile in China in 1918, and served in the Kuomintang's National Revolutionary Army from 1926 to 1948, following which he moved to the newly independent South Korea to join the Republic of Korea Army. He commanded South Korea's I Corps during the first year of the Korean War, and was then sent to Taipei as South Korea's ambassador to the Republic of China, which by then had retreated to Taiwan. His assignment there ultimately lasted nine years. He returned to South Korea in 1960 following the April Revolution which ended the rule of Syngman Rhee, and served briefly as Minister of Foreign Affairs under the Park Chung Hee junta. He ran for the National Assembly, first unsuccessfully in 1960 and 1963, and was then elected in 1967 and became a major figure in the opposition New Democratic Party.

The Right Honourable
Kim Hong-il
Kim Hong-il in 1961
7th Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
21 May 1961 – 21 July 1961
PresidentYun Posun
Preceded byChung Il-hyung [ko]
Succeeded bySong Yo-chan
Personal details
Born(1898-09-23)23 September 1898
Ryongchon County, North Pyongan Province, Korean Empire
Died8 August 1980(1980-08-08) (aged 81)
Hyochang-dong, Yongsan District, Seoul, South Korea
Spouse(s)Min Gyeong-ran
(민경란; 閔景蘭)
ChildrenThree sons
Military service
Allegiance Republic of China
 South Korea
Branch/service National Revolutionary Army
 Republic of Korea Army
Years of service1920–1951
Rank Lieutenant General
Lieutenant General
CommandsNortheast Security Command [zh]
Capital Division
I Corps
Battles/wars
Korean name
Hangul
김홍일
Hanja
金弘壹
Revised RomanizationGim Hongil
McCune–ReischauerKim Hong'il

Being one of the most experienced and high-ranked among the officer corps that commanded the early Republic of Korea Army, he was nicknamed the "Five-star General".

Early life and military career in China

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Kim was born on 23 September 1898 in Ryongchon County, North Pyongan Province.[1] At age 15, shortly after the beginning of Japanese rule over Korea, he went to Fengtian (today Liaoning), China to attend a primary school there. He returned to Korea and at the age of 18 entered the Osan School [ko] in Chongju. He later became an instructor at the Gyeongsin School[a] in Sinchon County, Hwanghae Province, but his involvement in agitation against Japanese rule as a member of the alumni association of the Osan School resulted in his imprisonment.[2]

After his release, Kim fled into exile in China in 1918.[3] There, he was able to enter the Guizhou Military Academy[b] thanks to an introduction by Huang Jiemin [zh]. In China he used a variety of aliases, including the Korean name Choe Se-pyeong (최세평; 崔世平) and the Chinese names Wang Hsiung (王雄; Wáng Xióng), Wang Yi-shu (王逸曙; Wáng Yìshǔ), and Wang Fu-kao (王復高; Wáng Fùgāo).[2] After his graduation in 1920 he proceeded to the Russian Far East to try to gain Russian support for the Korean independence movement, but faced numerous setbacks: first the fratricidal killings of the Free City Incident in 1921, and then the withdrawal of Russian support in 1922. As a result, he crossed back into Northeast China late that year.[4] He remained there for a few years, and briefly returned to teaching to make a living, taking up a post at the Myeongdong School [ko] established by Kim Yak-yeon [ko] in the village of Mingdong (Myeongdong) in Helong County, Jilin. His alias Choe Se-pyeong itself embroiled him in a minor scandal in the village: it was rumoured he wanted to court a woman there whose surname was also Choe, but romance between individuals with the same surname was not encouraged in traditional Korean society, due to the possibility of violating the prohibition on marriage between people belonging to the same bongwan (clan).[c] As a result, he revealed his real name to several people.[5]

However, Japanese secret police were increasingly active in Northeast China hunting down Korean partisans, and for his own safety Kim left the region and went to Shanghai.[4] In 1926, he joined the Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army.[4] His second son Kim Young-jai[d] was born around this time.[6] He participated in the Northern Expedition, and was later stationed at Wusong Fort and then the Shanghai Arsenal [zh]. While assigned to the latter post, at the request of Kim Koo of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, he provided Lee Bong-chang and Yun Bong-gil with the bombs used in 1932 in the Sakuradamon assassination attempt against Emperor Hirohito and the Hongkew Park attack on Japanese troops which killed General Yoshinori Shirakawa of the Shanghai Expeditionary Army.[4] During the Shanghai War of 1932, he served as an intelligence officer with the 19th Route Army.[2] In 1934, he was reassigned to the Luoyang branch of the Republic of China Military Academy, where he was in charge of a special course for Korean officer candidates in the ROC army.[7][8]

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Kim was promoted to the rank of major-general in 1939, and lieutenant general in May 1945.[2][4] After the surrender of Japan, he continued to serve in the National Revolutionary Army for a few more years, and was assigned to the Northeast Security Command [zh], in which capacity he organised the repatriation of Koreans from Northeast China to the Korean peninsula.[2]

In South Korea

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Military career

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Official portrait of Kim in 1948 as principal of the Korea Military Academy

In August 1948, Kim moved to South Korea to join the newly formed Republic of Korea Army.[9] He was assigned to be the principal of the Korea Military Academy.[2] In 1949, he finished writing the Outline of National Defense, one of the earliest works of the new country's Ministry of National Defense regarding military strategy.[10][11]

After the outbreak of the Korean War on 25 June 1950, Kim became the commander of the I Corps.[2] During the First Battle of Seoul, the I Corps held a position at Kumchon, North Hwanghae, to the north of Uijeongbu. Once he learned of the North Koreans' 28 June capture of Seoul, Kim had his forces retreat to the south bank of the Han River and set up a defensive line, which they were able to hold for six days until 3 July when North Korea had recovered sufficiently from the demolition of the Hangang Bridge to begin sending tanks across the river.[12] Historian Jongsuk Chay credited the time earned by this operation with "saving the Republic of Korea from communism".[13] Kim went on to fight in the Battle of Pusan Perimeter later that year.[14] However, his conflicts with President Syngman Rhee and American military officers led to his discharge in March 1951.[15]

As a diplomat

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Kim (centre) with Chiang Kai-shek (left) and Syngman Rhee (right) during the latter's state visit to Taipei in 1953

On 3 November 1951, Kim arrived in Taipei, Taiwan, to begin his service as ambassador to the Republic of China [ko].[16] He remained in the position until 13 June 1960.[17][18] On the occasion of his departure, General Peng Meng-chi presented him with the Order of the Cloud and Banner in recognition of his wartime military service to the Republic of China, as well as the second rank of the civilian Order of Brilliant Star.[19] Kim was one of a large number of high-level diplomatic personnel who resigned in the aftermath of the April Revolution, along with ambassador to the U.S. Yang You-chan [ko] and ambassador to Japan Yu Tae-ha [ko].[20] In the aftermath of Park Chung-hee's May 1961 coup, Kim served a brief term as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 21 May until his resignation on 21 July.[21][22] He continued to play a role in foreign affairs after his resignation, and was dispatched to Niger in December 1961 as South Korea's representative to the celebrations for Niger's fourth Republic Day.[23]

In politics

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Kim made his first foray into electoral politics in the 1960 elections as a candidate for the Senate. He announced his intention to run when he resigned from his ambassadorial post.[24] He ran as an independent in the Seoul electoral district, facing off against multiple Democratic Party and Liberal Party candidates.[25] He came in seventh place behind George Paik [ko] (independent), Lee In [ko] (independent), Kim Dong-o (Democratic), Han Dong-suk [ko] (Democratic), Go Hui-dong (Democratic), and Jeon Yong-sun [ko] (Democratic).[26] In December 1961, Kim was chosen as the ninth president of the Korean Veterans Association.[27] In 1962, he was awarded the Independence Medal of the Order of Merit for National Foundation.[4] Kim then ran again in the 1963 elections as one of six Korea Independence Party candidates.[28][29] The party received 1.28% of all votes cast, and failed to secure any seats.[30][31]

Kim's objections to the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea later led him into further conflict with the Park regime.[2] While the treaty negotiations were ongoing, Kim co-authored a series of op-eds along with Association of Families of Patriotic Martyrs president Koo Sung-suh,[e] former Minister of Justice Lee In [ko], Christian philosopher Ham Seok-heon, former prime minister Byeon Yeong-tae, and linguist Kim Yun-gyeong [ko], which were published on the front page of the Kyunghyang Shinmun in February 1965.[32] After the signing of the treaty in June, Kim intensified his public activities in opposition to it. On 27 July, he became a founding member of the Citizens' Council for the Protection of the Fatherland,[f] which aimed to block ratification of the treaty.[33] After he failed to achieve that goal, he issued a statement on behalf of the council calling for the National Assembly to be dissolved and a new general election to be held.[34] Then on 27 August, Kim and ten other Republic of Korea Reserve Forces officers issued another statement calling on the Armed Forces to "maintain political neutrality" in the face of increasing public turmoil relating to the treaty.[35] Two days later, Kim and three co-signers of that statement—former Minister of Defense Park Byung-kwon [ko], former Korean Central Intelligence Agency director Kim Jae-chun [ko], and former minister without portfolio Park Won-bin—were arrested and charged with criminal libel in relation to its contents, and were held at the Seoul Correctional Institute (the former Seodaemun Prison).[36] Further charges of inciting rebellion were laid against the four on 7 September.[37] Kim's three co-defendants were eventually released on ₩50,000 bail on 25 October, while Kim himself was released on the official ground of severe illness.[38]

 
Kim (right) and other National Assembly members with President of the Bundestag Kai-Uwe von Hassel during a visit to West Germany in 1970

In 1967, Kim became a founding member of the opposition New Democratic Party, and was elected to represent Mapo District in the National Assembly in the elections that year.[39][40] In 1969 he was one of the founders of the Pan-Citizens' Committee to Fight Against the Three-Term Constitutional Reform [ko], created in opposition to the constitutional referendum that year which allowed Park to run for a third term as president.[41] He played a larger role in the May 1971 legislative elections, running as an at-large representative and also becoming the acting head of the New Democratic Party following the resignation of Yu Chin-san two weeks before the election.[42][43] He won his election, and also became the official chairman of the New Democratic Party in July following its all-party convention.[44][45]

Throughout 1972, the New Democratic Party was riven by conflicts between Kim's faction, supported by party heavyweights Kim Dae-jung and Yang Il-dong [ko], and the opposing pro-Yu Chin-san faction led by Chyung Yil-hyung [ko]. Matters came to a head at the party convention in September, held in the absence of Kim's faction, which resulted in the return of Yu Chin-san as party chairman.[46] Kim's faction issued a statement denouncing the results and declaring the convention illegal, but the National Election Commission refused Kim's application for an injunction against the Yu Chin-san faction.[47] The following month, Park Chung-hee carried out his October Restoration self-coup and dissolved the National Assembly, and then just a month before the February 1973 elections, Kim's faction broke off from the New Democratic Party and established the Democratic Unification Party [ko].[48][49] However, the Democratic Unification Party performed poorly, and only two of its candidates were elected, Kim not among them.[50] Following the election, Democratic Unification Party leaders expressed regret for participating, and Kim pledged to dedicate the remainder of his life to fighting for the return of democracy.[51] Later that year, he was one of thirty opposition politicians to sign a petition calling for constitutional reform and free elections, and in 1974 he became one of the founding members of the Citizens' Conference for the Restoration of Democracy [ko].[52][53]

Retirement and death

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In 1977 Kim was elected the sixth president of the Korea Liberation Association [ko], an organisation for Korean independence activists and their families.[54] He was re-elected as the seventh president in 1979.[55][56]

Kim died at his home in Hyochang-dong, Yongsan District, Seoul on 8 August 1980. He was survived by his wife Min Gyeong-ran and three sons.[57] Although a public funeral had been planned, in the end Kim's family decided to hold a private funeral at their home, followed by a procession to the Seoul National Cemetery where he was buried. Pastor Kyung-Chik Han of Young Nak Presbyterian Church, the church of which Kim had been a member, presided over the funeral.[58] Roughly 1,500 people visited the family home to pay their respects, including Chun Doo-hwan, United States Forces Korea commander John A. Wickham Jr., and fellow independence activist Lee Kap-sung [ko].[59]

Works

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  • 國防概論 [Outline of National Defense]. Seoul: 高麗書籍 [Goryeo Seojeok]. 1949. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
  • 具聖書 [Koo Sung-suh]; 李仁 [Lee In]; 咸錫憲 [Ham Seok-heon]; 卞榮泰 [Byeon Yeong-tae]; 金弘壹 [Kim Hong-il]; 金允經 [Kim Yun-gyeong] (17–27 February 1965). 日本은 對答하라 [Japan Must Reply]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean).
  • 大陸의 憤怒: 老兵의 回想記 [The Fury of a Continent: An Old Soldier's Memoirs]. 文潮社 [Munjosa]. 1972. OCLC 1020942455. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2018-05-13 – via National Digital Library of Korea.

Notes

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  1. ^ 경신학교; 儆新學校; founded by Kim Ik-du [ko] in 1907. Not to be confused with the Gyeongsin School [ko] in Seoul which is a predecessor of Yonsei University. See 이한순 [Yi Han-sun] (1995). 신천군(信川郡) [Sinchŏn County]. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  2. ^ 貴州陸軍講武學校, the successor of the Guiyang Military Academy [zh] of the Qing Dynasty government
  3. ^ For further details about this custom and its later evolution in South Korean law, see Article 809 of the Korean Civil Code.
  4. ^ 김용재; 金勇哉; reported to be age 72 in 1999.
  5. ^ 순국선열유족회장 구성서; 殉國先烈遺族會長 具聖書. Official website
  6. ^ 조국수호국민협의회; 祖國守護國民協議會

References

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  1. ^ 金鍾文 [Kim Jong-mun] (2014). 金弘壹의 생애와 독립운동 [The Life and Resistance Activities of Kim Hong-il]. Journal of Korean Modern and Contemporary History (in Korean). 68: 177–209. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h 임중빈 [Im Jung-bin] (1995). 김홍일(金弘壹) [Kim Hong-il]. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  3. ^ 윤상원 [Yun Sang-won] (2014). "Kim Hong-il, His Anti-Japanese Armed Struggle in the 1920s" 1920년대 전반기 김홍일의 항일무장투쟁 [Kim Hong-il, His Anti-Japanese Armed Struggle in the 1920s]. Journal of Korean Independence Movement Studies (47): 37–73. doi:10.15799/kimos.2014..47.002. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d e f [이달의 독립운동가] 김홍일 [Independence Activist of the Month: Kim Hong-il]. Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs (South Korea). August 1998. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  5. ^ 김형민 [Kim Hyeong-min] (19 September 2017). '윤봉길 도시락 폭탄'을 기획한 장군 김홍일 [Kim Hong-il, the general who planned 'Yun Bong-gil's lunchbox bomb']. Sisain [ko]. Vol. 522. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  6. ^ <임시정부 수립 80돌>'臨政 지원' 蔣介石 친필문서 첫 공 [80th anniversary of the establishment of the Provisional Government: the first hand-written letter from Chiang Kai-shek]. Seoul Shinmun. 13 April 1999. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  7. ^ 독립운동가 김홍일, 한국광복군 참모장 [Independence activist Kim Hong-il, Chief of Staff of the Korean Liberation Army]. NaverCast. 22 September 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  8. ^ 강주화 [Kang Joo-hwa] (15 August 2015). 윤봉길 도시락 폭탄, 우리 작은 할아버지 작품이에요 [Yun Bong-gil's lunchbox bomb was our great-uncle's creation]. Kukmin Ilbo. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  9. ^ Kim 2014, p. 177
  10. ^ 백기이 [Baek Gi-in] (December 2012). 한국근대 군사사상사 연구 [Research on the History of Military Thought in Contemporary South Korea] (PDF). South Korea: Ministry of Defense. pp. 300–303. ISBN 978-89-89768-85-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  11. ^ 남보람 [Nam Boram] (October 2016). 김홍일 장군의 '국방개론'을 통해 본 창군이념. 1 [Foundational principles of the army as seen through General Kim Hong-il's 'Outline of National Defense', Part 1]. Jayu. 518. Korea Retired Admirals and Generals Association: 20–25. Retrieved 14 May 2018 – via National Assembly Digital Library.
    남보람 [Nam Boram] (November 2016). 김홍일 장군의 '국방개론'을 통해 본 창군이념. 1 [Foundational principles of the army as seen through General Kim Hong-il's 'Outline of National Defense', Part 2]. Jayu. 519. Korea Retired Generals and Admirals Association: 22–27. Retrieved 14 May 2018 – via National Assembly Digital Library.
  12. ^ 이동원 [Lee Dong-won] (2016). "General Kim Hong-il and Han river defensive operation in early Korean war" 6·25전쟁 초기 김홍일의 활동과 예편 [General Kim Hong-il and Han river defensive operation in early Korean war]. Military History. 99 (99): 223–256. doi:10.29212/mh.2016..99.223. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  13. ^ Chay, Jongsuk (2002). Unequal Partners in Peace and War: The Republic of Korea and the United States, 1948–1953. Greenwood. p. 196. ISBN 9780275971250.
  14. ^ Malkasian, Carter (2008). The Korean War. Rosen Publishing. pp. 21–22. ISBN 9781404218345.
  15. ^ Lee 2016, pp. 254–256
  16. ^ 金駐中大使赴任 [Ambassador to China Kim travels to his post]. The Dong-A Ilbo (in Korean). 4 November 1951. p. 2. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  17. ^ 金弘一告別酒會 [Farewell banquet for Kim Hong-il] (in Traditional Chinese). Central News Agency (Taiwan). 10 June 1960. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  18. ^ 金駐中大使辭表 [Ambassador to China Kim resigns]. The Dong-A Ilbo (in Korean). 1 June 1960. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  19. ^ 金大使에 勳章 國府政府서 授與 [Ambassador Kim presented with awards by Nationalist Government]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 11 May 1960. p. 1. Retrieved 12 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  20. ^ 過渡政府는무엇을하였나? [What did the interim government do?]. The Dong-A Ilbo (in Korean). 4 August 1960. p. 2. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  21. ^ 革命内閣드디어成立 [Revolutionary cabinet finally established]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 21 May 1961. p. 1. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  22. ^ 外交使節團의協調에感謝 金外務辭任談 [Foreign Minister Kim resigns due to adjustment of diplomatic delegation]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 22 July 1961. p. 1. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  23. ^ 金弘一特使니젤訪問후歸國 [Special Ambassador Kim Hong-il returns to country after visit to Niger]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 30 December 2018. p. 1. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  24. ^ 駐中 金大使辭表? 參議員 出馬爲해 [Ambassador to China Kim Resigns? Will run for Senate]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 19 May 1960. p. 1. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  25. ^ 各黨,選擧對策에 混線 參議員公薦둘러싸고 [Confusion in all parties' electoral policies, besieged by official nominations for Senators]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 25 June 1960. p. 1. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  26. ^ 參議員開票狀況 [Senate poll results]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 30 July 1960. p. 1. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  27. ^ 在鄕軍人會어제再建總會 [Veterans Association held general meeting for reconstruction yesterday]. The Dong-A Ilbo (in Korean). 13 December 1961. p. 2. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  28. ^ 韓國獨立黨등록 代表는金弘一 [Korea Independence Party registers, representative is Kim Hong-il]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 30 October 1963. p. 1. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  29. ^ 各黨別比例代表登錄者名單 [List of registered representatives of each party]. The Dong-A Ilbo (in Korean). 3 November 1963. p. 2. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  30. ^ 各黨最終得票狀況 [Final poll results of each party]. The Dong-A Ilbo (in Korean). 30 November 1963. p. 1. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  31. ^ 總選의綜合分析 [Overall analysis of the general election]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 29 November 1963. p. 2. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  32. ^ Koo et al. 1965
  33. ^ 祖國守護國民協議會 豫備役將星·敎授·文化人주동 [Reserve generals, professors, cultural figures take the lead in Citizens' Council for the Protection of the Fatherland]. The Dong-A Ilbo (in Korean). 28 July 1965. p. 1. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  34. ^ '國會 解散 總選實施하라' 祖國守護協서 聲明 ['Dissolve the National Assembly and hold a new general election': statement by Fatherland Protection Council]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 19 August 1965. p. 3. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  35. ^ '政治서中立지키라' 豫備役將星들 國軍將兵에呼訴 ['Maintain political neutrality', reserve generals urge Armed Forces personnel]. The Dong-A Ilbo (in Korean). 27 August 1965. p. 1. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via Naver News Library. The actual statement was published as a front-page advertisement in the Kyunghyang Shinmun, and can be seen at 國軍將兵에게 보내는 呼訴文 [A Plea Sent to Armed Forces personnel]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 27 August 1965. p. 1. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  36. ^ 金弘壹·朴炳權·金在春·朴圓彬씨 네豫備役將星 拘束起訴 [Four reserve generals Kim Hong-il, Park Byung-kwon, Kim Jae-chun, and Park Won-bin arrested and charged]. The Dong-A Ilbo (in Korean). 30 August 1965. p. 1. Retrieved 12 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  37. ^ 金弘壹씨등4名追加起訴『內亂煽動』으로 [Additional charges of 'inciting rebellion' against four including Kim Hong-il]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 8 September 1965. p. 3. Retrieved 12 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  38. ^ 朴炳權씨등釋放 地法서職權保釋 [Park Byung-kwon and others released, official bail in District Court]. The Dong-A Ilbo (in Korean). 25 October 1965. p. 1. Retrieved 12 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  39. ^ 新民黨 創黨 [New Democratic Party founded]. Kyunghang Shinmun (in Korean). 7 February 1967. Retrieved 23 June 2021 – via Naver News Library.
  40. ^ 175名의 새國會議員 [The 175 members of the new National Assembly]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 10 June 1967. p. 5. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  41. ^ 三選改憲반대 汎國民鬪委發起人 명단 [List of founders of the Pan-Citizens' Committee to Fight Against the Three-Term Constitutional Reform]. The Dong-A Ilbo. 17 July 1969. p. 2. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
  42. ^ 柳珍山당수辭退 [Yu Chin-san resigns as party head]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 8 May 1971. p. 1. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  43. ^ 金黨代表代行'6월중 全黨대회' [Acting Party Representative Kim: 'All-party convention in mid-June']. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 10 May 1971. p. 1. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  44. ^ 8代國會議員 [Members of the 8th National Assembly]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 27 May 1971. p. 5. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  45. ^ 新民黨首에 金弘壹씨 [Kim Hong-il to be head of New Democratic Party]. The Dong-A Ilbo (in Korean). 21 July 1971. p. 1. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  46. ^ 新民全黨大會 珍山系만으로 强行 [New Democratic Party convention: Chin-san faction alone pushes it through]. The Dong-A Ilbo (in Korean). 26 September 1972. p. 1. Retrieved 16 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  47. ^ 野黨紛爭史 [History of opposition party disputes]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 26 May 1976. p. 3. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  48. ^ 金弘壹씨系 新民黨 떠나기로 鄭一亨씨는 殘留 [Kim Hong-il faction leaves New Democratic Party, Chyung Yil-hyung remains]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 18 January 1973. p. 1. Retrieved 12 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  49. ^ 金弘壹씨新民脫党 民統党에參与할듯 [Kim Hong-il will leave New Democratic Party and join Democratic Unification Party]. Maeil Business Newspaper (in Korean). 19 January 1973. p. 1. Retrieved 12 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  50. ^ 9代議員선거 票의 性向 [Voting propensities in 9th National Assembly elections]. The Dong-A Ilbo (in Korean). 1 March 1973. p. 4. Retrieved 12 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  51. ^ 統一黨간부들, 總選참여를후회 [Unification Party leaders regret participation in general election]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 3 March 1973. p. 2. Retrieved 12 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  52. ^ 在野人士30명'民主主義 回復위해' 改憲請願 百萬人署名운동 [Thirty opposition figures submit constitutional reform petition 'for the restoration of democracy', aim to get one million signatures]. The Dong-A Ilbo (in Korean). 24 December 1973. p. 1. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  53. ^ 民主회복國民會議 창립總會 [Founding general meeting of Citizens' Conference for the Restoration of Democracy]. The Dong-A Ilbo (in Korean). 25 December 1974. p. 1. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  54. ^ 光復會6대會長에金弘壹장군 [General Kim Hong-il to be sixth Korea Liberation Association president]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 20 May 1977. p. 7. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  55. ^ 光復會회장등 8명面談 時局收拾방안 意見교환 [Discussions with eight Korea Liberation Association members including president for exchange of opinions on plans for handling current affairs]. Maeil Business Newspaper (in Korean). 29 November 1979. p. 1. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  56. ^ 연혁 1970~1979 [History 1970–1979] (in Korean). Korea Liberation Association. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  57. ^ 光復會회장金弘壹씨 別世 [Korea Liberation Association president Kim Hong-il passes away]. Maeil Business Newspaper (in Korean). 9 August 1980. p. 1. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  58. ^ 故 金弘壹장군 家族葬 엄수 [Solemn family funeral for late general Kim Hong-il]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 12 August 1980. p. 7. Retrieved 13 May 2018 – via Naver News Library.
  59. ^ 고김홍일장군 장례식 엄수 [Solemn funeral for late general Kim Hong-il]. JoongAng Ilbo (in Korean). 12 August 1980. p. 7. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
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