Perim (Arabic: بريم, romanized: Barīm), also called Mayyun (Arabic: جزيرة ميون) in Arabic, is a Yemeni volcanic island in the Strait of Mandeb at the south entrance into the Red Sea, off the south-west coast of Yemen. It administratively belongs to Dhubab District or Bab al-Mandab District, Taiz Governorate.[1][2] The island of Perim divides the strait of Mandeb into two channels.
Native name: Mayyun | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Bab el-Mandab |
| Administration | |
| Governorate | Taiz governorate |
| District | Bab al-Mandab District |
The island, as a dependency of Aden colony, was a part of the British Empire between 1857 and 1967.
Etymology
editIn ancient time, it was called "the island of Diodorus" (Greek: Διοδώρου νῆσος, Latin: Diodori insula).[3] It is mentioned by Pliny the Elder,[4] by the author of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea[5] and in Ptolemy's Geography.[6] Perim possibly derives from the Arab general term Barim (chain) associated with the history of the Straits and one of its Arab names, the other Arab name being Mayyun. The Portuguese called it Majun or Meho (derived from Mayun), although Albuquerque had solemnly named the island Vera Cruz in 1513. On many British and French maps of the 17th and 18th century the island is called Babelmandel, as the Straits are. Some early 19th century navigation guides still call it the island of Bab-el-Mandeb although they may mention that it is also called Perim.[7] By the time the British permanently occupied the island in 1857, the name Perim had come into general usage.
History
edit
The straits of Bab-el-Mandeb were probably witness to the earliest migrations of modern humans out of Africa roughly 60,000 years ago.[8] At this time the oceans were much lower because so much water was frozen in Ice Age glaciers and the straits were much shallower or dry.[9]
Despite its sheltered natural harbour and strategic location at the entrance of the Red Sea, Perim was largely bypassed by written history until the middle of the 19th century, in good part because the bare, waterless island could not easily sustain life. As a result, only fishermen and pearl divers lived there seasonally, building reed huts with material brought from elsewhere.
In 1513, Afonso de Albuquerque, as part of the Portuguese bid to seize control of the trade routes to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, attacked Aden near the entrance to the Red Sea but failed to capture the fortified city. Having failed in his main objective, he nonetheless sailed for the Red Sea. The Red Sea pilots of those days lived on an island close to Perim and one was secured by sending forward as a decoy an Indian-built ship. The passage of the first Portuguese ship through the Bab-el-Mandeb was the occasion for much ceremony. After having spent some time at the island of Kamaran in preparation for an attack on Jeddah that could not be carried out due to contrary winds, the fleet left Kamaran on its return journey. Perim, which Albuquerque named Vera Cruz, was inspected and pronounced unfit for a fortress due to lack of water.[10]
During the following years, the Portuguese tried several more times to conquer Aden and gain the mastery of the Red Sea, harassing shipping and battling the Egyptian Mamluk, then Ottoman navies, which gradually gained the upper hand. These actions as well as the sending of an annual fleet to blockade the Bab-el-Mandeb and prevent Indian merchant ships from entering the Red Sea most likely involved frequent use of Perim's natural harbour. By the time the Ottomans captured Aden from its local ruler in 1538, the Ottoman fleet was taking control of the Red Sea, maintaining firm control of the Red Sea, the Bab-el-Mandeb and Aden until the 1630s when the Turks were expelled from Yemen and the south half of the Red Sea.[11]
A French naval squadron might have used Perim's natural harbour in the course of a punitive expedition against nearby Mocha in 1737.[12] In 1799, the island was briefly occupied by the British East India Company in preparation for the invasion of Egypt.
Perim under British rule
edit
In 1856, seeing the French-sponsored Suez Canal project as a method to promote French power at Britain's expense, Prime Minister Palmerston agreed to the occupation of Perim as one of many options to counter assumed French political and military ambitions in Egypt and the Red Sea. In December 1856, Lord Elphinstone, the governor of Bombay, wrote to the Resident of Aden that "on the subject of Perim, [..] we have been directed to occupy the island, and that it is the intention of Her Majesty's government that a lighthouse should be built there." He added that since the island had already been taken possession of in the name of the East India Company in 1799, it was considered as a part of the dependencies of India, and therefore no formalities of any kind was necessary. The Resident immediately proceeded to organize a small landing party for the peaceful occupation of the uninhabited island.[13] The actual decision to occupy might have been precipitated by an unfounded report that the French, who were said to have been surveying the area for some time, had dispatched a frigate from Réunion to annex the island.[14][15] The declared reason for the occupation, however, was the urgent need to erect a lighthouse at the entrance of the notoriously dangerous Bab el Mandeb and indeed, after much bickering about the location and other factors, an 11-meter high lighthouse was finally built and inaugurated on 1 April 1861. Despite the lighthouse's operation, the treacherous waters around Perim continued to claim many vessels.[16][17]
Perim was attached to Aden, itself a dependency of the Bombay Presidency, British India. For the next two decades, the only sign of British occupation was the lighthouse and a small detachment from the Aden garrison. Otherwise, the barren waterless island was left to the few fishermen and Somali herders who went there.[18] Occasional proposals by an Aden coaling company to open a branch on the island did not materialize.
While Aden had a fine natural harbour, it became ineffective starting in the mid-19th century as iron and steel ships of greater draught were being built. Starting in the 1860s, many of the larger steamers had to stay well off Aden Harbour, making the process of coaling and taking in provisions both time-consuming and hazardous.[19] This deficiency was not to be overcome until dredging projects began in earnest in the early 1890s.[20]
In 1881, a complete outsider, Hinton Spalding of London, was granted permission to start a coaling station on Perim, whose inner harbour could accommodate vessels of any draught. With the backing of a number of large ship-owners, he launched the Perim Coal Company (PCC) and on 29 August 1883 Perim Harbour supplied coal provisions to its first steamer. This marked the beginning of a struggle between Aden and Perim for the Red Sea coaling business that was to be waged by the two ports until the mid-1930s.[21]
During those 50 years, Perim was to be entirely geared for supplying coal: the harbour, roads and accommodation for workers were laid out for this purpose only. As for Perim's lack of water, it was no more a drawback than at Aden: both ports supplied water from condensers to the ships since Aden water, delivered from out of town, was considered too brackish for the purpose. Before long the PCC was also able to grab the lion's share of the salvage business due to it being very near the most dangerous waters in the area.[22]
Between 1923 and 1927 more coal was being loaded at Perim than at Aden.[23] However, Perim's decline came fast due to its failure to grab a share of the fast-growing oil fuel business that was cornered by Aden as coal-burning steamers were being retired.[23] The PCC went bankrupt in 1935 and Perim slipped back into insignificance.
During the First World War, the Ottoman Turks in Arabia sent a force to threaten Aden and the British communications along the Red Sea. This included an assault on Perim on the 14 and 15 June 1915 when Turks landed on the north coast of the island. They were driven off by a detachment of the 23rd Sikh Pioneers garrisoned on the island under the command of Captain A.G.C. Hutchinson. The troops on the mainland facing the island were subsequently pushed back by troops from Aden supported by the Royal Navy and by the end of the year all threat to the island of Perim had been removed.[24]
In 1964 Perim took on a new role, it became the base for the British Middle East Relay Station. This was built by the British Diplomatic Wireless Service to be a relay station for the World Service of the BBC. The station had been previously based in Somalia and called the East Africa Relay Station but was closed after a disagreement between the new Somali and the British Governments. The same transmitters were used in both stations and were sent back to the DWS main technical base at Crowborough in the UK for a thorough service prior to being set up again on Perim.
The base was built from scratch with new large diesel fuel storage tanks being situated in the port area and a supply pipeline installed to serve the Deltic generators at the transmitter site. 20 prefabricated Houses were built on the western side of the island next to the transmitter site for the engineers and their families. In addition two small barrack blocks provided accommodation for the platoon of Aden based Soldiers that were on a two week ‘RnR rotation’ to provide security. The foundations for all these buildings are still visible on Google Earth. [25]
The station was resupplied by three Aden Airways Dakota flights each week, as there were no shops on the Island these delivered food supplies from the NAAFI in Aden and took engineers and their families to and from Aden on resupply trips. The Army platoon was flown in and out on a combination of Blackburn Beverly, Scottish Aviation Twin Pioneer and De Havilland Beaver flights.
The station started regular broadcasting in early 1965 on 701kHz, the same frequency that had been earlier used in Somalia. Power was likely around 100 kW and was capable of being heard in Australia and New Zealand in the early morning. A disastrous fire broke out in late summer 1965 when one of the main Deltic generators threw a rod. The resulting fire prevented enough power being produced to maintain the broadcast service. While options for the future were being considered many of the British staff were flown to Francistown in Botswana (then Bechuanaland) on a temporary basis to build a small transmitter to broadcast BBC World Service into what was Rhodesia, that country having declared UDI in November 1965.
In the light of the fire damage and the deteriorating security situation in Aden it was decided to move the transmitters up the coast to the Omani island of Masirah. The Perim station was shut down and the transmitters moved before the end of 1966. [26]
British withdrawal and aftermath
editThe British presence continued until 1967 when the island became part of the People's Republic of Southern Yemen. Before the handover, the British government had put forward before the United Nations a proposal for the island to be internationalised as a way to ensure continued security of passage and navigation in the Bab-el-Mandeb,[27][28] but it was refused.
Soon after independence in November 1967, South Yemen extended its territorial waters to 12 miles, which would include the waters between Perim and the mainland. Despite fears expressed by the British government and others, there was no interference with international shipping,[29] until 1971 when the new radical Marxist government of what was now the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY) allowed a group of PFLP guerillas to attack an Israel-bound tanker in the Bab-el-Mandeb from Perim. During the October War, South Yemeni artillery on Perim, along with Egyptian naval units, imposed an undeclared blockade at the southern entrance of the Red Sea. However, after the 1973 blockade, there were to be no further cases of interference with international shipping.[30] The PDRY established close political and military ties with the Soviet Union which resulted in Soviet naval forces gaining access to the former British naval base at Aden as well as to the islands of Perim and Socotra. This strong Soviet military presence faded rapidly after the 1986 military coup in South Yemen and the advent of Perestroika under Mikhail Gorbachev.[31]
Perim Island Airbase
editPerim Island Airbase is located on Perim Island within the Bab el-Mandeb strait; the strait being crucial to Saudi oil production, with Saudi Arabia making up 12-17% of the industry,[32] the largest share by any one sovereign nation. Perim Island is strategically located at the exit of the Red Sea, and at the tail end of the Suez Canal, leading to the recent creation of an airbase. The UAE and Saudi Arabia are both allies of Yemen, but as a result of Yemen's civil war keeping control of its own sovereign territory has become a struggle. The UAE and Saudi Arabia are both accused of taking advantage of this, The UAE due to its increasing military presence in Socotra Island, and the UAE due to Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan's efforts to obtain a 20-year lease to Perim Island. Further backing to Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi's claims, UAE based tugboats have been reported to be shipping materials to Perim Island to aid the construction of the airbase.[33]
2015 Yemen Civil War
editAfter the Houthi takeover in Yemen, the Houthis moved to capture Perim island to consolidate their influence and gain access to the important trade route across the Bab-el-Mandeb strait. Most of Perim's native inhabitants which numbered around 4500, were originally banished from the island during the period when the Soviet Union's military base was in operation. After the beginning of the 2015 Yemen civil war, some of the originally displaced Perim natives joined the Saudi-led intervention in Yemen to regain the island from the Houthis. The local Yemeni inhabitants launched an assault on the Houthis with the support of the United Arab Emirates Armed Forces. The native Perim islanders eventually defeated the Houthis in a violent battle that lasted a couple of hours and led to a power plant being destroyed. The Houthis accused the Saudi-led coalition of being "invaders". The Houthis planted multiple mines in the island and according to the local native leader, they still pose a threat to the resumption of normal life on the island.[34]
In March 2021 it was reported that in 2016 there had been an attempt to create an airbase with a 10,000 ft (3,000 m) runway in the north of the island. It was believed that project was abandoned in 2017 with some structures and the runway outline visible. Satellite images from February 2021 revealed construction had begun on a separate, approximately 6,000 ft (1,800m), runway near this project.[35] In May 2021 Yemeni military officials stated that the United Arab Emirates was building the runway.[36] However, based on a statement on the Saudi state news agency SPA, it was subsequently reported the construction was being carried out by a Saudi-led coalition to secure the area.[37]
Geology
edit
Perim island is an eroded fragment of the southwest flank of a late Miocene volcano whose center was on the southwesternmost tip of Arabia. The volcano is the westernmost of the east–west line of six central vent volcanoes (the Aden line) that extends 200 km (125 mi) along the coast of Arabia from Perim to Aden. It is believed that the volcanism is related to an eastward-propagating rift produced before the most recent stage of sea-floor spreading in the Gulf of Aden.[38]
Geography
editPerim is crab-shaped, 5.63 km (3.50 mi) long and 2.85 km (1.77 mi) wide.[17] It has a surface area of 13 km2 (5.0 sq mi) and rises to an altitude of 65 m (213 ft). Perim encloses a deep and comparatively large natural harbour on the southwestern coast. The fishing village of Mayyun is located at the bottom of the bay.
The island divides the 32 km (20 mi) wide Bab-el-Mandeb into two: the Large Strait, with an average width of 17 km (11 mi), and the Small Strait, varying from 2.5 to 5 km (1.6 to 3.1 mi) in width. The Large Strait is generally deep water varying from about 180 m (590 ft; 98 fathoms) or more in the middle channel to about 5.5 to 11 m (18 to 36 ft; 3.0 to 6.0 fathoms) close to the coastal reefs. The depth of the Small Strait varies from 21.9 to 28.3 m (72 to 93 ft; 12.0 to 15.5 fathoms) and is free from navigational changes in the fairway but strong and irregular tidal streams make navigation hazardous.[39] There have been frequent shipwrecks in the vicinity of Perim, particularly in the Small Strait.
The absence of fresh water on the island has always been one of the major difficulties impeding permanent settlement. Although there are occasional heavy rains, there may be stretches of eight months or more without rain; the long-term average rainfall (in 1821–1912) was about 60 mm (2.4 in) per year.[40] Vegetation is very scarce.
Climate
edit| Climate data for Perim (Barim Island) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.9 (84.0) |
29.4 (84.9) |
30.6 (87.1) |
32.2 (90.0) |
35.0 (95.0) |
36.7 (98.1) |
37.2 (99.0) |
36.7 (98.1) |
36.1 (97.0) |
33.3 (91.9) |
31.1 (88.0) |
29.4 (84.9) |
33.1 (91.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.4 (79.5) |
26.7 (80.1) |
27.8 (82.0) |
29.2 (84.6) |
31.7 (89.1) |
33.1 (91.6) |
33.6 (92.5) |
33.3 (91.9) |
32.5 (90.5) |
30.3 (86.5) |
28.3 (82.9) |
27.0 (80.6) |
30.0 (86.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.9 (75.0) |
23.9 (75.0) |
25.0 (77.0) |
26.1 (79.0) |
28.3 (82.9) |
29.4 (84.9) |
30.0 (86.0) |
30.0 (86.0) |
28.9 (84.0) |
27.2 (81.0) |
25.6 (78.1) |
24.4 (75.9) |
26.9 (80.4) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 5 (0.2) |
3 (0.1) |
5 (0.2) |
3 (0.1) |
2 (0.1) |
2 (0.1) |
3 (0.1) |
5 (0.2) |
13 (0.5) |
3 (0.1) |
3 (0.1) |
3 (0.1) |
50 (2.0) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 71 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 72 | 71 | 69 | 68 | 74 | 72 | 71 | 73 | 72 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 9.2 | 9.1 | 8.7 | 8.4 | 7.7 | 8.3 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 7.2 | 9.1 | 8.4 | 9.3 | 8.2 |
| Source: Arab Meteorology Book[41] | |||||||||||||
Development
editYemen-Djibouti Bridge Project
editIn 2008, a $200-billion mega-project for the construction of a transcontinental bridge linking Yemen and Djibouti via Perim Island, the Bridge of the Horns, was announced by a Dubai-based company, Al Noor Holding Investments. At around 28.5 km (17.7 mi), it would be one of the longest bridges in the world and its suspension portion the longest. However, in June 2010 it was announced that the start of Phase I, the 3.5-kilometre-long (2.2 mi) bridge between the mainland of Yemen and Perim, was being delayed indefinitely until after a framework agreement between Djibouti and Yemen could be signed.[42]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "السياحة في محافظة تعز" [Tourism in Taiz Governorate]. National Information Center (in Arabic). Retrieved 31 October 2022.
- ^ "مديرية باب المندب" [Dhubab District]. Taiz Governorate (in Arabic). Retrieved 31 October 2022.
- ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) - Diodori insula
- ^ "Places".
- ^ Hunter, F. M. (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia. London: Trübner. p. 191. OCLC 1088546.
- ^ Claudius Ptolemy, Geography
- ^ India Directory, or Directions for Sailing to and from the East Indies,[...], London 1836.
- ^ "Early humans' route out of Africa 'confirmed'". BBC News. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
- ^ "Sea Level in the Past 200,000 Years | Coastal Processes, Hazards, and Society". www.e-education.psu.edu. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
- ^ Whiteway, R. S. (1899). The Rise of Portuguese Power in India, 1497–1550. London. pp. 153–157.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Gavin, R. J. (1975). Aden Under British Rule, 1839–1967. New York: Barnes & Noble. pp. 15–17. ISBN 0-06-492337-1.
- ^ Some British historians reported that the French occupied and even annexed the island in 1737 but a French naval historian found no records for an occupation in the logbook of the expedition.Labrousse, Henri (1992). Récits de la Mer Rouge et de l'Océan Indien (in French). Paris: Economica. p. 74. ISBN 2-7178-2276-3.
- ^ Playfair, R. L. (1886). "The true story of the occupation of Perim". The Asiatic Quarterly Review. 2 (July–October). London: 149.
- ^ Gavin 1975, p. 95 (also note 20).
- ^ Contemporary French archives indicate that neither the French government nor the French navy showed interest in Perim. Nevertheless, the episode gave birth to a Royal Navy urban legend according to which during the frigate's stopover in Aden, the French captain and officials were wined and dined until they were too intoxicated to set sail, giving time to the British to quickly dispatch a vessel to Perim to hoist the British flag. Charles Rathbone Low, History of the Indian Navy (1613-1863), Volume 2, p. 385-386.
- ^ Gavin 1975, pp. 94–95.
- ^ a b Peter Pickering & Ingleby Jefferson (2012), Perim Lighthouse, section of Perim Island - The Last Colonial Outpost.
- ^ Gavin 1975, p. 178.
- ^ Gavin 1975, pp. 181–182.
- ^ Gavin 1975, p. 184.
- ^ Gavin 1975, p. 183.
- ^ Gavin 1975, p. 181.
- ^ a b Gavin 1975, p. 291.
- ^ Stephen Luscombe, "Perim Island". The British Empire. Accessed 18 April 2017.
- ^ Neil Spalding
- ^ Norman McLeod Spalding DWS Engineer 1926-2022
- ^ Halliday, Fred (1990). Revolution and Foreign Policy, the Case of South Yemen, 1967-1987. Cambridge University Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-521-32856-X.
- ^ Hakim 1979, pp. 17–18.
- ^ Hakim 1979, pp. 14–15.
- ^ Halliday 1990, pp. 175–176.
- ^ Goodman, Melvin A. (1991). Gorbachev's Retreat: The Third World. Praeger. pp. 87–88. ISBN 0-275-93696-1.
- ^ "OPEC : Saudi Arabia". www.opec.org. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- ^ "Yemen: Mysterious airbase gets built on Mayun island". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- ^ "Gulf Arabs wrest strategic Yemen island from Iran-allied group". Reuters. 5 October 2015.
- ^ Trevithick, Joseph (10 March 2021). "Construction Of A Large Runway Suddenly Appears On Highly Strategic Island In The Red Sea". The Drive. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
- ^ "Mysterious airbase being built on volcanic island off Yemen". The Guardian. Associated Press. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
- ^ "Saudi-led coalition behind mysterious air base on Yemeni island". Daily Sabah. Reuters. 27 May 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
- ^ Mallick, D. I. J.; et al. (1990). "Perim Island, a volcanic remnant at the southern entrance to the Red Sea". Geological Magazine. 127 (4): 309–318. Bibcode:1990GeoM..127..309M. doi:10.1017/S0016756800014874. S2CID 129759907.
- ^ Hakim, Ali A. (1979). The Middle Eastern States and the Law of the Sea. Manchester University Press. p. 12. ISBN 0-7190-0711-9.
- ^ Pickering, Peter & Jefferson, Ingleby (2012). "Rainfall". Perim Island - The Last Colonial Outpost. Forum Gallery Aden. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
- ^ "Appendix I: Meteorological Data" (PDF). Springer. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
- ^ "Bridge of the Horns, Cities of Light: Will They Ever Actually Be Built?". 27 June 2011. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013.
- The Times, London, 1799, 1857, 1858, 1963