Necropolis: Disease, Power, and Capitalism in the Cotton Kingdom

Necropolis: Disease, Power, and Capitalism in the Cotton Kingdom is a book written by Stanford history professor Kathryn Olivarius. Published in 2022, it explores the intersection of yellow fever, slavery, and capitalism in 19th century New Orleans by introducing the concept of immunocapitalism. This term describes how white New Orleanians who survived yellow fever gained social and economic advantages by attaining immunity. Their "immunocapital" opened doors to jobs, loans, and political power, reinforcing existing racial hierarchies.

Necropolis: Disease, Power, and Capitalism in the Cotton Kingdom

Author	Kathryn Olivarius
Genre	19th century American history
Publisher	Belknap Press (Owned by Harvard University Press
Publication date	April 19, 2022
ISBN	9780674241053

Summary

Olivarius states early on in the book that "All forms of capitalism- war, necro-, racial, industrial- arise not because of the irresistible logic of the market but because powerful actors mobilize the materials at their disposal to consolidate their dominance." She further emphasizes that the system of "immunocapitalism," resembles Naomi Klein's concept of "disaster capitalism," in the sense that governments or regimes capitalize on major disasters to implement policies and systems that would typically face resistance from the population. However, in New Orleans, Olivarius argues, the "shocks" weren't individual wars or invasions but recurring epidemics.

Throughout the book, Olivarius argues that yellow fever, a deadly disease rampant in New Orleans, played a crucial role in shaping the city's social and economic structures. The book highlights how white elites, who often survived yellow fever and gained immunity, leveraged their "immunocapital" to consolidate power and wealth. This created a system where immunity became a form of currency, granting access to economic opportunities, social status, and political influence.  This system allowed these elites to profit from the city's position as a major trading port, but it also led to the deaths of many people.

Conversely, enslaved people and free people of color, who were disproportionately affected by the disease due to their living conditions and lack of access to healthcare, were further marginalized. Their vulnerability to yellow fever reinforced existing inequalities and perpetuated their exploitation within the slave economy.

Reviews

Writing in the Journal of Southern History, Kevin McQueeney, an assistant professor at Nicholls State University, states that the book "offers an important examination of the interplay of slavery, capitalism, empire, and public health... and is based on an impressive blend of archival sources, Necropolis is an engrossing and timely work of scholarship."

Viola Franziska Müller, a social historian at the University of Bonn, notes that "Necropolis positions itself at the intersection of the histories of slavery and medicine, a field that has produced a number of extremely insightful works in the past decade... The most recent global pandemic has further intensified the scholarly engagement with medicine and science, and also Olivarius must have written parts of this book when the COVID-19 pandemic was in full swing".

Duke University historian Margaret Humphreys calls Olivarius' work an "excellent reconsideration" of the impact of yellow fever on New Orleans. She praises Olivarius's "rich" descriptions and her ability to "adeptly" resurrect voices from the past, including those of women, the impoverished, and former slaves. However, Humphreys also notes that the book's coverage of the period from 1860 to 1900 feels rushed and suggests that Olivarius may have originally planned to end her analysis at the start of the American Civil War. Despite this, Humphreys concludes that Necropolis is a valuable contribution to the scholarship on yellow fever and the South, and she particularly highlights Olivarius's analysis of the "complex of ideas" that allowed the city's elite to maintain their power in the face of disease.  

Katherine Johnston, a faculty member at Montana State University, believes that Olivarius's use of various sources, such as personal letters, newspapers, medical manuals, magazines, public ordinances, hospital internal records, first-person slave narratives, court cases, and records of insurance companies delivers an "incriminating portrait" of New Orleans' elite who "came to embrace yellow fever... to consolidate their own power."

Awards

• Frederick Jackson Turner Award (2023)
• Prize in American History by the American Historical Association
• James Broussard Book Prize by the Society for Historians of the Early American Republic (SHEAR) (2022)
• Williams Prize by The Historic New Orleans Collection (2022)