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Pauline (Nintendo)

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Pauline (Japanese: ポリーン, Hepburn: Porīn, pronounced [poɾiːɴ]) is a character from the Donkey Kong and Mario video game franchises by Nintendo. She was created by Japanese video game designer Shigeru Miyamoto and debuted in Donkey Kong (1981) as the girlfriend of Mario who must rescue her after she is kidnapped and held captive by Donkey Kong at the top of a large construction site.

Pauline
Mario and Donkey Kong character
Pauline, as seen in Super Mario Odyssey
Pauline, as seen in Super Mario Odyssey
First gameDonkey Kong (1981)
Created byShigeru Miyamoto
Designed by
Voiced by
Various
Portrayed bySally Klein (Donkey Kong ColecoVision commercial)[2]
In-universe information
OriginNew Donk City

She is one of the earliest examples of the damsel in distress archetype in video games, a trope that persisted in the following decades. Pauline was replaced by Princess Peach as Mario's love interest in the Super Mario series, though she continued to appear as Mario's friend in the Mario vs. Donkey Kong series. In 2017, she reappeared as a supporting character in Super Mario Odyssey with a new role as the mayor of New Donk City, and she has since appeared as a playable character in various Mario spin-off games, such as Mario Tennis Aces, Mario Golf: Super Rush, Mario Strikers: Battle League, Mario Kart Tour, and Super Mario Party Jamboree.

Concept and creation

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Pauline was created by Shigeru Miyamoto and other developers for the 1981 arcade game Donkey Kong. She is the first female character in a video game with a speaking role and is cited as an example of a damsel in distress in fiction.[3][4][5]

Miyamoto initially planned to use the characters Popeye, Bluto and Olive Oyl from the Popeye cartoon, but when he failed to obtain the license, he created them as Jumpman (Mario), Donkey Kong and Pauline.[6] Originally, Pauline was known as Lady[a][7] and the game introduced her as Mario's girlfriend. The name Pauline was given after the then-girlfriend of Nintendo of America's warehouse manager, Don James.[8] It was then used in licensed products after the game's release including a collection of figures by Coleco[9] and was eventually used for the NES version of the game, although print ads for the Game & Watch version of the game refer to her as Louise.[10]

Captured by Donkey Kong atop a New York City construction site,[11] the official artwork depicted her disheveled like the 1930s King Kong's Fay Wray in a torn dress and stiletto heels.[12] Cartoonist Leslie Cabarga was hired to create the two-page Donkey Kong advertisement for print publications. His art style was influenced by the cartoons produced by Fleischer Studios. Despite not having prior knowledge of the game, he took inspiration for Pauline from the animated character Betty Boop and drew her in a similar style.[13]

The sounds in Donkey Kong were produced by Hirokazu Tanaka, who attempted to use a voice synthesizer to create Pauline's voice with unsatisfactory results.[13] Miyamoto said that although she initially had English voice lines, they were replaced by sound effects. She originally cried "Help, help!" and said "Nice!" when Mario jumped. Miyamoto explained that an English teacher was asked to listen to the voice lines due to pronunciation concerns and said that it sounded like she was saying "Kelp!", so voices were abandoned.[14]

Super Mario Odyssey producer Yoshiaki Koizumi said that Pauline was chosen as the mayor of New Donk City because the development team wanted the setting to resonate with players and knew that Pauline was a familiar character. He said that she sang the game's theme song, "Jump Up, Super Star!" as she was being developed more as a character and was going to be interested in jazz.[15] Kate Higgins provided the English voice for Pauline for both the song and the game,[16] giving her full-sentence dialogue for the first time, expanding on the audible cries of "Help!" in Donkey Kong (1994) that are intelligible when using a Super Game Boy.

Appearances

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Games

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Pauline debuted as Mario's love interest in Donkey Kong (1981),[17] which was remade for Game Boy,[18] where she was again a typical damsel in distress.

Reappearances of Pauline occurred in Pinball and Famicom BASIC.[7] Outside of Donkey Kong ports and re-releases, she did not make any further appearances until her reintroduction in the Mario vs. Donkey Kong series. She would appear in all of its sequels.

In 2017, Super Mario Odyssey marked her debut in the Super Mario series. She is the singer of "Jump Up, Super Star!" and "Break Free (Lead the Way)". Initially a damsel in distress,[19] Super Mario Odyssey changed her role. She is now the singer of the band The Super Mario Players and the Mayor of New Donk City.[20][21] She serves as a supporting character, helping Mario with his quest.

In Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, she, along with her band, appear on the New Donk City stage; by interacting with them, the player can add extra instruments and vocals to the music. Pauline herself is also featured as a collectible Spirit utilizing her Super Mario Odyssey artwork.[22] In March 2019, Pauline made her debut in a Mario sports spinoff as a playable DLC character in Mario Tennis Aces.[23] In September 2019, she made her racing debut in Mario Kart Tour.[24] She is also a playable DLC character in Mario Kart 8 Deluxe.[25] She has also appeared as a playable character in Mario Golf: Super Rush and Mario Strikers: Battle League.[26] Pauline made her Mario Party debut in the game, Super Mario Party Jamboree.[27]

Other media

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Pauline appears as a regular character in Saturday Supercade in the Donkey Kong episodes within the Saturday Supercade show. Voiced by Judy Strangis, Pauline plays the role as Mario's assistant or partner and is often seen alongside him in the various episodes. The two work together to capture Donkey Kong throughout the series. Pauline can also be seen helping Stanley in the penultimate episode.[citation needed]

Pauline makes a cameo appearance in The Super Mario Bros. Movie where she serves as the Mayor of New York City and is being interviewed during a flooding crisis. This is in contrast to her role as mayor of New Donk City, a possible parallel to the real-life New York City. [28] This incarnation of the character is voiced by Jessica DiCicco.[29]

Reception

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Pauline's history as Mario's girlfriend was noted by Mike Fahey of Kotaku, who commented that while Mario and Princess Peach have become "iconic" characters in gaming, "no one gives a damn" about what happened to Pauline.[30] IGN commented that Pauline was the character that "started it all" by being the captive of Donkey Kong and likened her tight red dress to Jessica Rabbit.[31] ABC described her as "the great forgotten character of the Nintendo universe" and charted Pauline's relationship with Mario, highlighting that Nintendo clearly illustrated their love in Donkey Kong by a pink heart but afterwards she was completely forgotten and later downgraded to Mario's friend.[32] Christopher Hooton writing for The Independent noted that Pauline had been swiftly replaced by Princess Peach as Mario's love interest for over 25 years, while Pauline "has remained drifting on the fringes of Mario titles, her story only being advanced by the unrequited libidinous advances of Donkey Kong".[33] Writing in Popular Culture Review, G. Christopher Williams and Brady Simenson considered Pauline's lack of nobility to be significant. Drawing parallels with the fictional King Kong filmmaker Carl Denham who seeks an actress in New York City and finds Ann Darrow, they argued that Mario, as a working-class character, climbs up to reach Pauline as a method of social mobility, particularly as Pauline is depicted with a slightly higher social status.[34]

Author Nathan Altice highlighted the similarities in Pauline's design to Fay Wray, the archetypal damsel in distress of King Kong, but also opined that her long dress, long hair and boots bore similarities to the 19th century Wild West. He also compared her attire and role as damsel to the silent film serials of the 1910s, particularly The Perils of Pauline.[35] Ethan Gach from Kotaku described Pauline's role in the 1981 Donkey Kong game as "one of the earliest examples of the 'damsel in distress' trope that would haunt games for decades to come". He opined that although Shigeru Miyamoto had explained Nintendo's reliance on damsels by stating that the game has been designed for male gamers in arcades, it was actually the result of applying "outdated notions of identity and gender roles after the fact instead of at the start".[36] Tim Mulkerin of Mic said that Pauline diverged from other love interests of Mario by being a "run-of-the-mill, absurdly-beautiful-yet-helpless human woman" rather than a princess, but thought that her conversion from damsel to empowered politician in Super Mario Odyssey was a "fun inversion of a tired trope".[37]

After her reappearance in Super Mario Odyssey, her character was praised for overcoming the damsel in distress archetype to become a woman of power. Bleeding Cool wrote about how it was a "big deal" for Pauline's sudden return, feeling it was an injustice that she had been relegated to merely a plot point until then, citing it as "one hell of a patriarchy-smashing comeback".[38] Paste writer Holly Green included Mayor Pauline as one of the best new game characters of 2017, stating that her career and talent as a singer made her an aspirational figure, while also describing her as "one of the oldest and most overlooked characters in the Mario universe".[39] Nadia Oxford of USGamer included Pauline in a list of best new Nintendo characters of the past decade, commenting that she admired the character for ruling New Donk City with a "perfumed iron fist".[40] GameRevolution highlighted that following her appearance in Mario Tennis Aces, players responded positively to her sex appeal and noted that she had inspired a dedicated fanbase.[41]

In 2013, game developer Mike Mika ignited a gender role debate on social media after writing about his game mod of Donkey Kong, which he developed for his daughter who said that she wanted to save Mario in the game and play as Pauline. After replacing the game sprites to make Pauline the player character, his progress was posted online and resulted in numerous comments, some of which were positive and some "downright disturbing".[42]

Notes

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  1. ^ Japanese: レディ, Hepburn: Redi

References

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  1. ^ "Donkey Kong Cereal". Behind The Voice Actors. Archived from the original on 30 May 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  2. ^ "Donkey Kong (Commercial, 1982)". YouTube. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  3. ^ Ray, Sheri Graner (2004). Gender inclusive game design ... – Google Books. Charles River Media. ISBN 978-1-58450-239-5. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
  4. ^ Text technology: the journal of ... – Google Books. 9 September 2008. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
  5. ^ Lind, Rebecca Ann (3 September 2009). Race, gender, media: considering ... – Google Books. Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 978-0-205-34419-2. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
  6. ^ Tappin, Steve (8 July 2016). "It's on like Donkey Kong! The angry ape with an eye for the ladies is 35..." BBC Three. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  7. ^ a b "Pauline (Nintendo) Biography". IGN. Archived from the original on 12 January 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
  8. ^ Nintendo (15 June 2018). "Arcade Archives Gameplay – Nintendo Treehouse: Live – E3 2018". Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021 – via YouTube.
  9. ^ "Figurine of Pauline by Coleco". Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  10. ^ Eric Caoili (16 September 2007). "Promotional Consideration: Multi Screen". EndGadget. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  11. ^ "マリオ映画公開記念！宮本茂さんインタビュー 制作の始まりから驚きの設定まで" [Commemorating the release of the Mario movie! Interview with Shigeru Miyamoto From the beginning of production to the surprising setting]. Nintendo Dream (in Japanese). 25 April 2023. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. もともと『マリオブラザーズ』は、土管がいっぱいあるニューヨークの地下で活躍する兄弟、ニューヨークのなかでもたぶんブルックリン、というところまで勝手に決めていて。『ドンキーコング』は舞台がニューヨークですし。[Miyamoto: Originally, Mario Bros. was arbitrarily decided as brothers who are active in the underground of New York, where there are many clay pipes, and probably Brooklyn in New York. Donkey Kong is set in New York.]
  12. ^ Ray, Sheri Graner (2004). Gender Inclusive Game Design: Expanding the Market. Hingham, Massachusetts: Charles Rivers Media, Inc.
  13. ^ a b Horowitz, Ken (30 July 2020). Beyond Donkey Kong: A History of Nintendo Arcade Games. McFarland. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-4766-4176-8. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  14. ^ Robson, Daniel (20 October 2016). "Shigeru Miyamoto Shares Secrets of Mario and Donkey Kong's Creation". IGN. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  15. ^ Alexander, Julia (14 June 2017). "Super Mario Odyssey producer explains why Pauline has returned". Polygon. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  16. ^ Hilliard, Kyle. "Kate Higgins On Playing Pauline And Singing "Jump Up Superstar" For Super Mario Odyssey". Game Informer. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  17. ^ "Donkey Kong". IGN. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
  18. ^ "Donkey Kong". IGN. Archived from the original on 1 August 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
  19. ^ "Character Spotlight: Pauline". GameTyrant. 13 May 2019. Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  20. ^ Hilliard, Kyle (13 June 2017). "Super Mario Odyssey's Creators Don't Dismiss Guest Appearance From Donkey Kong". Game Informer. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  21. ^ Mulkerin, Tim (13 June 2017). "Mayor Pauline in 'Super Mario Odyssey' has amazingly deep ties to Nintendo's legacy". Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  22. ^ Hernández, David (21 December 2018). "Todos los espíritus en Super Smash Bros Ultimate". Hobby Consolas. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  23. ^ Wales, Matt (28 February 2019). "Pauline joins the Mario Tennis Aces line-up tomorrow". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
  24. ^ McWhertor, Michael (24 September 2019). "Mario Kart Tour adds Pauline to the racing roster". Polygon. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  25. ^ Nintendo of America (September 14, 2023). Mario Kart 8 Deluxe - Booster Course Pass Wave 6 - Nintendo Switch 9.14.2023 Archived 14 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine. YouTube. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
  26. ^ Gerblick, Jordan (22 September 2022). "Mario Strikers Battle League adds Diddy Kong and Pauline as playable characters". GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  27. ^ Dinsdale, Ryan (30 August 2024). "Pauline Is Playable in Super Mario Party Jamboree". IGN. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  28. ^ "Our favorite 'Super Mario Bros. Movie' Easter eggs: Game references, cameos & more". SYFY Official Site. 5 April 2023. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  29. ^ Yes! I voice the newscaster! Archived 21 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ Fahey, Mike (30 June 2011). "So That's What Happened To Mario And Pauline". Kotaku. Archived from the original on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  31. ^ Mario's Ladies: The Princesses of Mario Galaxy – IGN, 14 November 2007, archived from the original on 28 December 2019, retrieved 18 January 2021
  32. ^ "Pauline, la novia que Mario abandonó para corretear tras la princesa Peach". Diario ABC (in Spanish). 5 July 2014. Archived from the original on 31 May 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  33. ^ Hooton, Christopher (14 February 2014). "Valentine's Day: Spare a thought for Super Mario's forgotten". The Independent. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  34. ^ Williams, G. Christopher (2018). "Why Mario Works: Super Mario as Transformative Icon for the Working Class" (PDF). Popular Culture Review. 29 (2): 214–5. doi:10.1002/j.2831-865X.2018.tb00239.x. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  35. ^ Altice, Nathan (8 September 2017). I Am Error: The Nintendo Family Computer / Entertainment System Platform. MIT Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-262-53454-3. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  36. ^ "In Super Mario Odyssey Gaming's Original Damsel In Distress Might Finally Get Her Due". Kotaku. 17 June 2017. Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  37. ^ "Mayor Pauline 'Donkey Kong': New Donk City's leader in 'Super Mario Odyssey' is a returning guest". Mic. 13 June 2017. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  38. ^ Ricchiuto, Madeline (3 November 2017). ""Apparently It's A Pretty Big Deal": Kate Higgins On Giving Pauline A Voice After 36 Years". Bleeding Cool. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  39. ^ "The Best New Game Characters of 2017". 12 December 2017. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  40. ^ Oxford, Nadia (28 May 2020). "Who is the Best New Nintendo Character of the Past Decade?". USGamer. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  41. ^ Treese, Tyler (1 March 2019). "Mario Tennis Aces players are thirsty over 'thicc' Pauline". GameRevolution. Archived from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
  42. ^ Mika, Mike. "Why I Hacked Donkey Kong for My Daughter". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
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