Political posturing, also known as political grandstanding (from the notion of performing to crowds in the grandstands), political theatre, or "kabuki",[1] is the use of speech or actions to gain political support through emotional or affective appeals. It applies especially to appeals that are seen as hollow or lacking political or economic substance, or to superficial appeals that may not reflect a person's genuine ideology or political preferences.
Description
editPolitics involves, among other aspects, the use of communication to reconcile differences, persuade fellow citizens, and reach decisions about governing or social order.[2] While public speaking and other forms of communication are thus a part of political activity, speaking that is regarded as shallowly signalling positions without substantively affecting policy or government structures is often criticized.[3]
News media may encourage or contribute to political posturing or grandstanding by presenting politicians' speeches or other performances to their constituents.[4] Elected politicians appear to use speeches not directly related to legislating as an opportunity to present a preferred image. For example, one study of the United States Congress found that the length of sessions has increased since the introduction of live television coverage. The speeches broadcast include what the study authors call "persuasive advertising campaigns to win the production contract from [politicians'] constituencies."[4]
Posturing may be seen not only in political rhetoric but also in legislative, law enforcement, or other official actions undertaken not on the basis of their effectiveness, but in order to reduce or deflect criticism aimed at public officials.[5] It is common for people to react emotionally rather than rationally to crisis or controversy. In response, political actors may undertake visible yet superficial actions, as these are relatively easy to understand or to see, and they may satisfy emotional responses such as anger or fear more quickly than would be necessary for in-depth substantive responses. If a political actor can take credit for quick response, and if more effective responses are less likely to gain support in the short-term, there may be pressure in favor of political posturing.[5]
Justin Tosi and Brandon Warmke use the term "moral grandstanding" to describe similar behavior where people exaggerate emotions and opinions in a public forum in order to gain social status, especially among people who agree with them. This can also involve public shaming, abandonment of nuance and context, and a mob mentality of trumped-up charges and excessive outrage. Jonathan Haidt and Tobias Rose-Stockwell note this happens on social media.[6]
Potential harm
editIn representative political systems, elected leaders may be pressured to take highly visible action in order to appeal to voters or influence public opinion in their favor.[7] Concern for reelection or popularity may cause political leaders to act in ways that available information or prevailing political ideology suggest are not the best course of action. Such political posturing may have short-term positive value for individual politicians, but negative consequences for the society in the medium- or long term. Various political structures, such as separation of powers or judicial review may be put in place to ameliorate the harm of political posturing. In some cases, however, such structures may allow for more political posturing by protecting politicians from potential negative consequences.[7]
In a related way, elected representatives may use speeches, committee votes, or other political action to promote themselves to constituents or to interest group such as lobbyists or political donors, sometimes in ways that harm the process of governing.[8]
Kabuki
editKabuki is a term used by American political pundits as a synonym for political posturing.[1] It acquired this derogatory meaning after drawn out peace-time treaty negotiations between the United States and Japan which had extended to 1960, and because Japan, in an effort "to shed its image as a global marauder" sent kabuki theater tours to the U.S. after World War II to sow the seeds of goodwill.[1] It first appeared in print in 1961 in the Los Angeles Times in an article written by Henry J. Taylor.[1] In the United Kingdom, analysts and commentators may refer to a similar phenomenon as political theatre.[9]
In common English usage, a kabuki dance, also kabuki play,[10] is an activity or drama carried out in real life in a predictable or stylized fashion, reminiscent of the kabuki style of Japanese stage play.[1][11][12] It refers to an event that is designed to create the appearance of conflict or of an uncertain outcome, when in fact the actors have worked together to determine the outcome beforehand. For example, Tom Brokaw used the term to describe U.S. Democratic party and U.S. Republican party political conventions,[11] which purport to be competitive contests to nominate presidential candidates, yet in reality the nominees are known well beforehand.
A more recent example of the use of this phrase by popular media in a Wall Street Journal article on the Supreme Court nomination hearing of Justice Sonia Sotomayor.[13] Representative Rosa DeLauro, a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Connecticut, also used the term to refer to the Republican Party effort to repeal the 2010 health-care reform act, telling reporters, "It's a kabuki dance. The fact of the matter is we're not going to repeal it."[14]
Covert political statement
editIn situations where free expression or access to public space are limited, as by authoritarian governments or other oppressive forces, political posturing may take covert forms, such as religious or artistic expressions. In some settings where government authorities suppress political action, the Church or other religious institutions provide an alternative site for people to express displeasure with their society, for example by decrying evil rather than overtly challenging state authorities.[15] Similarly, political drama or other highly politicized art can serve either to protest against, or to spread ideas in support of political positions or authorities. The use of such covert messaging is sometimes regarded negatively, as manipulative propaganda, but may also be regarded as neutral or positive.[16]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e Lackman, Jon (April 14, 2010). "It's Time To Retire Kabuki: The word doesn't mean what pundits think it does". Slate.
- ^ Hague, Rod; Harrop, Martin; Breslin, Shaun (1998). Comparative Government and Politics: An Introduction. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-69632-3.
- ^ Chilton, Paul (2004). Analyzing Political Discourse. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31472-0.
- ^ a b Mixon, Franklin G.; Hobson, David L.; Upadhyaya, Kamal P. (2001). "Gavel-to-Gavel Congressional Television Coverage as Political Advertising: The Impact of C-Span on Legislative Sessions". Economic Inquiry. 39 (3): 351–364. doi:10.1093/ei/39.3.351.
- ^ a b Carter, David L. (2000). "Community policing and political posturing: Playing the game". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.527.9194.
- ^ Jonathan Haidt; Tobias Rose-Stockwell (December 2019). "The Dark Psychology of Social Networks: Why it feels like everything is going haywire". The Atlantic.
- ^ a b Fox, Justin; Stephenson, Matthew C. (2011). "Judicial Review as a Response to Political Posturing". The American Political Science Review. 105 (2): 397–414. doi:10.1017/S0003055411000116. JSTOR 41495072. S2CID 10698379.
- ^ D'Angelo, James; Ranalli, Brent (2019). "The dark side of sunlight: How transparency helps lobbyists and hurts the public". Foreign Affairs. 98.
- ^ For example:
Bennister, Mark; Larkin, Phil (2018). "14: Accountability in Parliament". In Leston-Bandeira, Cristina; Thompson, Louise (eds.). Exploring Parliament. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 149–150. ISBN 978-0-19-878843-0. Retrieved 2018-09-22.
Though occasionally the sessions are illuminating in the way they expose how much control of policy detail prime ministers possess, they are still political theatre in which MPs wish to make overlong statements, or, in the words of one Chair, 'give a PM a bloody nose' [...]. [...] Although the [Liaison Committee] sessions were initially mocked as 'bore-a-thons' that failed to deliver the headline-generating political theatre journalists may have hoped for, that is in fact the key point: the sessions can involve exchanges on broad government strategy and contemporary issues [...].
- ^ Schechter, Danny. The kabuki play on Capitol Hill. Al Jazeera English, 31 July 2011. Accessed 1 August 2011.
- ^ a b Webber, Elizabeth; Mike Feinsilber (1999). Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Allusions. Merriam-Webster. pp. 300. ISBN 0-87779-628-9.
- ^ Mundy, Alicia (2006-06-13). "Budget's released: Everybody dance!". Seattle Times.
- ^ Greenberg, David (2009-07-23). "The Supreme Court Kabuki Dance". Wall Street Journal.
- ^ Altman, Alex (2011-01-05). "The GOP House's Opening Act: Making a Statement — or Making a Mockery?". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on January 7, 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
- ^ Dube, Zorodzai (2012). "Casting Out Demons in Zimbabwe: A Coded Political Posturing". Exchange. 41 (4): 352–363. doi:10.1163/1572543x-12341238.
- ^ "Agitprop". Encyclopedia Britannica. June 11, 2002.