Wikipedia

Quantum engineering

(Redirected from Draft:Quantum Engineering)

Quantum engineering is the development of technology that capitalizes on the laws of quantum mechanics. Quantum engineering uses quantum mechanics as a toolbox for the development of quantum technologies, such as quantum sensors or quantum computers.

Colloidal quantum dots irradiated with a UV light. Different sized quantum dots emit different colour light due to quantum confinement.

Many devices that people utilize rely on quantum mechanical effects and have revolutionized the society through medicine, optical communication, high-speed internet, and high-performance computing, just to mention a few examples. After the technological advances that brought us lasers, MRI imagers and transistors, a second wave of quantum technologies is expected to impact society in a similar way. These new technologies are expected to make use of quantum coherence, relying upon the progress achieved in the last century in understanding and controlling atomic-scale systems. Quantum mechanical effects are used as a resource in novel technologies with far-reaching applications, including quantum sensors[1][2] and novel imaging techniques,[3] secure communication (quantum internet)[4][5][6] and quantum computing.[7][8][9][10][11]

History

edit

The field of quantum technology was explored in a 1997 book by Gerard J. Milburn.[12] It was then followed by a 2003 article by Milburn and Jonathan P. Dowling,[13] and a separate publication by David Deutsch on the same year.[14]

The application of quantum mechanics was evident in several technologies. These include laser systems, transistors and semiconductor devices, as well as other devices such as MRI imagers. The UK Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL) grouped these devices as 'quantum 1.0' to differentiate them from what it dubbed as 'quantum 2.0'. This is a definition of the class of devices that actively create, manipulate, and read out quantum states of matter using the effects of superposition and entanglement.[15]

From 2010 onwards, multiple governments have established programmes to explore quantum technologies,[16] such as the UK National Quantum Technologies Programme,[17] which created four quantum 'hubs'. These hubs are found at the Centre for Quantum Technologies in Singapore, and QuTech, a Dutch center to develop a topological quantum computer.[18] In 2016, the European Union introduced the Quantum Technology Flagship,[19][20] a €1 Billion, 10-year-long megaproject, similar in size to earlier European Future and Emerging Technologies Flagship projects. [21][22] In December 2018, the United States passed the National Quantum Initiative Act, which provides a US$1 billion annual budget for quantum research.[23] China is building the world's largest quantum research facility with a planned investment of 76 billion Yuan (approx. €10 Billion).[24][25] Indian government has also invested 8000 crore Rupees (approx. US$1.02 Billion) over 5-years to boost quantum technologies under its National Quantum Mission.[26]

In the private sector, large companies have made multiple investments in quantum technologies. Organizations such as Google, D-wave systems, and University of California Santa Barbara[27] have formed partnerships and investments to develop quantum technology.

Applications

edit

Secure communications

edit
Main article: Quantum communication

Quantum secure communication is a method that is expected to be 'quantum safe' in the advent of quantum computing systems that could break current cryptography systems using methods such as Shor's algorithm. These methods include quantum key distribution (QKD), a method of transmitting information using entangled light in a way that makes any interception of the transmission obvious to the user. Another method is the quantum random number generator, which is capable of producing truly random numbers unlike non-quantum algorithms that merely imitate randomness.[28]

Computing

edit
Main article: Quantum computing

Quantum computers are expected to have a number of important uses in computing fields such as optimization and machine learning. They are perhaps best known for their expected ability to carry out Shor's algorithm, which can be used to factorize large numbers and is an important process in the securing of data transmissions.

Quantum simulators are types of quantum computers intended to simulate a real world system, such as a chemical compound.[29][30] Quantum simulators are simpler to build as opposed to general purpose quantum computers because complete control over every component is not necessary.[29] Current quantum simulators under development include ultracold atoms in optical lattices, trapped ions, arrays of superconducting qubits, and others.[29]

Sensors

edit
Main article: Quantum sensor

Quantum sensors are expected to have a number of applications in a wide variety of fields including positioning systems, communication technology, electric and magnetic field sensors, gravimetry[31] as well as geophysical areas of research such as civil engineering[32] and seismology.

Education programs

edit

Quantum engineering is evolving into its own engineering discipline. The quantum industry requires a quantum-literate workforce, a missing resource at the moment. Currently, scientists in the field of quantum technology have mostly either a physics or engineering background and have acquired their ”quantum engineering skills” by experience. A survey of more than twenty companies aimed to understand the scientific, technical, and “soft” skills required of new hires into the quantum industry. Results show that companies often look for people that are familiar with quantum technologies and simultaneously possess excellent hands-on lab skills.[33]

Several technical universities have launched education programs in this domain. For example, ETH Zurich has initiated a Master of Science in Quantum Engineering, a joint venture between the electrical engineering department (D-ITET) and the physics department (D-PHYS), and the University of Waterloo has launched integrated postgraduate engineering programs within the Institute for Quantum Computing.[34][35] Similar programs are being pursued at Delft University, Technical University of Munich, MIT, CentraleSupélec and other technical universities.

In the realm of undergraduate studies, opportunities for specialization are sparse. Nevertheless, some institutions have begun to offer programs. The Université de Sherbrooke offers a bachelor of science in quantum information,[36] University of Waterloo offers a quantum specialization in its electrical engineering program, and the University of New South Wales offers a bachelor of quantum engineering.[37]

Students are trained in signal and information processing, optoelectronics and photonics, integrated circuits (bipolar, CMOS) and electronic hardware architectures (VLSI, FPGA, ASIC). In addition, they are exposed to emerging applications such as quantum sensing, quantum communication and cryptography and quantum information processing. They learn the principles of quantum simulation and quantum computing, and become familiar with different quantum processing platforms, such as trapped ions, and superconducting circuits. Hands-on laboratory projects help students to develop the technical skills needed for the practical realization of quantum devices, consolidating their education in quantum science and technologies.

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Degen, C. L.; Reinhard, F.; Cappellaro, P. (2017-07-25). "Quantum sensing". Reviews of Modern Physics. 89 (3): 035002. arXiv:1611.02427. Bibcode:2017RvMP...89c5002D. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.89.035002. S2CID 2555443.
  2. ^ Boss, J. M.; Cujia, K. S.; Zopes, J.; Degen, C. L. (2017-05-26). "Quantum sensing with arbitrary frequency resolution". Science. 356 (6340): 837–840. arXiv:1706.01754. Bibcode:2017Sci...356..837B. doi:10.1126/science.aam7009. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 28546209. S2CID 33700486.
  3. ^ Moreau, Paul-Antoine; Toninelli, Ermes; Gregory, Thomas; Padgett, Miles J. (2019). "Imaging with quantum states of light". Nature Reviews Physics. 1 (6): 367–380. arXiv:1908.03034. Bibcode:2019NatRP...1..367M. doi:10.1038/s42254-019-0056-0. ISSN 2522-5820. S2CID 189928693.
  4. ^ Liao, Sheng-Kai; Cai, Wen-Qi; Liu, Wei-Yue; Zhang, Liang; Li, Yang; Ren, Ji-Gang; Yin, Juan; Shen, Qi; Cao, Yuan; Li, Zheng-Ping; Li, Feng-Zhi (2017). "Satellite-to-ground quantum key distribution". Nature. 549 (7670): 43–47. arXiv:1707.00542. Bibcode:2017Natur.549...43L. doi:10.1038/nature23655. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 28825707. S2CID 205259539.
  5. ^ Yin, Juan; Li, Yu-Huai; Liao, Sheng-Kai; Yang, Meng; Cao, Yuan; Zhang, Liang; Ren, Ji-Gang; Cai, Wen-Qi; Liu, Wei-Yue; Li, Shuang-Lin; Shu, Rong (2020). "Entanglement-based secure quantum cryptography over 1,120 kilometres". Nature. 582 (7813): 501–505. Bibcode:2020Natur.582..501Y. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2401-y. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 32541968. S2CID 219692094.
  6. ^ Chen, Yu-Ao; Zhang, Qiang; Chen, Teng-Yun; Cai, Wen-Qi; Liao, Sheng-Kai; Zhang, Jun; Chen, Kai; Yin, Juan; Ren, Ji-Gang; Chen, Zhu; Han, Sheng-Long (2021). "An integrated space-to-ground quantum communication network over 4,600 kilometres". Nature. 589 (7841): 214–219. Bibcode:2021Natur.589..214C. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03093-8. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 33408416. S2CID 230812317.
  7. ^ Ladd, T. D.; Jelezko, F.; Laflamme, R.; Nakamura, Y.; Monroe, C.; O’Brien, J. L. (2010). "Quantum computers". Nature. 464 (7285): 45–53. arXiv:1009.2267. Bibcode:2010Natur.464...45L. doi:10.1038/nature08812. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 20203602. S2CID 4367912.
  8. ^ Arute, Frank; Arya, Kunal; Babbush, Ryan; Bacon, Dave; Bardin, Joseph C.; Barends, Rami; Biswas, Rupak; Boixo, Sergio; Brandao, Fernando G. S. L.; Buell, David A.; Burkett, Brian (2019). "Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor". Nature. 574 (7779): 505–510. arXiv:1910.11333. Bibcode:2019Natur.574..505A. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1666-5. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 31645734. S2CID 204836822.
  9. ^ Georgescu, Iulia (2020). "Trapped ion quantum computing turns 25". Nature Reviews Physics. 2 (6): 278. Bibcode:2020NatRP...2..278G. doi:10.1038/s42254-020-0189-1. ISSN 2522-5820. S2CID 219505038.
  10. ^ MacQuarrie, Evan R.; Simon, Christoph; Simmons, Stephanie; Maine, Elicia (2020). "The emerging commercial landscape of quantum computing". Nature Reviews Physics. 2 (11): 596–598. arXiv:2202.12733. Bibcode:2020NatRP...2..596M. doi:10.1038/s42254-020-00247-5. ISSN 2522-5820. S2CID 225134962.
  11. ^ Zhong, Han-Sen; Wang, Hui; Deng, Yu-Hao; Chen, Ming-Cheng; Peng, Li-Chao; Luo, Yi-Han; Qin, Jian; Wu, Dian; Ding, Xing; Hu, Yi; Hu, Peng (2020). "Quantum computational advantage using photons". Science. 370 (6523): 1460–1463. arXiv:2012.01625. Bibcode:2020Sci...370.1460Z. doi:10.1126/science.abe8770. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 33273064. S2CID 227254333.
  12. ^ Schrödinger's Machines, G.J.Milburn, W H Freeman & Co. (1997) Archived August 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Dowling, J. P.; Milburn, G. J. (2003). "Quantum Technology: The Second Quantum Revolution". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. 361 (1809): 1655–1674. arXiv:quant-ph/0206091. Bibcode:2003RSPTA.361.1655D. doi:10.1098/rsta.2003.1227. PMID 12952679.
  14. ^ "Physics, Philosophy, and Quantum Technology," D.Deutsch in the Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Quantum Communication, Measurement and Computing, Shapiro, J.H. and Hirota, O., Eds. (Rinton Press, Princeton, NJ. 2003)
  15. ^ J. Pritchard and S. Till. "UK Quantum Technology Landscape 2014"
  16. ^ Thew, Rob; Jennewein, Thomas; Sasaki, Masahide (2019). "Focus on quantum science and technology initiatives around the world". Quantum Science and Technology. 5: 010201. doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ab5992.
  17. ^ Knight, Peter; Walmsley, Ian (2019). "UK national quantum technology programme". Quantum Science and Technology. 4 (4): 040502. Bibcode:2019QS&T....4d0502K. doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ab4346. hdl:10044/1/75584.
  18. ^ 'A little bit, better' The Economist, 18th June 2015
  19. ^ Riedel, Max F.; Binosi, Daniele; Thew, Rob; Calarco, Tommaso (2017). "The European quantum technologies flagship programme". Quantum Science and Technology. 2 (3): 030501. Bibcode:2017QS&T....2c0501R. doi:10.1088/2058-9565/aa6aca.
  20. ^ Riedel, Max; Kovacs, Matyas; Zoller, Peter; Mlynek, Jürgen; Calarco, Tommaso (2019). "Europe's Quantum Flagship initiative". Quantum Science and Technology. 4 (2): 020501. Bibcode:2019QS&T....4b0501R. doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ab042d.
  21. ^ "Europe Will Spend €1 Billion to Turn Quantum Physics into Quantum Technology - IEEE Spectrum".
  22. ^ Gibney, Elizabeth (2016). "Europe plans giant billion-euro quantum technologies project". Nature. 532 (7600): 426. Bibcode:2016Natur.532..426G. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.19796. PMID 27121819.
  23. ^ Raymer, Michael G.; Monroe, Christopher (2019). "The US National Quantum Initiative". Quantum Science and Technology. 4 (2): 020504. Bibcode:2019QS&T....4b0504R. doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ab0441.
  24. ^ "China building world's biggest quantum research facility". September 11, 2017. Retrieved 2018-05-17.
  25. ^ Zhang, Qiang; Xu, Feihu; Li, Li; Liu, Nai-Le; Pan, Jian-Wei (2019). "Quantum information research in China". Quantum Science and Technology. 4 (4): 040503. Bibcode:2019QS&T....4d0503Z. doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ab4bea.
  26. ^ Padma, T. V. (2020-02-03). "India bets big on quantum technology". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00288-x. PMID 33526896. S2CID 212809353.
  27. ^ The man who will build Google's elusive quantum computer; Wired, 09.05.14
  28. ^ Love, Dylan (July 31, 2017). "'Quantum' technology is the future, and it's already here — here's what that means for you". Business Insider. Retrieved 2019-11-12.
  29. ^ a b c "Quantum Technologies in a nutshell". Quantum Technology. Retrieved 2022-11-27.
  30. ^ Johnson, Tomi H.; Clark, Stephen R.; Jaksch, Dieter (December 2014). "What is a quantum simulator?". EPJ Quantum Technology. 1 (1): 10. arXiv:1405.2831. Bibcode:2014EPJQT...1...10J. doi:10.1140/epjqt10. ISSN 2196-0763.
  31. ^ Rademacher, Markus; Millen, James; Li, Ying Lia (2020-10-01). "Quantum sensing with nanoparticles for gravimetry: when bigger is better". Advanced Optical Technologies. 9 (5): 227–239. arXiv:2005.14642. Bibcode:2020AdOT....9..227R. doi:10.1515/aot-2020-0019. ISSN 2192-8584. S2CID 219124060.
  32. ^ Stray, Ben; Lamb, Andrew; Kaushik, Aisha; Vovrosh, Jamie; Rodgers, Anthony; Winch, Jonathan; Hayati, Farzad; Boddice, Daniel; Stabrawa, Artur; Niggebaum, Alexander; Langlois, Mehdi; Lien, Yu-Hung; Lellouch, Samuel; Roshanmanesh, Sanaz; Ridley, Kevin; de Villiers, Geoffrey; Brown, Gareth; Cross, Trevor; Tuckwell, George; Faramarzi, Asaad; Metje, Nicole; Bongs, Kai; Holynski, Michael (2020). "Quantum sensing for gravity cartography". Nature. 602 (7898): 590–594. Bibcode:2022Natur.602..590S. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04315-3. PMC 8866129. PMID 35197616.
  33. ^ Fox, Michael F. J.; Zwickl, Benjamin M.; Lewandowski, H. J. (2020). "Preparing for the quantum revolution: What is the role of higher education?". Physical Review Physics Education Research. 16 (2): 020131. arXiv:2006.16444. Bibcode:2020PRPER..16b0131F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.16.020131. ISSN 2469-9896. S2CID 220266091.
  34. ^ "Programs | Institute for Quantum Computing". uwaterloo.ca. Retrieved 2022-11-28.
  35. ^ "Master in Quantum Engineering". master-qe.ethz.ch. Retrieved 2022-11-28.
  36. ^ "Baccalauréat en sciences de l'information quantique". USherbrooke.
  37. ^ "Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) (Quantum Engineering)". UNSW Sydney.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_engineering&oldid=1250590049"