Review waiting, please be patient.
This may take 8 weeks or more, since drafts are reviewed in no specific order. There are 1,771 pending submissions waiting for review.
Where to get help
How to improve a draft
You can also browse Wikipedia:Featured articles and Wikipedia:Good articles to find examples of Wikipedia's best writing on topics similar to your proposed article. Improving your odds of a speedy review To improve your odds of a faster review, tag your draft with relevant WikiProject tags using the button below. This will let reviewers know a new draft has been submitted in their area of interest. For instance, if you wrote about a female astronomer, you would want to add the Biography, Astronomy, and Women scientists tags. Editor resources
Reviewer tools
|
Shear Wave Elastography (SWE), as a type of Ultrasound Elastography, is a non-invasive medical imaging technique used to quantitatively assess the elasticity and stiffness of tissues. The method excites the shear wave in the tissue by ultrasonic wave and captures the propagation speed of the shear wave with ultrasonic imaging equipment. The propagation speed of the shear wave is related to the elastic modulus of the tissue: in the harder tissue, the shear wave propagates faster, while in the softer tissue it propagates slower.[1] SWE is widely used in the assessment of liver diseases (such as liver fibrosis), breast masses, thyroid nodules, and the musculoskeletal system to help diagnose the disease and monitor the effect of treatment[2][3][4][5]. SWE is becoming an important tool in the field of soft tissue elastography because of its objective, quantitative and highly repeatable advantages over traditional manual palpation.
Historical background
editUltrasound elastography (USE) is an imaging technique designed to detect and measure tissue stiffness, first introduced in the 1990s[6]. Over the years, it has undergone significant advancements, allowing for quantitative evaluation of tissue elasticity. The ultrasound elastography gradually developed into four main types: compression sonoelastography, transient elastography, tension elastography, and shear wave elastography[1][7][8].
Recent studies have highlighted the growing potential of shear wave elastography (SWE) in assessing a wide range of traumatic and pathological conditions affecting musculoskeletal soft tissues. Promising findings have demonstrated its utility in evaluating the mechanical properties of tendons, muscles, nerves, and ligaments[1]. For tendons, SWE has been used to assess stiffness changes associated with injuries, degeneration, and recovery processes, providing insights into conditions such as tendinopathy[9][10]. In muscle evaluation, SWE has shown the ability to detect alterations in stiffness related to overuse, trauma, and neuromuscular disorders, offering valuable information for both diagnosis and rehabilitation monitoring[11][12]. Furthermore, SWE has been increasingly applied to peripheral nerves, aiding in the detection of entrapment neuropathies, nerve injuries, and post-surgical changes[13]. For ligaments, SWE provides a non-invasive method to evaluate their biomechanical integrity following injuries or reconstructive surgeries, facilitating better understanding and management of ligament-related disorders[14].
These advancements reflect the ongoing development of SWE as a reliable tool for non-invasive, quantitative assessment, making it a promising addition to medical imaging and diagnostics.
Basic physics
editThe basic principle of SWE is to generate shear waves in tissues and detect their speed of propogation, so that the shear modulus could be indirectly derived. To better illustrate the basic physics of SWE, the process of it is divided into 3 steps[1], Acoustic Radiation Force (ARF) generation, shear wave tracing, and shear modulus estimation.
Acoustic Radiation Force (ARF) generation
editThe shear wave is in essence a transverse wave present in solids (such as human tissues) when the solid is subject to a periodic shear force. The generated shear wave will propogate in a direction perpendicular to the vibration. In shear wave elastography, shear waves are generated using focused acoustic radiation force (ARF) from a linear ultrasound array.
The Acoustic radiatoin force is a non-linear acoustical phenomenon. Basically, particles are subject to a net force in a gradient acoustic field. Although the ARF is widely used to manufacture acoustical tweezers[15] and manipulate particles[16], it also has the capability to remotely generate displacements in tissue.[17] Here, a ultrasound transducer array emits ultrasound pulses which converges at the focus, serving as the source of shear stress. Then the shear stress and strain waves propogate outwards.
Shear wave tracing
editOnce shear waves are generated, they induce tissue displacement. Another ultrasound linear array is utilized to real-time image the displacement of tissue. Tissue displacement is calculated using a speckle tracking algorithm[18].
The shear wave speed at each pixel in the imaging plane is calculated using a time-of-flight method. This approach assumes that shear waves travel laterally within the plane. By analyzing signals from adjacent lateral positions, their correlation is used to measure the travel time of the shear wave between these points, allowing the determination of the local wave propagation speed[17].
Shear modulus estimation
editThe last step is to reconstruct the elasticity map from the collected signal. This shear wave velocity distribution across the imaging plane is closely associated with the shear modulus (G), which quantifies tissue stiffness and elasticity and is typically expressed in kilopascals. The shear modulus is derived using the equation , where ρ represents the tissue density and is the shear wave speed calculated from the previous step.
In soft tissue, the density is often approximated using values found in literature or assumed to be similar to water (1 g/cm³). For isotropic materials, the relationship between the shear modulus and Young's modulus can also be expressed as where is the Poisson ratio. Soft tissues under small deformations are typically treated as incompressible ( ), simplifying the equation to . As a result, some studies report shear wave velocities or G, while others use E based on these relationships.
Classification of SWE
editThere are several different categories of shear wave elastography, grouped based on their historical evolution and technical advancements.
Transient elastography (TE)
editUnlike the previously introduced method, transient elastography (TE) uses low-frequency mechanical vibrations (approximately 50 Hz) to generate shear waves in the tissue[19]. It functions by exciting shear stress with a vibrator so that the shear wave could be generated and penetrate the skin, and imaging the motion of the distortion of tissues by an ultrasonic transducer as the wave passes deeper into the body.
Key advantages of transient elastography include its simplicity, speed, and ability to provide real-time measurements. Transient elastography is widely used for liver fibrosis staging, particularly in conditions like hepatitis B and C. Studies have shown its effectiveness in detecting early liver fibrosis and portal hypertension. It is integrated into devices like FibroScan, offering a portable, efficient solution for liver stiffness measurements in clinical settings[19][20].
Point shear wave elastography (p‑SWE)
editAs acoustic radiation force being used to generate displacements in tissue, ultrasound elastography enters a new era. Despite the fact that ARF was originally use to push the tissue at one point and calculate its stiffness by measuring the displacement (the so called ARFI), researchers quickly found that a portion of the longitudinal waves generated by ARFI is converted to shear waves[21][22].
Point shear wave elastography (p-SWE) is an advanced ultrasound elastography technique that uses acoustic radiation
force impulse (ARFI) to induce tissue displacement. The displacement generated in that process is a function of depth and time. Then the speed is estimated by correlations of retro-diffused echoes (via ultrasound speckle) recorded at a framerate higher than one thousand time per second with a mono-dimensional ultrasound transducer (5 MHz)[20]. This speed is either reported directly or used to calculate the Young's modulus, providing a quantitative assessment of tissue elasticity.
Unlike 1D transient elastography, p-SWE can be conducted with standard ultrasound machines using conventional probes, making it more accessible in clinical settings. The technique is highly sensitive and precise, as it eliminates the need for manual compression, reducing variability caused by operator dependency.[23]
Supersonic shear imaging (SSI)
editSupersonic shear imaging (SSI) generates shear wave vibration sources in tissues, moving at supersonic speeds to generate Mach cones, which in turn generate planar shear-waves, and images these shear-waves with another ultra-high speed (5000fps) probe[24]. Shear wave composition can be achieved by changing the angle of Mach cone.
Previous transient elastic imaging uses external vibration sources to generate shear waves, the advantage is insensitive to patient movement, insensitive to artifacts generated by boundary conditions, the disadvantage is that the external oscillator is bulky, the shear wave directional mode is unique, will produce biased estimates. Solutions to these problems include: focusing ultrasound to produce ARF, using two beams of different-frequency ultrasound to produce low-frequency beats, SWEI and ARFI focusing ultrasound in the tissue for a longer period of time, measuring displacement, and calculating viscoelasticity as a function of displacement-time. However, the mechanical displacement depends on the shape of the beam, the absorption coefficient, and the heterogeneity of the shear wave at the focal point, so it is difficult to evaluate quantitatively.
SSI combines the advantages of the above methods and relies on ARF to generate low frequency quasi-plane shear waves, which can provide shear modulus within 30ms[25]. Its innovation lies in the use of the cumulative effect of the phase interference of shear waves to produce large displacement. The shear wave propagating in both directions increases the effective region. Changing the Angle of the Mach cone and using shear wave recombination can increase the robustness.
Two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D‑SWE)
editTwo-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE) is a widely-used method for evaluating elasticity properties of tissues. Unlike p-SWE, which focuses on a single point, 2D-SWE excites multiple focal zones in rapid succession, producing a near-cylindrical shear wave cone[21][24]. This allows real-time monitoring and measurement of shear wave speed and Young's modulus (E) over a two-dimensional plane, enabling the creation of quantitative elastograms[26].
A significant advantage of 2D-SWE is its ability to superimpose real-time color-coded elasticity maps onto B-mode ultrasound images. This integration of anatomical and stiffness information facilitates precise localization of abnormalities, enhancing diagnostic accuracy. It has been extensively applied in evaluating tissue stiffness in various clinical settings, including liver fibrosis staging[27] (as the figure shows), breast lesion characterization, and thyroid nodule assessment.
Commercial systems supporting 2D-SWE include Siemens' Virtual Touch™ Imaging Quantification (VTIQ/ARFI), SuperSonic Imagine's Shear Wave™ Elastography, Philips' Shear Wave Elastography, Toshiba's Acoustic Structure Quantification™ (ASQ), and GE Healthcare's 2D-SWE system[21][26][28]. These systems offer high reliability, but challenges such as signal attenuation in deep tissues and operator-dependent variability remain areas of active research and development.
The robust capabilities of 2D-SWE make it a preferred choice in clinical practice, combining diagnostic precision with ease of use in real-time imaging.
Three-dimensional shear wave elastography (3D‑SWE)
editThree-dimensional shear wave elastography (3D-SWE) expands on the principles of 2D-SWE by adding volumetric imaging capabilities. It generates 3D color-coded elasticity maps, providing detailed spatial distribution of tissue stiffness in a single acquisition[29]. This allows the quantitative assessment of tissue stiffness in a broader volume, useful in applications such as breast, liver, and musculoskeletal evaluations. The figure on the right shows a group of 3D reconstructed images of a 66-year-old woman with fibroadenoma at core biopsy, the results indicating 4a BI-RADS category.
3D-SWE offers comparable results to two-dimensional SWE (2D-SWE), but its ability to provide multiplanar visualization and spatial organ mapping is a distinct advantage. However, challenges like location- and volume-dependent variability and system-specific measurement differences require further study. Applications include diagnosing scrotal masses and evaluating male infertility. While promising, 3D-SWE benefits from larger-scale studies to validate its role in clinical practice, particularly for enhanced volume calculations and lesion assessment in multiple dimensions[30].
Clinical Applications
editSWE is used for the investigation of various disease conditions in different parts of human body. Here some examples are given to demonstrate the applications of SWE.
Shear wave imaging has shown potential for non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis. Although tissue biopsy is still the gold standard for diagnosis of liver fibrosis, shear wave imaging is a non-invasive diagnostic method that can well reflect the fibrosis status of the entire liver[31][32]. However, liver SWE has its shortcomings. For example, measurements can be confounded by both pathologic and normal physiologic processes. Besides, several disease processes including liver inflammation, passive hepatic congestion may also have bad influence on the measurement of SWE[21].
Although mammography and ultrasound are the most commonly used breast cancer screening methods, they both have some limitations, such as the presence of false-negative results in dense breast mammography, and the problem of relatively poor specificity in B-mode ultrasound[33]. Shear wave elastography (SWE) can be used as a complementary tool to improve the non-invasive characterization of breast lesions. The picture on the right is an example of SWE on breast cancer.
SWE on diagnosing breast cancer has limitations, including the lack of standardized elastogram color coding and challenges in assessing heterogeneous or deep lesions. Some benign lesions may appear stiff, while malignant ones can occasionally seem soft, requiring careful analysis of surrounding tissues[34][35].
Thyroid nodules are a common finding in the general population, present in up to 67% of adults by high resolution B-mode ultrasound[36]. SWE shows promise in diagnosing thyroid malignancy, particularly in follicular neoplasms, potentially reducing unnecessary total thyroidectomies. However, SWE in thyroid nodules diagnosis faces challenges, including operator-dependent variability, limited effectiveness in nodules with calcifications or cystic components, and inaccuracies in large or fibrotic nodules. Standardization and larger cohort studies are needed to address variability and selection bias in current research[37].
Recent studies on shear wave elastography (SWE) of tendons and muscles have shown promising results, with most being experimental and some clinical.
SWE findings suggest that shear waves travel faster in healthy or contracted tendons and muscles than in diseased or relaxed ones, and propagation is faster along the tendon's long axis than the short axis[38].
These insights highlight SWE's potential in assessing tendon and muscle health[1].
Others
editSWE is widely used in the measurement of many other human tissues like kidney[39], lymph node[40], prostate[41], nerves[42], joints and ligaments[43], and so on.
SWE has demonstrated its versatility in evaluating a wide range of tissues, contributing valuable diagnostic insights into their mechanical properties. As its clinical applications continue to expand, SWE shows promise for improving disease diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient monitoring across numerous medical fields. Future advancements, such as enhanced imaging resolution, standardization of protocols, and integration with AI, may further refine its diagnostic accuracy and broaden its utility, establishing SWE as an indispensable tool in personalized medicine.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Taljanovic, Mihra S.; Gimber, Lana H.; Becker, Giles W.; Latt, L. Daniel; Klauser, Andrea S.; Melville, David M.; Gao, Liang; Witte, Russell S. (2017). "Shear-Wave Elastography: Basic Physics and Musculoskeletal Applications". RadioGraphics. 37 (3): 855–870. doi:10.1148/rg.2017160116. ISSN 0271-5333. PMC 5452887. PMID 28493799.
- ^ Ferraioli, Giovanna; Parekh, Parth; Levitov, Alexander B.; Filice, Carlo (2014). "Shear Wave Elastography for Evaluation of Liver Fibrosis". Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 33 (2): 197–203. doi:10.7863/ultra.33.2.197. ISSN 0278-4297. PMID 24449721.
- ^ Cosgrove, David O.; Berg, Wendie A.; Doré, Caroline J.; Skyba, Danny M.; Henry, Jean-Pierre; Gay, Joel; Cohen-Bacrie, Claude; the BE1 Study Group (2012-05-01). "Shear wave elastography for breast masses is highly reproducible". European Radiology. 22 (5): 1023–1032. doi:10.1007/s00330-011-2340-y. ISSN 1432-1084. PMC 3321140. PMID 22210408.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Swan, K. Z.; Nielsen, V. E.; Bonnema, S. J. (2021-10-01). "Evaluation of thyroid nodules by shear wave elastography: a review of current knowledge". Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 44 (10): 2043–2056. doi:10.1007/s40618-021-01570-z. ISSN 1720-8386. PMID 33864241.
- ^ Horvat, Urša; Kozinc, Žiga (2024). "The Use of Shear-Wave Ultrasound Elastography in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Musculoskeletal Injuries". Critical Reviews™ in Biomedical Engineering. 52 (2): 15–26. doi:10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2023049807. ISSN 0278-940X. PMID 38305275.
- ^ Gennisson, J.-L.; Deffieux, T.; Fink, M.; Tanter, M. (2013). "Ultrasound elastography: Principles and techniques". Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging. 94 (5): 487–495. doi:10.1016/j.diii.2013.01.022. PMID 23619292.
- ^ Klauser, Andrea S.; Miyamoto, Hideaki; Bellmann-Weiler, Rosa; Feuchtner, Gudrun M.; Wick, Marius C.; Jaschke, Werner R. (2014). "Sonoelastography: Musculoskeletal Applications". Radiology. 272 (3): 622–633. doi:10.1148/radiol.14121765. ISSN 0033-8419. PMID 25153273.
- ^ Gao, Liang; Yuan, Justin S.; Heden, Gregory J.; Szivek, John A.; Taljanovic, Mihra S.; Latt, L. Daniel; Witte, Russell S. (2015). "Ultrasound Elasticity Imaging for Determining the Mechanical Properties of Human Posterior Tibial Tendon: A Cadaveric Study". IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 62 (4): 1179–1184. doi:10.1109/TBME.2014.2381002. ISSN 0018-9294. PMC 4754123. PMID 25532163.
- ^ Arda, Kemal; Ciledag, Nazan; Aktas, Elif; Arıbas, Bilgin Kadri; Köse, Kenan (2011). "Quantitative Assessment of Normal Soft-Tissue Elasticity Using Shear-Wave Ultrasound Elastography". American Journal of Roentgenology. 197 (3): 532–536. doi:10.2214/AJR.10.5449. ISSN 0361-803X. PMID 21862792.
- ^ Chen, Xiang-Mei; Cui, Li-Gang; He, Ping; Shen, Wei-Wei; Qian, Ya-Jun; Wang, Jin-Rui (2013). "Shear Wave Elastographic Characterization of Normal and Torn Achilles Tendons". Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 32 (3): 449–455. doi:10.7863/jum.2013.32.3.449. ISSN 1550-9613. PMID 23443185.
- ^ Shinohara, Minoru; Sabra, Karim; Gennisson, Jean-Luc; Fink, Mathias; Tanter, Mickaél (2010). "Real-time visualization of muscle stiffness distribution with ultrasound shear wave imaging during muscle contraction". Muscle & Nerve. 42 (3): 438–441. doi:10.1002/mus.21723. ISSN 1097-4598. PMID 20665510.
- ^ Lacourpaille, Lilian; Hug, François; Guével, Arnaud; Péréon, Yann; Magot, Armelle; Hogrel, Jean-Yves; Nordez, Antoine (2014-12-23). "Non-invasive assessment of muscle stiffness in patients with duchenne muscular dystrophy". Muscle & Nerve. 51 (2): 284–286. doi:10.1002/mus.24445. ISSN 0148-639X. PMID 25187068.
- ^ Kantarci, Fatih; Ustabasioglu, Fethi Emre; Delil, Sakir; Olgun, Deniz Cebi; Korkmazer, Bora; Dikici, Atilla Suleyman; Tutar, Onur; Nalbantoglu, Mecbure; Uzun, Nurten; Mihmanli, Ismail (2013-09-25). "Median nerve stiffness measurement by shear wave elastography: a potential sonographic method in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome". European Radiology. 24 (2): 434–440. doi:10.1007/s00330-013-3023-7. ISSN 0938-7994. PMID 24220753.
- ^ Mhanna, Christiane; Marquardt, Tamara L.; Li, Zong-Ming (2016-03-08). "Adaptation of the Transverse Carpal Ligament Associated with Repetitive Hand Use in Pianists". PLOS ONE. 11 (3): e0150174. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1150174M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150174. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4783057. PMID 26953892.
- ^ Wu, Junru (1991-05-01). "Acoustical tweezers". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 89 (5): 2140–2143. Bibcode:1991ASAJ...89.2140W. doi:10.1121/1.400907. ISSN 0001-4966. PMID 1860996.
- ^ Rajabi, Majid; Mojahed, Alireza (2016). "Acoustic manipulation of active spherical carriers: Generation of negative radiation force". Annals of Physics. 372: 182–200. Bibcode:2016AnPhy.372..182R. doi:10.1016/j.aop.2016.05.003. ISSN 0003-4916.
- ^ a b Nguyen, Thu-Mai; Arnal, Bastien; Song, Shaozhen; Huang, Zhihong; Wang, Ruikang K.; O’Donnell, Matthew (2015-01-02). "Shear wave elastography using amplitude-modulated acoustic radiation force and phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography". Journal of Biomedical Optics. 20 (1): 016001. Bibcode:2015JBO....20a6001N. doi:10.1117/1.JBO.20.1.016001. ISSN 1083-3668. PMC 4282275. PMID 25554970.
- ^ He, Tingting; Peng, Bo; Chen, Pengcheng; Jiang, Jingfeng (2020-10-11). "Performance Assessment of Motion Tracking Methods in Ultrasound-based Shear Wave Elastography". 2020 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC). IEEE. pp. 3643–3648. doi:10.1109/smc42975.2020.9283024. ISBN 978-1-7281-8526-2.
- ^ a b Sandrin, Laurent; Fourquet, Bertrand; Hasquenoph, Jean-Michel; Yon, Sylvain; Fournier, Céline; Mal, Frédéric; Christidis, Christos; Ziol, Marianne; Poulet, Bruno; Kazemi, Farad; Beaugrand, Michel; Palau, Robert (2003-12-01). "Transient elastography: a new noninvasive method for assessment of hepatic fibrosis". Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. 29 (12): 1705–1713. doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2003.07.001. ISSN 0301-5629. PMID 14698338.
- ^ a b Gennisson, J. -L.; Deffieux, T.; Fink, M.; Tanter, M. (2013-05-01). "Ultrasound elastography: Principles and techniques". Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging. 94 (5): 487–495. doi:10.1016/j.diii.2013.01.022. ISSN 2211-5684. PMID 23619292.
- ^ a b c d Sigrist, Rosa M.S.; Liau, Joy; Kaffas, Ahmed El; Chammas, Maria Cristina; Willmann, Juergen K. (2017). "Ultrasound Elastography: Review of Techniques and Clinical Applications". Theranostics. 7 (5): 1303–1329. doi:10.7150/thno.18650. ISSN 1838-7640. PMC 5399595. PMID 28435467.
- ^ Nightingale, Kathy (2011-11-01). "Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) Imaging: A Review". Current Medical Imaging Reviews. 7 (4): 328–339. doi:10.2174/157340511798038657. ISSN 1573-4056. PMC 3337770. PMID 22545033.
- ^ Friedrich-Rust, M.; Nierhoff, J.; Lupsor, M.; Sporea, I.; Fierbinteanu-Braticevici, C.; Strobel, D.; Takahashi, H.; Yoneda, M.; Suda, T.; Zeuzem, S.; Herrmann, E. (2012). "Performance of Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse imaging for the staging of liver fibrosis: a pooled meta-analysis". Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 19 (2): e212–e219. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2893.2011.01537.x. ISSN 1365-2893. PMID 22239521.
- ^ a b Bercoff, J.; Tanter, M.; Fink, M. (2004). "Supersonic shear imaging: a new technique for soft tissue elasticity mapping". IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control. 51 (4): 396–409. doi:10.1109/TUFFC.2004.1295425. ISSN 0885-3010. PMID 15139541.
- ^ Acoustoelasticity in soft solids: Assessment of the nonlinear shear modulus with the acoustic radiation force, J.-L. Gennisson,a M. Rénier, S. Catheline, C. Barrière, J. Bercoff, M. Tanter, and M. Fink, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 122 [1]6, December 2007
- ^ a b Bamber, J.; Cosgrove, D.; Dietrich, C.; Fromageau, J.; Bojunga, J.; Calliada, F.; Cantisani, V.; Correas, J.-M.; D'Onofrio, M.; Drakonaki, E.; Fink, M.; Friedrich-Rust, M.; Gilja, O.; Havre, R.; Jenssen, C. (2013-04-04). "EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations on the Clinical Use of Ultrasound Elastography. Part 1: Basic Principles and Technology". Ultraschall in der Medizin - European Journal of Ultrasound (in German). 34 (2): 169–184. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1335205. ISSN 0172-4614. PMID 23558397.
- ^ Xie, Li-Ting; Yan, Chun-Hong; Zhao, Qi-Yu; He, Meng-Na; Jiang, Tian-An (2018-03-07). "Quantitative and noninvasive assessment of chronic liver diseases using two-dimensional shear wave elastography". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 24 (9): 957–970. doi:10.3748/wjg.v24.i9.957. ISSN 1007-9327. PMC 5840471. PMID 29531460.
- ^ Shiina, Tsuyoshi; Nightingale, Kathryn R.; Palmeri, Mark L.; Hall, Timothy J.; Bamber, Jeffrey C.; Barr, Richard G.; Castera, Laurent; Choi, Byung Ihn; Chou, Yi-Hong; Cosgrove, David; Dietrich, Christoph F.; Ding, Hong; Amy, Dominique; Farrokh, Andre; Ferraioli, Giovanna (2015). "WFUMB Guidelines and Recommendations for Clinical Use of Ultrasound Elastography: Part 1: Basic Principles and Terminology". Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. 41 (5): 1126–1147. doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.03.009. PMID 25805059.
- ^ Youk, Ji Hyun; Gweon, Hye Mi; Son, Eun Ju; Chung, Jin; Kim, Jeong-Ah; Kim, Eun-kyung (2013). "Three-dimensional shear-wave elastography for differentiating benign and malignant breast lesions: comparison with two-dimensional shear-wave elastography". European Radiology. 23 (6): 1519–1527. doi:10.1007/s00330-012-2736-3. ISSN 0938-7994. PMID 23212276.
- ^ Marcon, J.; Trottmann, M.; Rübenthaler, J.; D’Anastasi, M.; Stief, C.G.; Reiser, M.F.; Clevert, D.A. (2017-01-21). Jung, F.; Gori, T. (eds.). "Three-dimensional vs. two-dimensional shear-wave elastography of the testes – preliminary study on a healthy collective". Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. 64 (3): 447–456. doi:10.3233/CH-168115. PMID 27886002.
- ^ Samir, Anthony E.; Dhyani, Manish; Vij, Abhinav; Bhan, Atul K.; Halpern, Elkan F.; Méndez-Navarro, Jorge; Corey, Kathleen E.; Chung, Raymond T. (2015). "Shear-Wave Elastography for the Estimation of Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Liver Disease: Determining Accuracy and Ideal Site for Measurement". Radiology. 274 (3): 888–896. doi:10.1148/radiol.14140839. ISSN 0033-8419. PMC 4455676. PMID 25393946.
- ^ Toshima, Takeo; Shirabe, Ken; Takeishi, Kazuki; Motomura, Takashi; Mano, Youhei; Uchiyama, Hideaki; Yoshizumi, Tomoharu; Soejima, Yuji; Taketomi, Akinobu; Maehara, Yoshihiko (2011). "New method for assessing liver fibrosis based on acoustic radiation force impulse: a special reference to the difference between right and left liver". Journal of Gastroenterology. 46 (5): 705–711. doi:10.1007/s00535-010-0365-7. ISSN 0944-1174. PMID 21264479.
- ^ Saarenmaa, Irma; Salminen, Tiina; Geiger, Ulla; Heikkinen, Pirkko; Hyvärinen, Seppo; Isola, Jorma; Kataja, Vesa; Kokko, Marja-Liisa; Kokko, Riitta; Kumpulainen, Eero; Kärkkäinen, Alpo; Pakkanen, Juhani; Peltonen, Pirkko; Piironen, Anneli; Salo, Anja (2001). "The effect of age and density of the breast on the sensitivity of breast cancer diagnostic by mammography and ultasonography". Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 67 (2): 117–123. doi:10.1023/A:1010627527026. ISSN 0167-6806. PMID 11519860.
- ^ Faruk, Tasnuva; Islam, Md Kafiul; Arefin, Sams; Haq, Md Zahurul (2015-10-01). "The Journey of Elastography: Background, Current Status, and Future Possibilities in Breast Cancer Diagnosis". Clinical Breast Cancer. 15 (5): 313–324. doi:10.1016/j.clbc.2015.01.002. ISSN 1526-8209. PMID 25858446.
- ^ Barr, Richard G.; Nakashima, Kazutaka; Amy, Dominique; Cosgrove, David; Farrokh, Andre; Schafer, Fritz; Bamber, Jeffrey C.; Castera, Laurent; Choi, Byung Ihn; Chou, Yi-Hong; Dietrich, Christoph F.; Ding, Hong; Ferraioli, Giovanna; Filice, Carlo; Friedrich-Rust, Mireen (2015-05-01). "WFUMB Guidelines and Recommendations for Clinical Use of Ultrasound Elastography: Part 2: Breast". Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. 41 (5): 1148–1160. doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.03.008. ISSN 0301-5629. PMID 25795620.
- ^ Samir, Anthony E.; Dhyani, Manish; Anvari, Arash; Prescott, Jason; Halpern, Elkan F.; Faquin, William C.; Stephen, Antonia (2015). "Shear-Wave Elastography for the Preoperative Risk Stratification of Follicular-patterned Lesions of the Thyroid: Diagnostic Accuracy and Optimal Measurement Plane". Radiology. 277 (2): 565–573. doi:10.1148/radiol.2015141627. ISSN 0033-8419. PMID 25955578.
- ^ Cantisani, Vito; Lodise, Pietro; Grazhdani, Hektor; Mancuso, Ester; Maggini, Elena; Rocco, Giorgio Di; D’Ambrosio, Ferdinando; Calliada, Fabrizio; Redler, Adriano; Ricci, Paolo; Catalano, Carlo (2014-03-01). "Ultrasound elastography in the evaluation of thyroid pathology. Current status". European Journal of Radiology. 83 (3): 420–428. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.05.008. ISSN 0720-048X. PMID 23763859.
- ^ Barr, Richard G., ed. (2015), "4 shear wave elastography (SWE)Shear Wave Elastography", Breast Elastography, Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag, doi:10.1055/b-0035-121487, ISBN 978-1-60406-852-8, retrieved 2024-12-01
- ^ Lim, William T.H.; Ooi, Ean H.; Foo, Ji J.; Ng, Kwan H.; Wong, Jeannie H.D.; Leong, Sook S. (2021). "Shear Wave Elastography: A Review on the Confounding Factors and Their Potential Mitigation in Detecting Chronic Kidney Disease". Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. 47 (8): 2033–2047. doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.03.030. PMID 33958257.
- ^ Bhatia, Kunwar S.S.; Lee, Yolanda Y.P.; Yuen, Edmund H.Y.; Ahuja, Anil T. (2013). "Ultrasound elastography in the head and neck. Part II. Accuracy for malignancy". Cancer Imaging. 13 (2): 260–276. doi:10.1102/1470-7330.2013.0027. PMC 3719055. PMID 23876383.
- ^ Barr, Richard G.; Memo, Richard; Schaub, Carl R. (March 2012). "Shear Wave Ultrasound Elastography of the Prostate: Initial Results". Ultrasound Quarterly. 28 (1): 13–20. doi:10.1097/RUQ.0b013e318249f594. ISSN 0894-8771. PMID 22357224.
- ^ Andrade, Ricardo J.; Nordez, Antoine; Hug, François; Ates, Filiz; Coppieters, Michel W.; Pezarat-Correia, Pedro; Freitas, Sandro R. (2016-02-08). "Non-invasive assessment of sciatic nerve stiffness during human ankle motion using ultrasound shear wave elastography". Journal of Biomechanics. 49 (3): 326–331. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.12.017. ISSN 0021-9290. PMID 26725218.
- ^ Wu, Chueh-Hung; Chen, Wen-Shiang; Wang, Tyng-Guey (2016). "Elasticity of the Coracohumeral Ligament in Patients with Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder". Radiology. 278 (2): 458–464. doi:10.1148/radiol.2015150888. ISSN 0033-8419. PMID 26323030.