The Siena College First Ladies Study is a study that has been conducted on six separate occasions< by the Siena College Research Institute to measure expert assessments of the first ladies of the United States.
The study asks historians, political scientists, and political scholars to assess the first ladies on ten criteria on a scale of one to five (with five being the highest score of excellence).[1]
Summary table of overall rankings
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Rankings on weighed criteria
editAccomplishments
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Background
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
10 (with 2 median); 9 (with 1 median); 9 (with 2 median); 9 (with 2 median); 9 (with 3 median); 10
Being their "own woman"
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
10 (with 2 median); 9 (with 1 median); 9 (with 2 median); 9 (with 2 median); 9 (with 3 median); 10
Courage
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
10 (with 2 median); 9 (with 1 median); 9 (with 2 median); 9 (with 2 median); 9 (with 3 median); 10
Integrity
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
10 (with 2 median); 9 (with 1 median); 9 (with 2 median); 9 (with 2 median); 9 (with 3 median); 10
Leadership
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
10 (with 2 median); 9 (with 1 median); 9 (with 2 median); 9 (with 2 median); 9 (with 3 median); 10
Public image
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
10 (with 2 median); 9 (with 1 median); 9 (with 2 median); 9 (with 2 median); 9 (with 3 median); 10
White House stewardship
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
10 (with 2 median); 9 (with 1 median); 9 (with 2 median); 9 (with 2 median); 9 (with 3 median); 10
Value to the country
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
10 (with 2 median); 9 (with 1 median); 9 (with 2 median); 9 (with 2 median); 9 (with 3 median); 10
Value to the president
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
10 (with 2 median); 9 (with 1 median); 9 (with 2 median); 9 (with 2 median); 9 (with 3 median); 10
Rankings and raw scores on criteria by survey
edit1982
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
1993
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
2003
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
2008
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
2014
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
2020
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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No. [b] |
First lady | Pres. | Accompl– ishments |
Back– ground |
Being their "own woman" |
Courage | Integrity | Leader– ship |
Public image |
White House steward– ship |
Value to the country |
Value to the president |
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1 | Martha Washington | Washington | 6 | 4.03 | 5 | 4.02 | 10 | 3.59 | ||||||||||||||||
2 | Abigail Adams | J. Adams | 2 | 4.26 | 5 | 4.03 | 1 | 4.43 | 2 | 4.18 | ||||||||||||||
3 | Dolley Madison | Madison | 6 | 4.00 | 4 | 4.05 | 4 | 4.08 | 5 | 3.91 | ||||||||||||||
4 | Elizabeth Monroe | Monroe | 33 | 2.93 | 33 | 3.03 | 33 | 3.01 | ||||||||||||||||
5 | Louisa Adams | J. Q. Adams | 25 | 3.10 | 21 | 3.26 | 16 | 3.22 | ||||||||||||||||
7 | Letitia Tyler | Tyler | 36 | 2.88 | 37 | 2.94 | 37 | 2.91 | ||||||||||||||||
8 | Julia Tyler | Tyler | 29 | 3.02 | 30 | 3.05 | 31 | 3.02 | ||||||||||||||||
9 | Sarah Polk | Polk | 19 | 3.16 | 20 | 3.28 | 23 | 3.16 | ||||||||||||||||
10 | Margaret Taylor | Taylor | 37 | 2.86 | 38 | 2.92 | 38 | 2.91 | ||||||||||||||||
11 | Abigail Fillmore | Fillmore | 31 | 2.98 | 31 | 3.04 | 32 | 3.01 | ||||||||||||||||
12 | Jane Pierce | Pierce | 38 | 2.80 | 39 | 2.78 | 39 | 2.85 | ||||||||||||||||
13 | Mary Todd Lincoln | Lincoln | 39 | 2.60 | 29 | 3.08 | 29 | 2.05 | ||||||||||||||||
14 | Eliza Johnson | A. Johnson | 35 | 2.88 | 34 | 3.02 | 36 | 2.93 | ||||||||||||||||
15 | Julia Grant | Grant | 18 | 3.18 | 17 | 3.42 | 17 | 3.22 | ||||||||||||||||
16 | Lucy Hayes | Hayes | 21 | 3.15 | 23 | 3.21 | 22 | 3.17 | ||||||||||||||||
17 | Lucretia Garfield | Garfield | 24 | 3.10 | 28 | 3.15 | 27 | 3.09 | ||||||||||||||||
18 | Frances Cleveland | Cleveland | 17 | 3.19 | 27 | 3.15 | 26 | 3.11 | ||||||||||||||||
19 | Caroline Harrison | B. Harrison | 30 | 3.01 | 35 | 3.01 | 30 | 3.03 | ||||||||||||||||
20 | Ida McKinley | McKlinley | 32 | 2.95 | 32 | 3.03 | 34 | 2.98 | ||||||||||||||||
21 | Edith Roosevelt | T. Roosevelt | 12 | 3.40 | 16 | 3.48 | 13 | 3.39 | ||||||||||||||||
22 | Helen Taft | Taft | 27 | 23.08 | 24 | 3.20 | 24 | 3.14 | ||||||||||||||||
23 | Ellen Wilson | Wilson | 23 | 3.10 | 18 | 3.31 | 19 | 3.20 | ||||||||||||||||
24 | Edith Wilson | Wilson | 22 | 3.40 | 12 | 3.77 | 12 | 3.41 | ||||||||||||||||
25 | Florence Harding | Harding | 34 | 2.88 | 36 | 2.95 | 35 | 2.95 | ||||||||||||||||
26 | Grace Coolidge | Coolidge | 16 | 3.22 | 26 | 3.18 | 25 | 3.13 | ||||||||||||||||
27 | Lou Hoover | Hoover | 28 | 3.05 | 22 | 3.24 | 18 | 3.21 | ||||||||||||||||
28 | Eleanor Roosevelt | F. Roosevelt | 1 | 4.32 | 2 | 4.24 | 2 | 4.26 | 1 | 4.22 | ||||||||||||||
29 | Bess Truman | Truman | 20 | 3.16 | 15 | 3.52 | 20 | 3.18 | ||||||||||||||||
30 | Mamie Eisenhower | Eisenhower | 13 | 3.37 | 19 | 3.28 | 21 | 3.17 | ||||||||||||||||
31 | Jacqueline Kennedy | Kennedy | 3 | 4.13 | 1 | 4.30 | 6 | 3.96 | 4 | 3.93 | ||||||||||||||
32 | Lady Bird Johnson | L. B. Johnson | 8 | 3.71 | 10 | 3.80 | 7 | 3.72 | ||||||||||||||||
33 | Pat Nixon | Nixon | 26 | 3.09 | 25 | 3.19 | 28 | 3.05 | ||||||||||||||||
34 | Betty Ford | Ford | 5 | 4.02 | 7 | 3.86 | 11 | 3.79 | 6 | 3.74 | ||||||||||||||
35 | Rosalynn Carter | Carter | 10 | 3.66 | 7 | 3.96 | 3.66 | 9 | ||||||||||||||||
36 | Nancy Reagan | Reagan | 14 | 3.26 | 8 | 3.90 | 15 | 3.25 | ||||||||||||||||
37 | Barbara Bush | G. H.W. Bush | 9 | 3.71 | 13 | 3.75 | 11 | 3.49 | ||||||||||||||||
38 | Hillary Clinton | Clinton | 15 | 3.24 | 9 | 3.83 | 8 | 3.70 | ||||||||||||||||
39 | Laura Bush | G. W. Bush | 11 | 3.55 | 14 | 3.64 | 14 | 3.37 | ||||||||||||||||
40 | Michelle Obama | Obama | 4 | 4.10 | 3 | 4.21 | 3 | 4.21 | 3 | 4.11 | ||||||||||||||
41 | Melania Trump | Trump | 40 | 2.41 | 40 | 2.58 | 40 | 2.31 |
Crosstabs of survey results for individual first ladies
editMartha Washington
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Martha Washington | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Year of study |
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Being their "own woman" |
Courage | Integrity | Leader– ship |
Public image |
White House steward– ship |
Value to the country |
Value to the president |
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1982 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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2020 |
Abigail Adams
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Abigail Adams | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Year of study |
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White House steward– ship |
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2020 |
Dolley Madison
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Dolley Madison | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Year of study |
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1982 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020 |
Elizabeth Monroe
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Elizabeth Monroe | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Year of study |
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2020 |
Louisa Adams
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Louisa Adams | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020 |
Letitia Tyler
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Letitia Tyler | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Year of study |
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2020 |
Julia Tyler
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Julia Tyler | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020 |
Sarah Polk
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Sarah Polk | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Year of study |
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2020 |
Margaret Taylor
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Margaret Taylor | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020 |
Abigail Fillmore
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Abigail Fillmore | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020 |
Jane Pierce
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
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- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Jane Pierce | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020 |
Mary Todd Lincoln
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
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- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Mary Todd Lincoln | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020 |
Eliza Johnson
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
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- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Eliza Johnson | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020 |
Julia Grant
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
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- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Julia Grant | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020 |
Lucy Hayes
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
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- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Lucy Hayes | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020 |
Lucretia Garfield
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Lucretia Garfield | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020 |
Frances Cleveland
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
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- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
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- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Frances Clevlenad | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020 |
Caroline Harrison
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Caroline Harrison | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020 |
Ida McKlinley
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Ida McKinley | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020 |
Edith Roosevelt
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Edith Roosevelt | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020 |
Helen Taft
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
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- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
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- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Helen Taft | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020 |
Ellen Wilson
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
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- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Ellen Wilson | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020 |
Edith Wilson
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
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- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Edith Wilson | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020 |
Florence Harding
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
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- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
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- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Florence Harding | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020 |
Grace Coolidge
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
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- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
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- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Grace Coolidge | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020 |
Lou Hoover
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
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- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
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Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Lou Hoover | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020 |
Eleanor Roosevelt
edit- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
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- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
Eleanor Roosevelt | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Bess Truman
edit- Within each column
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Mamie Eisenhower
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Jacqueline Kennedy
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Lady Bird Johnson
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Pat Nixon
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Betty Ford
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Rosalynn Cater
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Nancy Reagan
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Barbara Bush
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Hillary Clinton
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Laura Bush
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Michelle Obama
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Top rankings on other descriptors (20th and 21st century first ladies)
edithttps://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Appendix_B_20th_and_21st_Century_First_Ladies.pdf
In 2014 and 2020, the studies additionally asked scholars and historians to name their top-choice among 20th and 21st century first ladies for various descriptors.
Advanced women's issues
editNo. | First lady | Presidency | 2020
|
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23 | Edith Roosevelt | T. Roosevelt | 5 |
30 | Eleanor Roosevelt | F. Roosevelt | 1 |
40 | Betty Ford | Ford | 4 |
44 | Hillary Clinton | Clinton | 2 |
46 | Michelle Obama | Obama | 3 |
Created a lasting legacy
editNo. [b] |
First lady | Presidency | 2020
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30 | Eleanor Roosevelt | F. Roosevelt | 1 |
33 | Jacqueline Kennedy | Kennedy | 2 |
34 | Lady Bird Johnson | L. Johnson | 5 |
40 | Hillary Clinton | Clinton | 4 |
42 | Michelle Obama | Obama | 3 |
Could have done more while in office
editCould imagine them serving as president
editThis ranking assessing which first ladies scholars and historians could imagine having served as a president themselves.
The only first lady to have ever themselves sought election to the presidency was Hillary Clinton, who has been ranked first both times that this question has been survveyed.
No. [b] |
First lady | Presidency | 2020
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30 | Eleanor Roosevelt | F. Roosevelt | 3 |
33 | Jacqueline Kennedy | Kennedy | 4 |
34 | Lady Bird Johnson | Johnson | 5 |
40 | Hillary Clinton | Clinton | 1 |
42 | Michelle Obama | Obama | 2 |
Effectively managed family life while in office
editNo. [b] |
First lady | Presidency | 2014
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2020
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23 | Edith Roosevelt | T. Roosevelt | 3 | 2 |
24 | Helen Taft | Taft | — | — |
25 | Ellen Wilson | Wilson | — | — |
26 | Edith Wilson | Wilson | — | — |
27 | Florence Harding | Harding | 15** | — |
28 | Grace Coolidge | Coolidge | 12** | — |
29 | Lou Hoover | Hoover | — | — |
30 | Eleanor Roosevelt | F. Roosevelt | 9** | — |
31 | Bess Truman | Truman | 6** | — |
32 | Mamie Eisenhower | Eisenhower | 12** | — |
33 | Jacqueline Kennedy | Kennedy | 2 | 3 |
34 | Lady Bird Johnson | L. Johnson | 9** | — |
35 | Pat Nixon | Nixon | 12** | — |
36 | Betty Ford | Ford | 11 | — |
37 | Rosalynn Carter | Carter | 5 | 5 |
38 | Nancy Reagan | Reagan | 15** | — |
39 | Barbara Bush | G.H.W. Bush | 6** | — |
40 | Hillary Clinton | Clinton | 6** | — |
41 | Laura Bush | G.W. Bush | 4 | 4 |
42 | Michelle Obama | Obama | 1 | 1 |
43 | Melania Trump | Trump | — | — |
44 | Michelle Obama | Trump | — | — |
Greatest political asset
editNo. [b] |
First lady | Presidency | 2020
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30 | Eleanor Roosevelt | F. Roosevelt | 1 |
33 | Jacqueline Kennedy | Kennedy | 4 |
38 | Nancy Reagan | Reagan | 5 |
40 | Hillary Clinton | Clinton | 3 |
42 | Michelle Obama | Obama | 2 |
Performed the greatest service to the country after leaving office
editNo. [b] |
First lady | Presidency | 2020
|
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30 | Eleanor Roosevelt | F. Roosevelt | 2 |
33 | Jacqueline Kennedy | Kennedy | 3 |
36 | Betty Ford | Ford | 4 |
37 | Rosalynn Carter | Carter | 5 |
42 | Michelle Obama | Obama | 5 |
Strongest public communicator
editNo. [b] |
First lady | Presidency | 2020
|
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30 | Eleanor Roosevelt | F. Roosevelt | 1 |
33 | Jacqueline Kennedy | Kennedy | 4 |
34 | Lady Bird Johnson | Johnson | 5 |
40 | Hillary Clinton | Clinton | 3 |
42 | Michelle Obama | Obama | 2 |
No. [b] |
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31 | Bess Truman | Truman | |
32 | Mamie Eisenhower | Eisenhower | |
33 | Jacqueline Kennedy | Kennedy | |
34 | Lady Bird Johnson | L. Johnson | |
35 | Pat Nixon | Nixon | |
36 | Betty Ford | Ford | |
37 | Rosalynn Carter | Carter | |
38 | Nancy Reagan | Reagan | |
39 | Barbara Bush | G.H.W. Bush | |
40 | Hillary Clinton | Clinton | |
41 | Laura Bush | G.W. Bush | |
42 | Michelle Obama | Obama | |
43 | Melania Trump | Trump |
Ranking of initiatives of 20th and 21st century first ladies
editThe 2020 survey was the first to ask for rankings on the signature initiatives of first ladies, asking this question about the initiatives of ten most-recent first ladies at the time, noting that, "since the 1960’s every First Lady has focused part of her tenure on raising awareness of and promoting efforts to address a pressing social problem."
- Within each column
- Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.
- Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.
- Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of first ladies.[a][excessive detail?]
- Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.
- Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.
Click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
No. [b] |
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34 | Lady Bird Johnson | L. Johnson | Environmental protection and beautification | 1 |
35 | Pat Nixon | Nixon | Volunteerism | 7 |
36 | Betty Ford | Ford | Women's rights | 3 |
37 | Rosalynn Carter | Carter | Mental health | 6 |
38 | Nancy Reagan | Reagan | Drug abuse awareness ("Just Say No") | 9 |
39 | Barbara Bush | G. H.W. Bush | Childhood literacy | 4 |
40 | Hillary Clinton | Clinton | Healthcare reform | 8 |
41 | Laura Bush | G.W. Bush | Childhood literacy ("Ready to Read, Ready to Learn") | 5 |
42 | Michelle Obama | Obama | Reducing childhood obesity ("Let's Move!") | 2 |
43 | Melania Trump | Trump | Cyberbullying awareness ("Be Best") | 10 |
Ranking of first couples as "power couples"
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be Quartiles were determined by splitting the data into an upper and lower half and then splitting these halves each into two quartiles. When splitting an odd total number of rankings, the median is given an intermediate color.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Some white house hostesses (de facto first ladies) included in the 1982 study have been omitted from subsequent studies. Additionally, Anna Harrison (who delegated the duties of White House hostess to Jane Irwin Harrison during her husband's brief 31 day presidency) has been excluded from surveys subsequent to 1982.
Sources cited
edit- Sources used for rankings and scores of weighed criteria:
- 1982: https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/82-Ranking.pdf
- 1993:
- 2003:
- 2008:
- 2014:
- 2020:
- Sources used for top rankings of other descriptors:
- Source for ranking of initiatives of 20th and 21st century first ladies:[4]
- Source for rankings of first couples as "power couples":[5]