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Tewhatewha
The tewhatewha (pronounced tefa tefa) is a traditional Māori weapon used by the indigenous Māori people of New Zealand.[1] As one of the two-handed clubs of Maori (the others being the Hani and a Pouwhuenua), it can be easily identified by its long handle and flat, broad blade on one end. These two characteristics make it a unique and versatile tool used in both combat and ceremony.
Design
Shaped like a long-handled axe, tewhatewhas were usually carved from hardwood but could be made from other materials such as whalebone and might include slit hawk or kereru feathers. Typically, one end is a broad, quarter-round head (rapa), the long shaft averages 45 inches in length, the weapon ends in a mata (point) at the end of the handle, and at the base of the mata and shaft is a hole from which a tuft of feathers (puhipuhi or paupuhi) suspends.[2] This design facilitated striking, parrying, and thrusting techniques for both mid-range engagements (using the rapa) and close-quarters combat (using the mata). There is often a band of carving above the mata with symbolic meanings. The feathers are prepared ceremonially and bound with flax.
Historical Use
Historically, the tewhatewha was a formidable weapon used by Māori warriors in warfare. The tewhatewha is held just above the carving at the sharp end, similar to an ax when fighting. Unlike an ax, the blows are delivered using the straight, sharp edge, while the rapa is just a counterweight. Should an enemy begin attacking in close quarters, the pointed end could be used as a bayonet. Due to its length, it doubled as a signaling device from leaders to their warriors to convey directions and signal attacks. The plume of feathers dangling from the rapa distracted the enemy's gaze and could also be used to absorb blood.[3]
Ceremonial Significance
Beyond its battlefield utility, the tewhatewha holds significant cultural and ceremonial value in Māori society. Often adorned with feathers and intricate carvings, the tewhatewha symbolizes authority, leadership, and ancestral connections.[4] The complex scrolled pattern carved towards the handle's base represents the genealogy of the owner, embodying ancestral knowledge and spiritual lineage. Occasionally, ceremonial tewhatewha made of whalebone was used in this way.[5] The Maori believed that the spiritual force (mana) of the tewhatewha grew over its history of use; honored weapons were passed down from generation to generation, continuing to grow in mana.
Training and Martial Arts
Training in the use of the tewhatewha is a core aspect of mau rākau, the traditional Māori martial art. Mau rākau encompasses techniques and discipline related to various traditional weapons, including the tewhatewha. This training is essential for preserving Māori martial traditions and cultural heritage.[6]
Modern Use and Cultural Importance
The tewhatewha remains a vital symbol of Māori cultural identity and heritage today. It is utilized in cultural ceremonies, performances, and other traditional contexts, embodying the resilience of the Māori people.
See Also
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- Mau rākau - The traditional Māori martial art that includes training with the tewhatewha.
- Taiaha - Another traditional Māori weapon.
- Māori culture - General information about the Māori people and their customs.
References
edit- ^ "Tewhatewha". Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
- ^ Hiroa, Te Rangi (1949). The Coming of the Maori. Maori Purposes Fund Board.
- ^ Gunn, T.R.; Barnes, H.M.; McCreanor, T. (March 2022). "Wairua in memories and responses to Anzac Day". AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples. 18(1): 122-131. doi:10.1177/11771801221084883.
- ^ Loader, A. (January 2016). ""Kei Wareware": Remembering Te Rauparaha". Biography. 39(3): 339-365. doi:10.1353/bio.2016.0044.
- ^ Skinner, H.D. (1918). "The Two-Handed Clubs of the Maoris". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 48: 198–213.
- ^ Tcherkézoff, S (2012). "More on polynesian gift-giving: The samoan sau and the fine mats (toonga), the maori hau and the treasures (taonga)". HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory. 2(2): 313-324.