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Tuqa-Timur

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Tuqa-Temür (also Toqa-Temür and Togai-Temür) was the thirteenth and perhaps youngest son of Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan. He was a younger brother of Batu Khan and Berke Khan, the rulers of what came to be known as the Golden Horde.

Tuqa-Timur
Diedafter 1257
IssueBay-Timur
Bayan
Urung-Timur
Kay-Timur
DynastyBorjigin
FatherJochi
ReligionIslam

Career

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As Jochi's apparently youngest son of standing, Tuqa-Timur was perhaps deemed too young to attend the qurultai for the proclamation and enthronement of the great khan Ögedei in 1229. Instead, Tuqa-Timur remained behind in his father's ulus, apparently governing it during the absence of his older brothers at the assembly. When Batu Khan returned, Tuqa-Timur organized a three-day feast in his honor.[1]

Tuqa-Timur subsequently received an ulus of his own from Batu, somewhere within the Left Wing (i.e., eastern portion) of Batu's possessions, that is to say east of the Ural Mountains and Ural River, and perhaps under the intermediate authority of another brother, Orda.[2] Tuqa-Timur participated in Batu's Western Campaign, but does not seem to have played a very distinguished role in it; he is also credited with a leading role in campaigns against the Bashkirs and Alans.[3] He was among the Jochid princes participating in the qurultai at which the great khan Güyük was formally proclaimed and enthroned, in 1246, Batu having refused to attend.[4] After Batu's quriltai that resulted in the proclamation of Möngke as great khan in 1250, Berke and Tuqa-Timur escorted Möngke to Mongolia with an army, and were generously rewarded by the new great khan for their support.[5] Tuqa-Timur appears to have survived Batu and to have died some time after Berke's accession as khan of the Golden Horde in 1257; it is presumed that he was already dead by 1267, when his son Urung-Timur received lands from the new khan Mengu-Timur.[6] The Mongol prince ("tsarevich") Toktemir, who attacked Tver' in Russia in 1294/1295, is a distinct individual, bearing the same or similar name.[7]

Following the example of his older brother Berke, Tuqa-Timur converted to Islam,[8] sometime after Berke's conversion in 1251–1252.[9] Unlike his brothers Batu, Orda, and Shiban, Tuqa-Timur does not appear to have headed an autonomous and lasting territorial polity, something brought up as a negative comparison in disputes between his descendants and those of Shiban in the late 14th century; the Shibanids argued that this made the Tuka-Timurids substantially inferior.[10] Some of Tuqa-Timur's descendants appear to have remained in the Left Wing (eastern portion) of the Golden Horde,[11] while others were settled in the Right Wing (western portion) when Khan Mengu-Timur gave the Crimea to Tuqa-Timur's son Urung-Timur.[12]

Descendants

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Apart from his involvement in the affairs of the Golden Horde and his actions as representative of his older brothers, Tuqa-Timur is important as the progenitor of some of the most prolific and historically significant lines of Jochid and Chinggisid descent. From the 1360s, Tuqa-Timur's descendants vied with those of his brother Shiban for possession of the throne of the Golden Horde,[13] starting with the probable Tuqa-Timurid Ordu Malik, who overthrew the Shibanid Timur Khwaja in 1361.[14] A Crimean branch of Tuqa-Timur's descendants furnished the beglerbeg Mamai with a succession of three puppet khans in 1361–1380.[15] Several families descended from Tuqa-Timur ensconced themselves in the former Ulus of Jochi's eldest son Orda in the east, under Qara Noqai in 1360, then Urus Khan in 1369, and finally Tokhtamysh in 1379. The descendants of Urus and Tokhtamysh subsequently disputed possession of the Golden Horde mostly among themselves. Among the successor states of the Golden Horde, the khanates of Qasim, Kazan, Astrakhan, and the Crimean Khanate were all founded by princes descended from Tuqa-Timur.[16] This was also the case with the Kazakh Khanate and, after 1599, the Khanate of Bukhara in Central Asia.[17]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Howorth 1880: 199.
  2. ^ Howorth 1880: 199.
  3. ^ Welsford 2013: 288.
  4. ^ Howorth 1880: 37; Seleznëv 2009: 190.
  5. ^ Howorth 1880: 79-80; Jackson 2017: 345.
  6. ^ Howorth 1880: 199.
  7. ^ Howorth 1880: 143, identifies the prince of 1294-1295 with the khan of the time, Toqta; Seleznëv 2009: 186 and 189, suggests the prince of 1294-1295 was a great-grandson of Jochi's son Orda; elsewhere (190-191), he lists other Tuqa-Timurs, grandsons of Jochi's sons Berkechar and (twice) Shiban.
  8. ^ Desmaisons 1871-1874: 181.
  9. ^ Welsford 2013: 288-289, who notes that this detail in later narratives might have been intended to elevate Tuqa-Timur and his descendants in comparison to their Shibanid rivals; Jackson 2017: 345.
  10. ^ Judin 1992: 92; Welsford 2013: 286-287.
  11. ^ Welsford 2013: 289, noting their importance and autonomy there was later exaggerated by retrospective sources.
  12. ^ Desmaisons 1871–1874: 182.
  13. ^ May 2018: 302-309.
  14. ^ Gaev 2002: 19; Sagdeeva 2005: 35, 71; Počekaev 2010: 124-125 agrees that Ordu Malik might have been a descendant of Togai-Timur.
  15. ^ Gaev 2002: 23-25; Sagdeeva 2005: 5, 40-41.
  16. ^ For the Crimean Khanate, see especially Bennigsen 1978.
  17. ^ For the Kazakh Khanate, see especially Sabitov 2008. For the takeover in Bukhara by the "Ashtarkhanid" descendants of Tuqa-Timur, see Welsford 2013; on this branch of the family, more generally, Burton 1997.
  • Bennigsen, A., et al., Le Khanat de Crimée dans les Archives du Musée de Palais de Topkapı, Paris, 1978.
  • Bosworth, C. E., The New Islamic Dynasties, New York, 1996.
  • Bregel, Y. (transl.), Firdaws al-Iqbāl: History of Khorezm by Shir Muhammad Mirab Munis and Muhammad Riza Mirab Agahi, Leiden, 1999.
  • Burton, A., The Bukharans: A Dynastic, Diplomatic and Commercial History 1550–1702, Richmond, 1997
  • Desmaisons, P. I. (transl.), Histoire des Mongols et des Tatares par Aboul-Ghâzi Béhâdour Khân, St Petersburg, 1871–1874.
  • Gaev, A. G., "Genealogija i hronologija Džučidov," Numizmatičeskij sbornik 3 (2002) 9-55.
  • Howorth, H. H., History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part II.1. London, 1880.
  • Jackson, P., The Mongols and the Islamic World, New Haven, 2017.
  • Judin, V. P., Utemiš-hadži, Čingiz-name, Alma-Ata, 1992.
  • May, T., The Mongol Empire, Edinburgh, 2018.
  • Počekaev, R. J., Cari ordynskie: Biografii hanov i pravitelej Zolotoj Ordy. Saint Petersburg, 2010.
  • Sabitov, Ž. M., Genealogija "Tore", Astana, 2008.
  • Sabitov, Ž. M., "K voporosu o genealogii zolotoordynskogo hana Bek-Sufi," in Krim: vìd antičnostì do s'ogodennja, Kiev, 2014: 63-74.
  • Sagdeeva, R. Z., Serebrjannye monety hanov Zolotoj Ordy, Moscow, 2005.
  • Seleznëv, J. V., Èlita Zolotoj Ordy, Kazan', 2009.
  • Sidorneko, V. A., Monetnaja čekanka Krymskogo hanstva (1442–1475 gg.), Simferopol', 2016.
  • Stokvis, A. M. H. J., Manuel d'Histoire, de Généalogie et de Chronologie de tous les États du Globe, depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours, vol. 1, Leiden, 1888.
  • Tizengauzen, V. G. (trans.), Sbornik materialov, otnosjaščihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy. Izvlečenija iz arabskih sočinenii, republished as Istorija Kazahstana v arabskih istočnikah. 1. Almaty, 2005.
  • Tizengauzen, V. G. (trans.), Sbornik materialov otnosjaščihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy. Izvlečenija iz persidskih sočinenii, republished as Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah. 4. Almaty, 2006.
  • Vásáry, I., "The beginnings of coinage in the Blue Horde," Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 62 (2009) 371-385.
  • Vohidov, Š. H. (trans.), Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah. 3. Muʿizz al-ansāb. Almaty, 2006.
  • Welsford, T., Four Types of Loyalty in Early Modern Central Asia: The Tūqūy-Tīmūrid Takeover of Greater Mā Warā al-Nahr, 1598-1605, Leiden, 2013.
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