The giant Palouse earthworm or Washington giant earthworm (Driloleirus americanus, meaning lily-like worm[2]) is a species of earthworm belonging to the genus Driloleirus inhabiting the Palouse region of Eastern Washington and North Idaho, in the United States. The worm was discovered in 1897 by Frank Smith near Pullman, Washington. It can burrow to a depth of 15 feet (4.6 m).[3]
| Giant Palouse earthworm | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Clade: | Sedentaria |
| Class: | Clitellata |
| Order: | Opisthopora |
| Family: | Megascolecidae |
| Genus: | Driloleirus |
| Species: | D. americanus
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| Binomial name | |
| Driloleirus americanus Smith, 1897
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Although it had been thought to be extinct in the 1980s, recent evidence has demonstrated that the species is still living. The latest sighting included recovery of two specimens, an adult and a juvenile, which were unearthed on March 27, 2010 by scientists at the University of Idaho including Samuel James.[4]
Biology
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Little is known about the giant Palouse earthworm. Typical adult specimens are about 8 in (20 cm) in length.[5] They are related to a species in Australia that is a true giant at 3.3 ft (1.0 m), the giant Gippsland earthworm. The worm is albino in appearance. Prior to its rediscovery in 2010, the worm was believed to give off a scent similar to that of the lily flower when handled[2] and that it was able to spit in self-defense;[3] however, the specimens captured did not exhibit these capabilities.Such nature of burrowing for Giant Palouse Earthworm was recorded to a depth of as much as 15 feet, and it is said to aestivate during dry seasons. Continued existence was confirmed through recent sightings, including recovery of specimens in 2010 and 2012 after it had been declared extinct in the 1980s. It is considered vulnerable because of habitat loss and competition from non-native species.[6]
This species' native habitat consists of the bunch grass prairies of the Palouse region. The fertile soil consists of deep loess hills enriched with volcanic ash and rich layers of organic matter. It is thought to sustain the earthworm during dry seasons. The earthworm burrows deep during summer droughts and enters a state of aestivation.
Research
editIt had been described as "very common" in the Palouse region in the 1890s, according to an 1897 article in The American Naturalist by Frank Smith.[7] Smith's work was based on four specimens sent to him by R. W. Doane of Washington State University. A scanned image of the letter accompanying the original specimens is found Letter to Frank Smith from R.W. Doane 1897.
There was no scientific survey conducted in the late 19th century to determine the spatial extent and abundance of the earthworm.
A Summer 2009 project was launched by Jodi Johnson-Maynard, a University of Idaho associate professor and a soil ecologist specializing in macroinvertebrates, to find specimens.[8][9][10] Only four sightings had been confirmed (prior to the 2010 discovery) in the past 30 years, the previous most recent sighting was in 2005 by one of Johnson-Maynard's students, Yaniria Sánchez de León. Funding was provided through various contracts with the Idaho Conservation Data Center in the Idaho Department of Fish and Game and in cooperation with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife.[9]
In 2012, two specimens were found near Paradise Ridge, south of Moscow, Idaho, one by Cass Davis (on April 13) and one by Joseph Szasz (on June 5). Both were transferred to the University of Idaho.
Conservation status
editAs of 2001[update], the World Conservation Union (IUCN) has considered the giant Palouse earthworm vulnerable due to loss of habitat and competition from non-native species.[1][2] In August 2006, conservationists petitioned the U.S. government to list the worm under the Endangered Species Act.[3] However, in October 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) declined to list the species as protected under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), citing a lack of scientific information on which to base a decision to list. This determination prompted a number of environmental organizations to sue the agency for violation of the ESA and Administrative Procedures Act in order "to ensure the vanishing giant earthworm receives the protection it deserves."[11] However, on February 12, 2009, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Washington upheld the decision of the USFWS, finding the FWS's determination "that an organization's request for listing the giant Palouse earthworm (Driloleirus americanus) (GPE) as a threatened or endangered species under the Endangered Species Act was not supported by substantial information was a reasonable determination where the organization had to rely almost entirely upon circumstantial evidence. At each point along the analytical path, whether considering the extent of the GPE's habitat, its population, or potential threats to its existence, the FWS provided a rational basis for declining to draw the inferences sought by the organization."[12]
On 1 July 2009, several environmental organizations filed a new petition to again list the giant Palouse earthworm as endangered or threatened. On 26 July 2011, the FWS announced a decision in the Federal Register that it had again declined to list the earthworm under the Endangered Species Act as "the threats are not of sufficient imminence, intensity, or magnitude to indicate that the GPE is in danger of extinction (endangered), or likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future (threatened), throughout all of its range."[13]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Blakemore, R. (2014). "Driloleirus americanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T6828A21416080. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T6828A21416080.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ a b c "Giant Palouse Earthworm". Pacific Biology Institute's Endangered Species Information Network. Archived from the original on 2006-06-29. Retrieved 2006-09-09.
- ^ a b c Geranios, Nicholas K. (2006-09-08). "Giant worm is stuff of legends and must be saved, group says". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2007-02-25. Retrieved 2006-09-09.
- ^ "APNewsBreak: Idaho Scientists Find Fabled Worm," The New York Times, April 27, 2010.
- ^ Montgomery, Sy (16 October 2016). "Meet the giant Palouse earthworm, a rare American original". Boston Globe.
- ^ Geranios, Nicholas K. (2010-04-27). "Idaho scientists find fabled worm". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2010-04-30. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
- ^ Smith, Frank (1897). "Upon an undescribed species of Megascolides from the United States". The American Naturalist. 31 (363): 202–204. doi:10.1086/276573. JSTOR 2453266. S2CID 86768575.
- ^ Doughton, Sandi (2007-11-06). "If it's a giant earthworm, why is it hard to find?". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2009-04-12.
- ^ a b "Two Discoveries Add to Giant Earthworm Science in Northwest". University of Idaho. 2008-05-02. Archived from the original on 2009-09-30.
- ^ Geranio, Nicholas (2009-07-07). "Searchers shovel Northwest dirt seeking giant worm". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2009-07-15.
- ^ Center for Biological Diversity press release (2007-10-31). "Rare Three-Foot Long, Spitting Earthworm Denied Legal Protection; Conservation Groups to File Suit". Environmental News Network. Archived from the original on 2009-04-15. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
- ^ Palouse Prairie Foundation v. Ken Salazar, CV-08-032-FVS (United States District Court, Eastern District of Washington 02/12/2009).
- ^ "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: 12-Month Finding on Petition to List Giant Palouse Earthworm (Drilolerius americanus)". Regulations.gov. Jul 26, 2011. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
Further reading
edit- Xu, Shan (2011). Driloleirus americanus spatial distribution in relation to soil properties, exotic earthworms and plant communities (Thesis). University of Idaho. OCLC 777247082.
External links
edit- Palouse Prairie Foundation
- Environmentalists Race to Protect Giant Earthworm (news story 9/11/2007)
- Science Daily report on Giant Palouse earthworm 05/05/08)
- Search Begins for Rare, Giant Worm 07/14/2009
- Idaho scientists find fabled worm (news story 4/27/2010)
- Scientists Capture Elusive Giant Palouse Earthworm from National Public Radio**
- "Great White: The giant Palouse earthworm can't be found — yet it's dividing the Palouse" from The Pacific Northwest Inlander**