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De duodecim abusivis saeculi

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De duodecim abusivis saeculi (“On the Twelve Abuses of the World”), also titled simply De duodecim abusivis,[1] is a Hiberno-Latin treatise on social and political morality written by an anonymous Irish author between 630 and 700,[2][3] or between 630 and 650.[4][5][6][7] During the Middle Ages, the work was very popular throughout Europe.

Origin

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In the manuscripts, the work is frequently ascribed to a named author, most commonly Saint Cyprian or Saint Augustine; this led to early editions being published among the works of these authors.[1]

In 1905, however, John Bagnell Bury pointed out that it quoted from the Latin Vulgate, which was incompatible with an attribution to Cyprian or Augustine. He pointed out that the ninth abuse was quoted almost entirely in the Collectio canonum Hibernensis, where it was ascribed to Saint Patrick; and that extracts from the same section were quoted in a letter addressed by Cathwulf,[a] circa A.D. 775, to King Charles the Great, and preserved in a ninth-century manuscript. He concluded that this evidence “proves that the treatise is older than A.D., 700, and strongly suggests that its origin is Irish, that it was ascribed in Ireland to Patrick, and travelled to Gaul under his name.”[8]

In his 1909 edition,[2] Siegmund Hellmann (de) adduced further evidence, establishing it as the work of an anonymous Irish author of the 7th century.[1] Since then, its author is conventionally known as Pseudo-Cyprian.

Sources

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The text is based largely on the Bible, containing “over thirty citations from the Old Testament and twenty-three from the New excluding the Gospels, with nineteen more from the Gospels”;[1][9] these citations are made from the Latin Vulgate.[8]

Ever since Hellmann's edition,[2] the Rule of St. Benedict has also been regarded as an important source.[3][10] Hellmann regarded the ordering of the text into twelve abuses as a reversal of the twelve steps of the ladder of humility from the seventh chapter of the Rule.[1] Breen thought it was more probable that it drew instead from the Regula Magistri, a different text which was itself a source for that chapter in the rule of St. Benedict.[6][1] Constant Mews argues instead that it draws on the model of the twelve modes of forgiveness in the Irish penitential of Cummian.[11] Meanwhile, Joyce argues it adapts the model of linguistic abuses from the twelve vices of grammar defined by Donatus.[12]

The text also seems to have drawn on various of the Church Fathers, although none are cited by name; particularly, Origen, Cyprian, Ambrose, Augustine, Rufinus, Jerome, Cassian and Gregory the Great.[1][2][6]

Hellmann[2] thought that the text drew on St Isidore. Almost everyone agreed with this,[1] but Breen[13] did not.

Twelve abuses

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A variation of the twelve abuses is inscribed on the twelve legs of the metaphorical Beast of Injustice in Guillaume Rouillé's Justicie atque Iniusticie.[14]

De duodecim abusivis condemns the following twelve abuses:[1]

Abusivis Abuse
sapiens sine operibus bonis the wise man without good works
senex sine religione the old man without religion
adolescens sine oboedientia the young man without obedience
dives sine elemosyna the rich man without almsgiving
femina sine pudicitia the woman without modesty
dominus sine virtute the lord without virtue
Christianius contentiosus the argumentative Christian
pauper superbus the poor man who is proud
rex iniquus the unjust king
episcopus neglegens the negligent bishop
plebs sine disciplina the people without discipline
populus sine lege the people without law

Influence

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The work was very influential, both directly and through the Hibernensis; especially the ninth abuse, the unjust king.[1]

There is some direct evidence for the text's popularity in tenth-century England. Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester is known to have donated a copy to the Peterborough house.[15] Ælfric of Eynsham drew on a version included in Abbo of Fleury's Collectio canonum for his Old English treatise De octo vitiis et de duodecim abusivis gradus, in which the section on the rex iniquus was translated whole.

Hellmann points out the extensive influence of the work upon Carolingian writings, such as the mirrors for princes, and later political literature.

Later, the work was quoted by multiple medieval theologians and scholars such as Vincent of Beauvais and John of Wales. Translations and adaptations in multiple vernacular languages were prepared.[16]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Probably an Anglo-Saxon at the court of Charlemagne.[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Aelfric, Abbot of Eynsham (2013). Two Ælfric texts : the twelve abuses and the vices and virtues. Mary Clayton. Cambridge. ISBN 978-1-78204-191-7. OCLC 862973099.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e Hellmann, Siegmund (1909). Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur. PIMS - University of Toronto. Berlin Kommission für Spätantike Religionsgeschichte, Akademie der Wissenschaften, Akademie-Verlag.
  3. ^ a b Anton, Hans Hubert. "Pseudo-Cyprian, De duodecim abusivis saeculi und sein Einfluß auf den Kontinent, insbesondere auf die karolingischen Fürstenspiegel, in Die Iren und Europa im früheren Mittelalter (1982) • CODECS: Online Database and e-Resources for Celtic Studies". www.vanhamel.nl. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
  4. ^ Kenney, James F. (1929). The sources for the early history of Ireland : ecclesiastical : an introduction and guide. New York: Octagon Books. p. 282. ISBN 0-374-94560-8. OCLC 506596474.
  5. ^ Hughes, Kathleen (1987). Church and society in Ireland, A.D. 400-1200. D. N. Dumville. London: Variorum Reprints. ISBN 0-86078-206-9. OCLC 18321980.
  6. ^ a b c Breen, Aidan (1988). Towards a critical edition of De XII Abusivis : Introductory essays with a provisional edition of the text and accompanied by an English translation (thesis thesis). Trinity College (Dublin, Ireland). Department of History. hdl:2262/77107.
  7. ^ Breen, Aidan. "De XII abusivis: text and transmission, in Ireland and Europe in the early Middle Ages (2002) • CODECS: Online Database and e-Resources for Celtic Studies". www.vanhamel.nl. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
  8. ^ a b Bury, J. B. (1905). The life of St. Patrick and his place in history ([Impression 2] ed.). London: Macmillan and Co. ISBN 0-7905-4168-8. OCLC 296198.
  9. ^ Breen, Aidan. "Pseudo-Cyprian De duodecim abusivis saeculi and the Bible, in Irland und die Christenheit (1987) • CODECS: Online Database and e-Resources for Celtic Studies". www.vanhamel.nl. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
  10. ^ Néill, Ó. "Romani influences on seventh-century Hiberno-Latin literature." Ireland and Europe: The Early Church (1984): 280-290.
  11. ^ Mews, Constant J. "The De XII Abusivis Saeculi and Prophetic Tradition in Seventh-Century Ireland', in Prophecy, Fate and Memory in the Early and Medieval Celtic World, ed. Jonathan Wooding and Lynette Olson. Sydney, 2020, 125-147: 139-43.
  12. ^ Joyce, Stephen J. "'Each in the Calling to Which They are Called': Images of Authority in the De XII Abusiuis Saeuli." Addressing Injustice in the Medieval Body Politic, ed. Constant J. Mews and Kathleen B. Neal. Amsterdam, 2023, 87-109: 92-3.
  13. ^ Breen, Aidan. "The date, provenance and authorship of the Pseudo-Patrician canonical materials, Zeitschfirt der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, Kanonistische Abteilung 81 (1995) • CODECS: Online Database and e-Resources for Celtic Studies". www.vanhamel.nl. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
  14. ^ Mike Widener (July 28, 2010), More images in our Flickr galleries, Yale Law Library
  15. ^ Sawyer no. 1448. See Michael Lapidge, "Surviving booklists in Anglo-Saxon England." Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts. Basic Readings, ed. Mary P. Richards. London, 1994. 87–167: 117–9.
  16. ^ See Constant J. Mews and Kathleen B. Neal, "Justice and Its Abuse in the Medieval Body Politic." Addressing Injustice in the Medieval Body Politic, ed. Mews and Neal. Amsterdam, 2023. 15-34.

Further reading

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  • Breen, Aidan. "The evidence of antique Irish exegesis in Pseudo-Cyprian, De duodecim abusivis saeculi." Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 87 (1987), Section C. 71–101.
  • Breen, Aidan, and Constant J. Mews, "On the Twelve Abuses of the Age. A Translation." Addressing Injustice in the Medieval Body Politic, ed. Constant J. Mews and Kathleen B. Neal, Amsterdam, 2023. 325-351.
  • Meens, Rob. "Politics, Mirrors of Princes and the Bible: Sins, Kings and the Well-being of the Realm." Early Medieval Europe 7 (1998): 345–57.
  • Ó Néill, Pádraig P. "De Duodecim Abusivis Saeculi". Dictionary of the Middle Ages. vol-4. 1989. ISBN 0-684-17024-8
  • Throop, Priscilla. Vincent of Beauvais: The Moral Instruction of a Prince with Pseudo-Cyprian: The Twelve Abuses of the World Charlotte, VT, MedievalMS, 2011.
  • Ælfric's De octo vitiis et de duodecim abusivis gradus: the text in Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 178, ed. R. Morris, Old English Homilies. Early English Text Society 29, 34. First Series. 2 vols. London, 1868. 296–304; the text in London, British Library, MS. Cotton Vespasian D.XIV, ed. Ruby D.-N. Warner, Early English Homilies from the Twelfth-Century MS. Vespasian D.XIV. EETS 152. London, 1917. 11–9.
  • Two Aelfric texts: The twelve abuses and the vices and virtues: An edition and translation of De duodecimo abusiuis and De octo uitiis et de duodecimo abusiuis, ed. and trans. Mary Clayton. Woodbridge, 2013.
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