Durgapur is a census village in the Borobekra subdivision, Jiribam district, Manipur, India.[1] It is about 35 km south of Jiribam, the headquarters of the district, close to the border with the Pherzawl district in the south. The village is on the bank of the Barak River, spanning a narrow valley between two forested hilly areas. The Barak River flows north in this region, up to Jirimukh, where it turns northwest. The Barak River also forms the border with the Assam state of India.
Durgaur
Lamtai Khunou | |
|---|---|
Village | |
  Durgaur Location in Manipur, India  Durgaur Durgaur (India) | |
| Coordinates: 24°35′45″N 93°06′03″E / 24.5957°N 93.1007°E | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Manipur |
| District | Jiribam |
| Area | |
• Total | 236.5 km2 (91.3 sq mi) |
| Population (2011)[1] | |
• Total | 434 |
| • Density | 1.8/km2 (4.8/sq mi) |
| Language(s) | |
| • Official | Meitei |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | MN |
| Website | manipur |
 | |
A Meitei village called Lamtai Khunou is seen to have sprung up in the area around 2010, and is now identified with the Durgapur village itself.[2] A neighbouring Hmar village called Choudhurikhal is the southernmost village of Jiribam district.
Geography and History
editThe entire Vangaitang range adjacent to the present-day Jiribam district was part of the Cachar kingdom at the beginning of the 19th century. After annexing the kingdom in 1832, the British transferred the Vangaitang range to Manipur, setting the border along the western stretch of Barak River[a] and the Jiri River.[3][4] In 1907, the Manipur government opened the "Jiribam valley" between the rivers and the Vangaitang range for agricultural settlement,[5] and, by 1911, 14,346 bighas of land is said to have been settled.[6] Most of the settlers in Jiribam came from Cachar, very few from the Imphal Valley (Manipur valley).[7] They included Bengalis as well as Meiteis. Rice and sugarcane were cultivated, and betel leaf (pan) in areas unsuitable for rice cultivation.[6]
Independent India
editDurgapur was an established settlement before the independence of India.[8] Borobekra, to the north of Durgapur, was a market town that ran a Friday market which was the main market for the people on Barak River, as far way as Pherzawl.[9][b]
Initially, Jiribam subdivision was formed to encompass the Vangaitang range from the Jiri River in the north and Tipaimukh in the south. In due course, the southern and eastern hill regions were transferred to the Churachandpur district (now Pherzawl district), leaving only the valley and some of the foothills regions in the Jiribam subdivision.[10] The border between the Jiribam and Pherzawl districts runs near Chaudhurikhal, adjacent to Durgapur. Savomphai to its south lies in the Pherzawl district.[11]
Insurgencies
editAccording to multiple sources, the proscribed Meitei insurgent groups, United National Liberation Front (UNLF) and People's Liberation Army of Manipur (PLA), used the Jiribam valley and the neighbouring Cachar district of Assam as their main area of operations.[12][13] The region was originally used by Meitei insurgent groups in the 1960s as a launching pad to access the training camps run by Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) in East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh). With the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971, this activity was briefly halted, but it resumed in 1975 with the advent of military rule in Bangladesh.[14]
Security expert E. M. Rammohan states that the hilly region bounded by NH-37[c] in the north, Thangjing Hills in the east, Tipaimukh Road in the south, and the Jiribam–Tipaimukh Road on the west, was a "free zone", with minimal presence of security forces, which was adopted by UNLF, PLA and Hmar People's Convention–Democracy for setting up camps and bases.[15] The PLA and UNLF are said to have entered this area after the Kuki-Naga conflict (in the 1990s) by helping resettle the displaced Kukis in Churachandpur district and obtaining land in return.[16] Rammohan also states that HPC-Democracy was allied with UNLF.[15]
In the 1990s, UNLF is said to have forcibly driven out many Bengali residents of the Borobekra region, settling Meiteis in their place.[17] The local residents complain that aroud the year 2000, the people of Durgapur were evicted and had to leave for the Cachar district in Assam. Manipuris (Meiteis) that came from Bangladesh were settled down in thee areas. Even newly settled Meiteis were given land deeds (pattas) whereas the older settlers were denied land deeds, according to them.[18] An organisation called Jiribam Development Organisation claimed credit for getting land deeds issued.[19]
Lamtai Khunou
editA field visit by the Federation of Regional Indigenous Societies (FREINDS) to the region in 2011 mentioned a Meitei village called "Laimatai". According to the team, villages such as Durgapur and others were "full of Bangladesh Muslims, Bengalis and Bishnupriyas" but the lands owned by Meitei in Laimatai were not taken over by the "illegal migrants".[20][d]
In 2013, the name of the village was mentioned as Lamtai Khunou. In that year, an official of the Lamtai Khunou Youth Club stated that the village had no primary school, and that the childrfen were having to go to Bengali medium schools. The villagers had a list of grievances against the government inaction in their village.[21]
By 2024, news sources began to identify Lamtai Khunou with the Durgapur village itself.[2]
Demography
editThe Durgapur census village has a population of 434 people as per the 2011 census. It has no Scheduled Tribes.[1][22]
The neighbouring village of Choudhurikhal has 136 people, all of whom are Scheduled Tribes.[1][22]
2023–2024 Manipur violence
editWhen the ethnic conflict in Manipur erupted between the Meiteis and Kuki-Zo people on 3 May 2023, the Jiribam district remained relatively at peace for almost a year.[17] Durgapur's Lamtai Khunou experienced an isolated instance of violence on 28 March 2024, when a bomb explosion damaged three shops owned by a businessman, with losses amounting to Rs. 10 lakh (1 million).[23][24] The perpetrators were never identified, but the Kuki Inpi of the region attributed the bombing to UNLF militants months later.[25]
The relative peace of Jiribam district was shattered by twin murders in May–June 2024, the first of a Kuki individual named Seigoulen Singson in May, and the second of a Meitei individual named Soibam Saratkumar Singh in June. Rumours spread that Saratkumar's body was founded beheaded, inflaming Meitei feelings. Meitei mobs led by Arambai Tenggol started torching houses in the Jiribam area, prompting the Hmars and Thadou Kukis to flee to relief camps in neighbouring Assam.[17]
This invited retaliation by Hmars and Thadou Kukis in the Borobekra subdivision in the south. On 6 June, the residents of Lamtai Khunou and other neighbouring Meitei villages heard that their villages were being surrounded by militants, and fled to the nearest police station. The district authorities evacuated 239 Meitei people to a shelter in a sports complex in Jiribam.[26][27][28] On 8 June, armed tribals (referred to as "suspected militants" in the media) set fire to several Meitei houses at Lamtai Khunou, Madhupur and other Meitei villages.[29][30] The displaced Meitei do not know whether they have houses to return to.[31]
Notes
edit- ^ The Barak River flows south till Tipaimukh and then makes an almost 180°-bend to flow north till Jirimukh.
- ^ Pherzawl itself is not on the bank of the Barak River, but it could access the river through a port called Taithu-ghat nearby.
- ^ NH-37 was earlier calleld National Highway 53.
- ^ The ideology of the organisation regards only the Meiteis and tribals as "indigenous" to Manipur, and ignores the fact that the Jiribam was part of Cachar before it was transferred to Manipur in 1833.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Imphal East District Census Handbook (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur, 2011, p. 92
- ^ a b IED blast destroys shop in Jiribam village, no casualty, Chronicle News Service, via e-pao.net, 30 March 2024.
- ^ Sanjeev, Thingnam (2015), "Recasting Space: Politics of frontier-making", in Arambam Noni; Kangujam Sanatomba (eds.), Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur, Routledge, p. 243, ISBN 978-1-317-27066-9
- ^ Goshwami, Hareshwar (2019). History of the People of Manipur (Revised ed.). YAOL. pp. 24–25, 251. ISBN 978-1-9993057-0-3 – via archive.org.
- ^ Harvey, C. W. L. (1932), Administration Report of The Manipur State For The Year 1931-32, Imphal: The State Printing Press, p. 44 – via archive.org
- ^ a b Higgins, J. C. (1912), Administration Report of The Manipur State For The Year 1911-12, Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co, p. 4 – via archive.org
- ^ Harvey, C. W. L. (1932), Administration Report of The Manipur State For The Year 1931-32, Imphal: The State Printing Press, p. 55 – via archive.org
- ^ "Notification No. IJ/2/56", Manipur Gazette, 16 August 1956, pp. 15–16 – via archive.org
- ^ Village Survey Monograph: 16—Pherzawl (PDF), Census of India 1961, Superintendent of Census Operations, Manipur, 1965, p. 2
- ^ Manipur Administrative Atlas (PDF), Census of India, Government of India, 2005, pp. 12–19
- ^ Churachandpur District Census Handbook (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur, 2011, p. 92
- ^
Laishram, Dhanabir (2007), North-East in Benthic Zone, Akansha Publishing House, p. 90, ISBN 9788183701143,
UNLF and PLA's main area of operation is Manipur's Jiribam valley and Cachar. In the recent past, a unified command of MPLF enduringly engaged with the Border Security Force in a gun-fight for four days in which the later had to withdrew without attaining any significant result.
- ^
Hussain, Wasbir (2013), "Ethno-Nationalism and the Politics of Terror in India's Northeast", in P. R. Kumaraswamy; Ian Copland (eds.), South Asia: The Spectre of Terrorism, Routledge, p. 89, ISBN 9781317967729,
Insurgent politics in the region registered a very important development in the year 2000—the signing of a deal for joint operations by the Assamese ULFA and the United National Liberation Front (UNLF), a Manipuri insurgent group whose primary area of operation has been Manipur's Jiribam valley and neighbouring Assam's Cachar district.
- ^ Dar, Maloy Krishna (2006), Fulcrum of Evil: ISI, CIA, Al Qaeda Nexus, Delhi: Manas Publications, p. 108, ISBN 81-7049-278-5 – via archive.org
- ^ a b Rammohan, E. N. (April 2021), "Manipur: A degenerated insurgency", USI Journal, archived from the original on 25 April 2021
- ^ Chadha, Vivek (2005), Low Intensity Conflicts in India: An Analysis, SAGE, pp. 318–319, ISBN 978-0-7619-3325-0 – via archive.org
- ^ a b c Greeshma Kuthar, Stagnant Strife: Disinformation draws Manipur’s last district into violence, The Caravan, 1 September 2024.
- ^ Jiribam minorities decry Manipur government's policy on ILP, The Sentinel, 27 August 2015. ProQuest 2272639115
- ^ JDO appeals govt. to expedite unfinished projects in Jiribam, Imphal Free Press, 2 November 2014. ProQuest 1619094218
- ^ Imphal district swamped by illegal migrants, The Pioneer, 6 February 2011. ProQuest 849335379
- ^ No sign of govt in the entire village lament Lamtai Khunou villagers, Imphal Free Press, 30 August 2013. ProQuest 1428798664
- ^ a b "Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Manipur - District Imphal East - 2011". 2011 Census of India. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023.
- ^ Manipur: Violent Attack Damages Three Shops in Manipur, Second Incident in Recent Months, The Sentinel, 28 March 2024. ProQuest 3013846713
- ^ IED blast destroys shop in Jiribam village, no casualty, Chronicle News Service, via e-pao.net, 30 March 2024.
- ^ Kuki Inpi Publishes Chronology of Jiribam Violence, Condemns Atrocities by Meitei Radicals, The Hills Journal, 22 November 2024.
- ^ Manipur: Suspected militants set fire to houses, police outpost in Jiribam district, Scroll.in, 8 June 2024.
- ^ Abhinay Lakshman, In Manipur’s Jiribam, some flee attacks for second time since the conflict began in 2023, The Hindu, 10 June 2024. ProQuest 3065774976
- ^ Heart-breaking to see homes reduced to ashes: Victim, Chronicle News Service, via e-pao.net, 9 June 2024.
- ^ Greeshma Kuthar, Peace eludes India’s Manipur even after defeating BJP over ethnic violence, Al Jazeera, 12 June 2024. ProQuest 3066606019 "According to a statement by a Kuki-Zo group [the Indigenous Tribes Advocacy Committee], the burning of Lamtai Khunou and two other Meitei villages was termed as 'retribution against Arambai Tenggol who initiated these violent acts'. 'The tribals will no longer remain silent in the face of aggression,' it said."
- ^ Jiri News Network, Many suspect agenda to cleanse Jiri of Meiteis, The Sangai Express, via e-pao.net, 17 June 2024.
- ^ Sukrita Baruah, In Manipur, a fresh displacement as 2,000 pour into neighbouring Assam, The Indian Express, 11 June 2024.
External links
edit- Borobekra Subdivision, Manipur Remote Sensing Applications Centre, retrieved 8 November 2024.