The Duty on Hair Powder Act 1795 (35 Geo. 3. c. 49) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain which levied a tax on hair powder. The tax was used to finance government programmes, especially to fund the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars with France.[1] The Act was repealed in 1861.
| Act of Parliament | |
 | |
| Long title | An act for granting to his Majesty a duty on certificates issued for using hair powder. |
|---|---|
| Citation | 35 Geo. 3. c. 49 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 30 April 1795 |
| Repealed | 6 August 1861 |
| Other legislation | |
| Amended by | Hair Powder Certificates, etc. Act 1795 |
| Repealed by | Statute Law Revision Act 1861 |
Status: Repealed | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
The Act
editThe Act stated that everyone wishing to use hair powder must, from 5 May 1795, visit a stamp office to enter their name and pay for an annual certificate costing 1 guinea (equivalent to £100 in 2020).[2][3] Certain exemptions were included: the Royal Family and their servants; clergymen with an income of under £100 a year; and members of the armed forces who were privates in the army, artillery soldiers, mariners, engineers, non-commissioned officers, subalterns, officers in the navy below commander, yeomanry, militia, fencibles, and volunteers. A father with more than two unmarried daughters could buy two certificates that would be valid for any number he stated at the stamp office. The master of a household could buy a certificate for a number of his servants, and that certificate would also be valid for their successors within that year.
Substantial fines could be imposed on those brought before the courts.
At the quarter sessions of the peace held at Bourne, in Lincolnshire on Tuesday se'nnight, the Rev. Francis Barstow, of Aslackby, was convicted in the penalty of twenty pounds, for wearing hair powder without having previously taken out a licence.[4]
Effects
edit| Hair Powder Certificates, etc. Act 1795 | |
|---|---|
| Act of Parliament | |
| | |
| Long title | An act for allowing further time for persons to take out certificates for using or wearing hair powder, in pursuance of an act of this present session of parliament, intituled, "An act for granting to his Majesty duty on certificates issued for using hair powder;" and also further time for the admeasurement and registering of boats, barges, and other vessels, in pursuance of another act of the same session, intituled, "An act for requiring all boats, barges, and other vessels, of certain descriptions, used on navigable rivers, and on inland navigations, in Great Britain, to be registered." |
| Citation | 35 Geo. 3. c. 112 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 26 June 1795 |
| Repealed | 21 August 1871 |
| Other legislation | |
| Amends |
|
| Repealed by | Statute Law Revision Act 1871 |
Status: Repealed | |
The Hair Powder Certificates, etc. Act 1795 (35 Geo. 3. c. 112) was passed later in the same session of Parliament to allow people more time to apply for certificates.[5]
The use of hair powder had been declining, and the tax speeded this decline. In its first year, the tax raised £200,000.[6] In 1812, 46,684 people still paid the tax. In 1855, only 997 did and almost all of these were servants. By the time it was repealed in 1861, it yielded an annual revenue of £1,000.[7]
According to author Jenny Uglow, those who chose to pay the guinea hair powder tax were nicknamed "guinea-pigs" by reformist Whigs who chose instead to cut their hair short (the "French" cut) and go without a wig as an expression of solidarity with the French. Those deriding hair-powder taxpayers as "guinea-pigs" were, in turn, satirized by The Times as members of the "Crop Club" wearing the "Bedford Level", a reference to prominent Whig reformer John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford.[8]
References
edit- ^ Murden, Sarah (22 July 2013). "Hair Powder Tax". All Things Georgian. Archived from the original on 20 May 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
- ^ Navrátil Van Praag, Alexandria M., ed. (15 February 2018). "The Hair Powder Act of 1795". Political Dresser. Retrieved 11 August 2020.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "The Rise and Fall of the Powdered Wig: While it's true that wigs were a major status symbol early in the second half of the 18th century, by 1800 short, natural hair was all the rage. Learn all about the rise and fall of wigs". American Battlefield Trust. Head-Tilting History. 22 July 2020. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
- ^ "Hair Powder Certificate Act". Northampton Mercury. 23 January 1796. p. 3.
- ^ "Public Act, 35 George III, c. 112 (Reference HL/PO/PU/1/1795/35G3n259)". The National Archives. 1795. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
- ^ "HAIR POWDER CERTIFICATES (Reference QS/16)". The National Archives. n.d. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
- ^ Dowell, Stephen (1888). A History of Taxation and Taxes in England from the Earliest Times to the Year 1885. Volume III. Direct Taxes and Stamp Duties. London: Longmans, Green & Co. pp. 255–259.
- ^ Uglow, Jenny (2014). In These Times: Living in Britain Through Napoleon's Wars, 1793–1815. New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux. p. 149.
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