Wikipedia

League Championship Series (esports)

(Redirected from EU/NA LCS)
For the league formerly known as the European League of Legends Championship Series, see League of Legends EMEA Championship.

The League Championship Series (LCS) was the top level of professional League of Legends in the United States and Canada. The esports league was run by Riot Games and had anywhere from eight to 10 teams. Each annual season of competition was divided into two splits, spring and summer, which concluded with a double-elimination tournament between the top teams. At the end of the season, the winner, runners-up and third-place team of the summer playoffs qualified for the annual League of Legends World Championship.

League Championship Series
Most recent season or competition:
2024 LCS season
Formerly
  • North American League of Legends Championship Series (2013–2018)
  • League of Legends Championship Series (2019–2020)
GameLeague of Legends
Founded2013; 11 years ago (2013)
FounderRiot Games
First season2013
Ceased2024
Replaced byLeague of Legends Championship of The Americas
Owner(s)Riot Games
CommissionerMark Zimmerman[1]
Motto"Made by many"
No. of teams8 (Spring 2013–Summer 2014, Spring–Summer 2024)
10 (Spring 2015–Summer 2023)
HeadquartersLos Angeles, California
ContinentNorth America
Last
champion(s)		FlyQuest
(Summer 2024)
Most titlesTeam SoloMid (7)
International cup(s)
Related
competitions		LEC, LCK, LPL
Official websitewww.lolesports.com Edit this at Wikidata

Established in 2013, the league was initially split into two regions: the European League of Legends Championship Series (EU LCS) and the North American League of Legends Championship Series (NA LCS). The NA LCS featured eight teams, which were determined via a promotion and relegation system. In 2015, the league expanded to ten teams. In 2018, the NA LCS shifted to a franchise system with ten permanent teams, which became eight after the 2023 season. Along with the new model, the league rebranded to simply the League of Legends Championship Series, aligning with the EU LCS's change to League of Legends European Championship, creating unique identities for major regions. The franchise era of the LCS has witnessed several team sales and rebranding efforts. The 2020 season introduced format changes and had to adapt to online play due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, the LCS again rebranded to the League Championship Series. The 2023 season saw controversy with the LCS Players Association (LCSPA) threatening a player walkout over financial support for teams in the North American Challengers League (NACL).

The LCS merged with the Campeonato Brasileiro de League of Legends (CBLOL) and Liga Latinoamérica (LLA) in 2025 to form the League of Legends Championship of The Americas (LTA), with the LCS becoming the new league's North Conference.

With the exception of some touring events, all games of the LCS were played live at the Riot Games Arena in Los Angeles, California. In addition to a small studio audience, all games were streamed live on Twitch and YouTube.

History

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Origins and early years

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Prior to the formation of the North American League of Legends Championship series, League of Legends had a growing competitive scene, but a professional league was not a central component of Riot Games' initial business strategy. However, in 2011, professional organized league play became a prominent point of emphasis for Riot after the company hosted its inaugural championship tournament at DreamHack.[2]

On August 6, 2012, Riot Games announced the formation of the League of Legends Championship Series (LCS), a professional gaming league designed to provide support to teams from Europe, Asia, and the United States.[3] The inaugural season of the LCS commenced on February 7, 2013, coinciding with the third season of professional play in League of Legends. As such, it was designated as "Season 3". It was split two regional leagues: the European League of Legends Championship Series (EU LCS) and the North American League of Legends Championship Series (NA LCS). Within these leagues, eight teams representing their respective regions engaged in regional competitions. The top teams in each region advanced to the League of Legends World Championship.[4][5] The league was not profitable throughout its first season.[6] At the end of 2013, Riot announced a Challenger league, later known as the League of Legends Challenger Series (CS). The league was established with the purpose of serving as a platform for developing talent and providing an opportunity for Challenger-level teams to participate in the LCS via a promotion and relegation system.[7]

Heading into the 2015 season, an expansion tournament was held in both Europe and North America that added two teams in each region, giving the LCS a total of 10 teams per region.[8] Additionally, Riot introduced the concept of "Championship points", which teams would earn based on performance across both splits and playoffs in order to qualify for the World Championship.[9] A new sale of sponsorship rule was instated for the 2015 season, prohibiting companies that facilitated sponsorships for LCS teams from also possessing the branding of those LCS teams. Notably, the GoodGame Agency held ownership of both Europe's Alliance and North America's Evil Geniuses while simultaneously managing sponsorships for both teams. Consequently, in compliance with this new regulation, these teams underwent rebranding, adopting the names Elements and Winterfox, respectively. Furthermore, Curse Inc. faced restrictions on sponsoring LCS team Team Curse, leading to a comprehensive merger of the entire esports organization under the banner of Team Liquid.[10][11] The league's first female player, Maria "Remilia" Creveling, also joined the league in the 2015.[12]

On May 8, 2016, Riot Games took a series of punitive actions against NA LCS teams Team Impulse and Renegades, along with Challenger Series team Team Dragon Knights. These actions effectively banned these teams from participating in any future sanctioned League of Legends contests due to several infractions, including neglecting player payments, mistreatment of players, and withholding information that would have rendered the teams ineligible for competition. In addition to these sanctions, it was found that, during trade requests between Renegades and Team Dragon Knights, both organizations provided misleading information to League officials regarding the independence of the two teams and the status of players and payments. The evidence indicated that some players continued to be compensated and housed by their former teams even after the trade had been completed. As a result of these actions, former Renegades owner Chris Badawi was permanently banned from participating in Riot-sanctioned leagues, and Christopher Mykles was banned from holding any Riot-sanctioned position within a competing organization for one year. The three teams were given until May 18 to sell all rights and legal claims to their LCS/CS berths.[13]

Franchised era

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In June 2017, Riot Games announced that the NA LCS would shift from a promotion and relegation system to franchised league with ten permanent teams beginning in 2018. Each of the ten teams would have guaranteed spots, which would encourage owners to make substantial investments, including the creation of training facilities and improvements in coaching, scouting, and player well-being. Each team was also mandated to maintain an academy squad for emerging talent development. Riot Games also raised the minimum salary for players to US$75,000, with an average annual income for League pros around $150,000. Additionally, a players' association was established to offer financial, legal, and career-building support to players.[14] The buy-in price for the league was $10 million for existing League of Legends teams, who had previously participated in the League Championship Series or Challenger Series. New teams would be subject to an additional $3 million, which was distributed to the teams that were replaced in the league. The NA LCS received over 100 applications for a spot in the league.[15][16] The ten franchised teams were announced in November 2017. Among the already established teams in the NA LCS were FlyQuest, Team SoloMid, Cloud9, Counter Logic Gaming, Echo Fox, and Team Liquid, while the newly admitted teams to the NA LCS were 100 Thieves, Clutch Gaming, Golden Guardians, and OpTic Gaming.[17]

 
LCS logo from 2019 to 2020

In December 2018, the NA LCS re-branded its name to simply the LCS and with updated their logo. The change aligned with the EU LCS's name change to the League of Legends European Championship (LEC) earlier that year. Following the EU LCS's transition to LEC, all major regions in the competitive world of League of Legends had a unique name, logo, and brand identities. The changes were made to establish distinct identities for every regions.[18]

The league saw several franchise sales in 2019. In June, the parent company of Dignitas announced that they had partnered with the Houston Rockets to acquire Clutch Gaming for reportedly over $30 million, marking the first-ever merger involving a League of Legends franchise in the LCS.[19] In May, Riot Games issued a 60-day ultimatum to Echo Fox, demanding the removal of co-founder and shareholder Amit Raizada from their cap table. This action was prompted after it was revealed that Raizada had used racist language directed at former Echo Fox CEO Jace Hall during an email exchange, and in another email, Raizada also made threats against the family of Echo Fox's owner, Rick Fox. When Echo Fox failed to comply with Riot's directive, Riot Games forced Echo Fox to sell its LCS franchise. After a failed attempt to sell the franchise to Kroenke Sports & Entertainment, Echo Fox agreed to allow Riot Games to handle the sale process. In September, Evil Geniuses acquired Echo Fox's LCS slot for $33 million.[20][21][22]

Before the 2020 season, the league implemented a series of format changes. The league removed the "Championship points" system introduced in 2015. In this new structure, victories during the spring splits would solely serve to qualify a team for the Mid-Season Invitational. The regional qualifying tournament, which was used to advance teams to the World Championship, was also eliminated. Instead, the top three teams from the summer split playoffs earned the right to advance to the World Championship. The LCS also implemented a revised schedule for the 2020 season, featuring broadcasts of matches on Monday evenings called "Monday Night League" in addition to their regularly scheduled Saturday and Sunday broadcasts.[23] In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, LCS commissioner Chris Greeley announced the suspension of the 2020 season on March 13, 2020, with no definite timeframe for resumption. Subsequently, the LCS resumed its competitions through online play, starting on April 18, 2020.[24][25] The league decided to discontinue Monday Night League in May 2020 due to low viewership. Instead, the league extended its broadcasts to include Friday evenings.[26]

The league rebranded from the League of Legends Championship Series into the League Championship Series ahead of the 2021 season.[27] A new logo and two new mottos were introduced: Made by many and All for the game.[28] The LCS expanded the 2021 season to include a preseason tournament called the LCS Lock-In. The league also merged the regular season of the spring and summer splits. Team's spring split regular season record qualified them for the LCS Mid-Season Showdown, which itself would be a qualifier for the Mid-Season Invitational. Regular season records over both spring and summer would be used to seed teams into the LCS Championship tournament, with the top three teams from there moving on to the World Championship.[29] For the 2022 season, the league returned to the previous regular season format, with each split's records being confined to that specific split.[30]

In the 2023 season, another franchise sale took place when NRG Esports acquired Counter Logic Gaming, assuming control of its LCS slot.[31] The 2023 season also saw the LCS Players Association (LCSPA) threaten a player walkout. In May of that year, Riot Games announced plans to remove the requirement for LCS teams to financially support North American Challengers League (NACL) teams, citing the need to provide more operational and financial flexibility to LCS teams. This change, effective from the 2023 Summer Split, led most LCS franchises to disband their development rosters. In response, the LCSPA threatened a player walkout to support affected individuals, viewing Riot's decision as unprecedented and contradictory to earlier assurances. The LCSPA demanded Riot's support for the NACL, citing successful second-tier leagues in other regions. The walkout vote passed, resulting in the first major esports league strike. Riot responded by delaying the start to the 2023 Summer Split, stipulating that if both parties could not reach an agreement within the designated two-week period, the Summer Split would be cancelled and no teams would be eligible for the 2023 World Championship. A deal was reached on June 8, establishing a new NACL business model with a 50/50 revenue split, governance improvements, minimum player notice and severance requirements, and healthcare insurance reinforcement. Riot also provided a one-time payment to Rally Cry, the NACL organizer, and emphasized cost-sharing between LCS and NACL teams.[32][33][34]

Prior to the start of the 2024 season, TSM sold their franchise slot to Shopify Rebellion.[35] In addition, on November 19, 2023, Golden Guardians and Evil Geniuses exited the LCS, as their third-party administrator agreement with Riot Games was terminated. With not enough time to fill the two vacancies, the league announced that they would continue with eight teams for the 2024 season.[36]

Merger

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On June 11, 2024, Riot Games announced that the LCS, Brazil's Campeonato Brasileiro de League of Legends (CBLOL) and the Liga Latinoamérica (LLA) would form a pan-American league, later known as the League of Legends Championship of The Americas, that would begin play in 2025. Under this new model, six of the eight existing LCS teams would remain partnered and form a new North Conference, joined by a team from northern Latin America and a as-yet determined guest slot, which would be determined by a promotion and relegation tournament after 2025.[37][38]

Format

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In its final year, the LCS featured eight North American teams who competed in two seasonal splits, spring and summer. The regular season of the spring split adopted a round-robin format with best-of-one matches, with the Summer split using single round-robin best-of-three matches. In both splits, the top six regular season teams progressed to the double-elimination spring playoffs. The spring split had the top four in the upper bracket and the bottom two in the lower bracket, with the spring playoffs champions and runner-up qualifying as the North American representatives for the Mid-Season Invitational, while the summer split had all six teams placed in the upper bracket, with the top seed being to choose their second round opponent like in the LCK. In addition, the lower bracket was staggered, with the first round losers facing each other and the second round losers entering in different rounds based on their seed. The winner of the summer champions were crowned LCS Champions, with the top three teams qualifying as the North American representatives for the World Championship. For both split playoffs, all matches were played in a best-of-five format.

Final teams

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Teams First appearance
in the LCS 		Roster Coach
Top Jungle Mid Bot Support
100 Thieves 2018 Spring Sniper River Quid Meech Eyla Goldenglue
Cloud9 2013 Summer Thanatos Blaber Jojopyun Berserker Vulcan Reapered
Dignitas 2013 Spring Licorice Spica Jensen Zven Isles Enatron
FlyQuest 2017 Spring Bwipo Inspired Quad Massu Busio Nukeduck
Immortals 2016 Spring Castle Armao Mask Tactical Olleh Inero[39]
NRG Esports 2016 Spring Dhokla Contractz Palafox FBI huhi Thinkcard
Shopify Rebellion 2024 Spring FakeGod Tomio Insanity Bvoy Zeyzal Reven
Team Liquid 2015 Spring Impact UmTi APA Yeon CoreJJ Spawn

Seasons

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Year Spring Regular season Spring Champion Summer Regular season Summer Champion No.
Top seed Record Top seed Record
2013 Team SoloMid 21–7 (.750) Team SoloMid Cloud9 25–3 (.893) Cloud9 8
2014 Cloud9 24–4 (.857) Cloud9 Cloud9 18–10 (.643) Team SoloMid 8
2015 Team SoloMid 13–5 (.722) Team SoloMid Team Liquid 14–5 (.737) Counter Logic Gaming 10
2016 Immortals 17–1 (.944) Counter Logic Gaming Team SoloMid 17–1 (.944) Team SoloMid 10
2017 Team SoloMid 15–3 (.833) Team SoloMid Team SoloMid 14–4 (.778) Team SoloMid 10
2018 100 Thieves 13–6 (.684) Team Liquid Team Liquid 12–6 (.667) Team Liquid 10
2019 Team Liquid 14–4 (.778) Team Liquid Team Liquid 14–4 (.778) Team Liquid 10
2020 Cloud9 17–1 (.944) Cloud9 Team Liquid 15–3 (.833) Team SoloMid 10
2021 Cloud9 13–5 (.722) Cloud9 Team SoloMid 30–15 (.667) 100 Thieves 10
2022 Team Liquid 14–4 (.778) Evil Geniuses Evil Geniuses 15–3 (.833) Cloud9 10
2023 Cloud9 15–4 (.789) Cloud9 Cloud9 14–5 (.737) NRG Esports 10
2024 FlyQuest 10–4 (.714) Team Liquid Team Liquid 7–0 (1.000) FlyQuest 8

Championships

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Team Win Loss Total Split(s) won Split(s) runner-up
Team SoloMid† 7 5 12 2013 Spring, 2014 Summer, 2015 Spring, 2016 Summer, 2017 Spring, 2017 Summer, 2020 Summer 2013 Summer, 2014 Spring, 2015 Summer, 2016 Spring, 2019 Spring
Cloud9 6 7 13 2013 Summer, 2014 Spring, 2020 Spring, 2021 Spring, 2022 Summer, 2023 Spring 2014 Summer, 2015 Spring, 2016 Summer, 2017 Spring, 2018 Summer, 2019 Summer, 2023 Summer
Team Liquid 5 3 8 2018 Spring, 2018 Summer, 2019 Spring, 2019 Summer, 2024 Spring 2021 Spring, 2021 Summer, 2024 Summer
Counter Logic Gaming† 2 0 2 2015 Summer, 2016 Spring —
100 Thieves 1 3 4 2021 Summer 2018 Spring, 2022 Spring, 2022 Summer
FlyQuest 1 3 4 2024 Summer 2020 Spring, 2020 Summer, 2024 Spring
NRG Esports 1 0 1 2023 Summer —
Evil Geniuses† 1 0 1 2022 Spring —
Good Game University† 0 1 1 — 2013 Spring
Immortals 0 1 1 — 2017 Summer
Golden Guardians† 0 1 1 — 2023 Spring

 †  Denotes a team that is no longer in League of Legends

Media coverage

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The LCS primarily connected with its audience through online streaming via dedicated channels on platforms such as Twitch and YouTube. Games in 2013 drew in more that 1.7 million unique viewers.[40] While regular season viewership on Twitch approached nearly 300,000 peak viewers in 2014 at times,[41] recent years leading up to 2023 saw a consistent decline. For instance, the 2023 LCS Summer finals reached a peak of just over 223,000 viewers, marking a decrease of around 50,000 viewers compared to the previous split's finals and a decrease of 150,000 viewers compared to the summer 2022 finals.[42]

Riot Games CEO Brandon Beck stated in 2012 that there were no immediate plans to try to bring the LCS to traditional TV, and news coverage of the regular season were generally limited to dedicated electronic sports news sites.[43] In December 2016, Riot announced that it had reached a deal with BAMTech (a spin-off of MLB Advanced Media) to serve as the exclusive distributor of LCS broadcasts through 2023. BAMTech would have paid $50 million per-year under the contract, and split advertising revenue with Riot.[44][45] However, internal complications arose after The Walt Disney Company acquired BAMTech, and the contract never actually took effect. As a substitute, Riot entered into an agreement to non-exclusively carry its broadcasts on ESPN+ instead, in addition to existing outlets such as Twitch.[46]

Notes

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References

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  1. ^ Geracie, Nick (December 12, 2023). "LCS Names MarkZ New Commissioner". Esports Illustrated. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  2. ^ Segal, David (October 10, 2014). "Attraction in League Of Legends". The New York Times. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
  3. ^ Peel, Jeremy (August 6, 2012). "Riot reveal pro-league League of Legends Championship Series, aim to make LoL a "sustainable career choice" for professionals". PCGamesN. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
  4. ^ Sheridan, Connor (August 7, 2012). "League of Legends Championship Series begins in 2013". GameSpot. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
  5. ^ Lien, Tracey (January 9, 2013). "League of Legends Championship Series season 3 will run from Feb-Aug, 2013". Polygon. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
  6. ^ Zacny, Rob (August 21, 2013). "LCS "a significant investment that we're not making money from", but Riot love it anyway". PCGamesN. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
  7. ^ Sarkar, Samit (October 3, 2013). "How the new League of Legends Challenger league will create a pathway to the pros". Polygon. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
  8. ^ Deesing, Jonathan (November 19, 2014). "Expansion Tournament Adds Two Teams to LCS". Red Bull GmbH. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
  9. ^ Deesing, Jonathan (January 14, 2015). "Riot Adds Points System to LCS, Modifies Schedule". Red Bull GmbH. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
  10. ^ Allen, Nick (November 21, 2014). "New Sale of Sponsorship Rule". LCS. Archived from the original on November 23, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
  11. ^ Lingle, Samuel (December 19, 2014). "Curse Gaming gives up its name". Dot Esports. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
  12. ^ LeJaq, Yannick (August 14, 2015). "The League Of Legends Championship Series Has Its First Woman Player". Kotaku. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
  13. ^ Volk, Pete (May 9, 2016). "TIP, Renegades and TDK banned". The Rift Herald. Polygon. Retrieved October 13, 2023.
  14. ^ Webster, Andrew (November 20, 2017). "With new permanent teams, professional League of Legends will look more like the NBA". The Verge. Retrieved October 13, 2023.
  15. ^ Wolf, Jacob (September 1, 2017). "Overwatch League, North American LCS head in different directions". ESPN. Retrieved October 13, 2023.
  16. ^ Khan, Imad (June 1, 2017). "Riot releases details on NA LCS franchising with $10M flat-fee buy-in". ESPN. Retrieved October 13, 2023.
  17. ^ Spangler, Todd (November 20, 2017). "Ten Franchise Teams for 'League of Legends' North American eSports League Unveiled". Variety. Retrieved October 13, 2023.
  18. ^ Goslin, Austen (December 13, 2018). "The NA LCS is changing its name and returning on Jan. 26 2019". The Rift Herald. Polygon. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
  19. ^ "Dignitas return to LCS with acquisition of Clutch Gaming". ESPN. Reuters. June 6, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
  20. ^ Wolf, Jacob (September 26, 2019). "Evil Geniuses confirm acquisition of Echo Fox's LCS spot". ESPN. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
  21. ^ Hayward, Andrew (September 26, 2019). "Evil Geniuses Acquires League of Legends Championship Series Franchise Slot". The Esports Observer. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
  22. ^ Wolf, Jacob (October 11, 2019). "Echo Fox LCS slot sale funds of $30.5 million to be distributed by court". ESPN. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
  23. ^ Rand, Emily (January 7, 2020). "Riot announces Monday Night League, other changes to LCS". ESPN. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
  24. ^ "How coronavirus is affecting esports and gaming events". ESPN. March 25, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
  25. ^ "2020 LCS spring split to finish online as planned". ESPN. Reuters. March 25, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
  26. ^ Webster, Andrew (May 20, 2020). "Riot's experimental Monday night League of Legends matches move to Friday". The Verge. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
  27. ^ Appleford, Danny (January 5, 2021). "LCS rebrands ahead of the 2021 season". Upcomer. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
  28. ^ Suárez, Pablo (January 5, 2021). "Riot presents complete revamp of LCS' brand identity". Dot Esports. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  29. ^ Soba, Carolynn (January 9, 2021). "All there is to know about the 2021 LCS format change". Upcomer. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
  30. ^ Ousley, Parkes (November 16, 2021). "The 2022 LCS format changes feature Super Weeks and a new west coast server". Upcomer. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
  31. ^ Datuin, Sage (April 6, 2023). "NRG officially announces CLG League of Legends acquisition - Esports Illustrated". Esports Illustrated. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
  32. ^ Fernandez, Raul (May 12, 2023). "Our Commitment to the NACL". lolesports.com. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
  33. ^ Carpenter, Nicole (May 31, 2023). "Riot delays, and threatens to cancel, League of Legends' NA esports season amid player walkout". Polygon. Retrieved October 7, 2023.
  34. ^ Geracie, Nick (October 5, 2023). "LCS 2023: The Year That Was — Walkouts to Cinderella Runs". Esports Illustrated. Retrieved October 7, 2023.
  35. ^ Peters, Jay (September 21, 2023). "Iconic League of Legends team TSM replaced by Shopify in pro league". The Verge. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
  36. ^ Xu, Davide (November 21, 2023). "Evil Geniuses and Golden Guardians leave LCS, franchise league to operate with eight teams". Esports Insider. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
  37. ^ Wilson, Jason (June 11, 2024). "Riot Games rolls out consolidation plan, new spring event for League of Legends esports". Sports Business Journal. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
  38. ^ Taifalos, Nicholas; McIntyre, Isaac (June 11, 2024). "LCS, CBLOL, LLA unified as Riot takes VALORANT-like approach to LoL esports". Dot Esports. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
  39. ^ "LEAGUE OF LEGENDS". Immortals. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
  40. ^ Dave, Paresh (August 7, 2013). "Online game League of Legends star gets U.S. visa as pro athlete". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
  41. ^ Kwilinski, Darin. "LCS retains viewers during the Super Bowl". onGamers. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
  42. ^ Šimić, Ivan (August 21, 2023). "LCS Summer 2023 viewership continues a downward trend". Esports Insider. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
  43. ^ Rom, Kim (November 7, 2013). "Welcome to the onGamers beta". onGamers. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
  44. ^ "League of Legends' maker inks rich broadcast contract, with an eye on premium content". Polygon. Vox Media. December 18, 2016. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
  45. ^ Needleman, Sarah E. (December 16, 2016). "'League of Legends' E-Sports Contests Lure Newest Fan: Major League Baseball". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
  46. ^ Novy-Williams, Eben (May 25, 2019). "Record $350 Million Esports Deal Dissolved Before It Began". Bloomberg. Retrieved September 11, 2019.
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