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Maverick County, Texas

(Redirected from Eagle Pass, TX Micropolitan Statistical Area)

Maverick County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 57,887.[2] Its county seat is Eagle Pass.[3] The county was created in 1856 and organized in 1871.[4] It is named for Samuel Maverick, cattleman and state legislator.

Maverick County
County
Historic Maverick County Courthouse in Eagle Pass
Historic Maverick County Courthouse in Eagle Pass
Map of Texas highlighting Maverick County
Location within the U.S. state of Texas
Map of the United States highlighting Texas
Texas's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 28°45′N 100°19′W / 28.75°N 100.32°W / 28.75; -100.32
Country United States
State Texas
Founded1871
Named forSamuel Maverick[1]
SeatEagle Pass
Largest cityEagle Pass
Area
 • Total
1,292 sq mi (3,350 km2)
 • Land1,279 sq mi (3,310 km2)
 • Water13 sq mi (30 km2)  1.0%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
57,887
 • Density42/sq mi (16/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
Congressional district23rd
Websitewww.co.maverick.tx.us
The new county courthouse
The Maverick County Jail, established 1949, is adjacent to the county courthouse.

The Eagle Pass, TX Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Maverick County. It is east of the Mexican border.

History

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Soldiers in Eagle Pass in 1891, photo courtesy Southern Methodist University

Native Americans

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Prehistoric hunter-gatherer peoples were the first inhabitants, and their artifacts have been found in various areas of the county. Lipan Apache, Shawnee,[citation needed] and Coahuiltecan culture followed.[5] The abandonment of Fort Duncan on March 20, 1861, during the Civil War, enabled the Indian population to gain control of the region; both American and Mexican inhabitants suffered tremendous loss of life and property. The fort was reoccupied in 1868.[6] In early 1871, a number of Black Seminole Indians living along the border were organized into a company of scouts and brought to Fort Duncan.[7] The last Indian raid in the county occurred in 1877. Three traders were murdered and mutilated by Lipan Apaches. The site of the incident, 8 miles (13 km) northeast of Eagle Pass, became known as Deadman's Hill.[5]

Spanish explorations

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The El Camino Real, later known as the Old San Antonio Road, that crosses the Rio Grande, begins in East Texas and crosses southern Maverick County.[8] The trail was originally blazed by Alonso De León in 1690, and is said to have been traversed by more early Spanish explorers and settlers than any other section of the state.[9] In 1989, the legislature authorized the Old San Antonio Road Preservation Commission to coordinate the 1991 300th anniversary of the trail's founding.[10][11]

Saltillo alcade Fernando de Azcué in 1665 pursued Indians into the county.[12] In 1675, Fernando del Bosque traversed the area near Quemado, and Franciscans with the expedition are said to have celebrated the first Mass on Texas soil.[13][14] In 1688, Alonso De León followed the Camino Real across the county en route to Fort St. Louis.[15] Domingo Terán de los Ríos, the first Governor of Spanish Texas, led an expedition through the county in 1691.[16] Spanish Texas Governor Martín de Alarcón crossed the county in 1718 on the expedition that resulted in the founding of San Antonio.[17] Governor of the Mexican provinces of Coahuila and Texas, Marqués de San Miguel de Aguayo, in 1720 passed through on an expedition that brought goats, 2800 horses and 6400 sheep that was the onset of Spanish ranching in Texas.[18] Pedro de Rivera y Villalón crossed the county in 1727 as part of an expedition to inspect the frontier defenses of New Spain.[19]

Early settlers

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Ranch road in Maverick County

Antonio Rivas was the first known rancher on the land in 1765. The county still has a considerable ranching community.[5]

On March 27, 1849, Capt. Sidney Burbank established Fort Duncan, previously known as Camp Eagle Pass, on a site two miles (3.2 km) north of the ford at Adjuntos Pass.[6]

General William Leslie Cazneau, credited several years earlier with burying the Alamo casualties with full military honors, began ranching in the area around 1850. He partnered with Irish-born San Antonio banker and county settler John Twohig to lay out a plan of Eagle Pass in 1850. That same year, a Mexican garrison established Piedras Negras across the border.[20]

Freight operator Friedrich Wilhelm Carl Groos secured a contract to haul supplies for the army at Fort Duncan. At his urging, several early settlers of Eagle Pass were emigres of the Mexican river villages and missions of San Juan Bautista, San José, Santo Domingo, San Nicolás, La Navaja, and San Isidro.[21]

Emigres Refugio and Rita Alderete de San Miguel used the profits of their freighting business to establish a large-scale cattle, sheep, and horse ranch on Elm Creek in 1853. They were joined in ranching operations by stranded pilgrims on the California Gold Rush trail and discharged Fort Duncan soldiers. Among these was Infantry veteran Jesse Sumpter, who also worked at many odd jobs before becoming sheriff in the newly formed Maverick County.[5]

Landscape pioneer Frederick Law Olmsted visited Eagle Pass in 1854, and noted the many slave hunters and runaway slaves residing in Piedras Negras, as well as the many saloons and gambling houses, which catered to Fort Duncan's soldiers and other unsavory characters.[22]

In 1855, Texas Governor Elisha M. Pease authorized a raid into Mexico. An international incident was brought about by James H. Callahan and William R. Henry, whose pursuit of Lipan Apache raiders and runaway slaves into Mexico ended in the looting and torching of Piedras Negras, after an encounter with Mexican forces at La Marama on the Río Escondido.[5][23]

County established and growth

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Maverick County was established from Kinney County and named for Samuel A. Maverick in 1856. The county was organized some years later on September 4, 1871. The estimated population of the county in 1860 was 726. Eagle Pass voted 83–3 against secession from the Union.[5]

Fort Duncan was occupied by Confederate troops during the Civil War. Eagle Pass was chosen as a trade depot for the Military Board of Texas. Eagle Pass was a major terminus of the Cotton Road, custom house and Confederate port of entry into Mexico 1863–65. A cotton press was installed at Piedras Negras to handle the enormous quantities coming across the Rio Grande. At the close of the Civil War, General Joseph Orville Shelby's brigade never surrendered, but hoped to continue their fight across the border. On July 4, 1865, Shelby stopped in the middle of the Rio Grande to bury the last Confederate flag to fly over his troops. To the sound of drum and bugle, he wrapped the flag around the plume of his hat, weighted it with a stone from the river bank, and lowered it into the river.[5] Shelby's unit became known as “The Undefeated” and was used as a basis for the 1969 John Wayne-Rock Hudson film by the same name.[5]

Saloons, gambling houses, and smuggling operations proliferated in and around Eagle Pass during Reconstruction. The infamous J. King Fisher and his followers dominated the era in the region.[5]

Telegraph lines reached Eagle Pass in 1875. In 1880, the main line of the Galveston, Harrisburg, and San Antonio Railway was extended west from San Antonio, connecting to the Mexican Railway in Piedras Negras.[5]

Irrigation has been vital to area farmers. In 1885, rancher Patrick W. Thomson formed the Eagle Pass Irrigation Company to construct a huge gravity-flow irrigation system to draw water from the Rio Grande. Thompson died in 1910, but his efforts came to fruition as the Maverick County Irrigation Canal system, operational by April 1932.[24]

March 3, 1911, when Lt. Benjamin D. Foulois and Philip O. Parmalee made the first official military reconnaissance flight, looking for Army troops between Laredo and Eagle Pass, Texas, with a ground exercise in progress. In 1942, the Army Air Force built a single-engine advanced flying school 12 mi (19 km) north of Eagle Pass.[25]

Oil and gas exploration in the county began in the 1950s, with the largest fields being the 1969 Fitzpatrick and Wipff, and the 1970 Burr.[26]

The coal industry of Maverick County is located along a section of the Olmos Coal Formation immediately north of Eagle Pass. Mining operations developed by Dolch at Dolchburg and by the Olmos Coal, Coke, and Oil Company at Olmos were the largest coal producers in Texas around the turn of the 20th century.[27]

 
The former Pack-Way Grocery between Eagle Pass and Quemado.

Industries located in the county in 1977 included a cotton gin and two cattle feedlots with capacities of 25,000 cattle at El Indio, one at Normandy, and another between Eagle Pass and El Indio. A spinach-packing shed was at the southern edge of Eagle Pass. Industries which have located in the Eagle Pass–Maverick County area since 1977 include the Eagle Pass Manufacturing Company (a division of Hicks-Ponder, Inc) and the Williamson-Dickie Manufacturing Co, both makers of work clothing; the Reynolds Mining Corp fluorspar plant and the Tejas Barite plant; Alta-Verde Industries and Maverick Beef Producers, and the Big River Catfish Farm.[5]

In 1982, 88 percent of all land in the county was considered farmland and ranches, but only 2 percent of the farmland was under cultivation, and most of that was irrigated. Primary crops were hay, oats, and wheat.[5]

Geography

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According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,292 square miles (3,350 km2), of which 1,279 square miles (3,310 km2) is land and 13 square miles (34 km2) (1.0%) is water.[28]

Major highways

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Adjacent counties and municipios

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Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1860726—
18701,951168.7%
18802,96752.1%
18903,69824.6%
19004,06610.0%
19105,15126.7%
19207,41844.0%
19306,120−17.5%
194010,07164.6%
195012,29222.1%
196014,50818.0%
197018,09324.7%
198031,39873.5%
199036,37815.9%
200047,29730.0%
201054,25814.7%
202057,8876.7%
U.S. Decennial Census[29]
1850–2010[30] 2010–2014[31]
Maverick County, Texas – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[32] Pop 2010[33] Pop 2020[34] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White (NH) 1,610 1,552 1,574 3.40% 2.86% 2.72%
Black or African American (NH) 53 75 129 0.11% 0.14% 0.22%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH) 444 506 835 0.94% 0.93% 1.44%
Asian (NH) 164 140 182 0.35% 0.26% 0.31%
Pacific Islander (NH) 0 2 4 0.00% 0.00% 0.01%
Other race alone (NH) 6 15 110 0.01% 0.03% 0.19%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) 82 54 117 0.17% 0.10% 0.20%
Hispanic or Latino 44,938 51,914 54,936 95.01% 95.68% 94.90%
Total 47,297 54,258 57,887 100% 100% 100%

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 57,887 people, 16,647 households, and 13,402 families residing in the county.

As of the census[35] of 2000, 47,297 people, 13,089 households, and 11,230 families resided in the county. The population density was 37 people per square mile (14 people/km2). There were 14,889 housing units at an average density of 12 units per square mile (4.6/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 70.89% White, 0.31% Black or African American, 1.34% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 24.08% from other races, and 2.95% from two or more races. About 95% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 13,089 households, 51.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.50% were married couples living together, 16.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.20% were not families. About 12.90% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.60 and the average family size was 3.98.

In the county, the population was distributed as 36.90% under the age of 18, 9.20% from 18 to 24, 26.70% from 25 to 44, 17.70% from 45 to 64, and 9.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.40 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $21,232, and for a family was $23,614. Males had a median income of $20,956 versus $15,662 for females. The per capita income for the county was $8,758. About 34.80% of the population and 32.00% of families were below the poverty line. Of the total population, 40.60% of those under the age of 18 and 40.90% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Based on per capita income, Maverick County is one of the poorest counties in the United States.

According to the 2000 census, Maverick County has the nation's highest percentage of people who speak Spanish at home, at 91%.

Politics

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Like most of heavily Hispanic South Texas, Maverick County has leaned towards the Democratic Party. In 1972, Maverick County was one of the only counties in Texas where George McGovern received a majority of the vote.[36] The county held a very long Democratic streak; until 2024, the last Republican to carry the county was Herbert Hoover in 1928.[37] In recent times it cast a majority of its votes for U.S. Senator John Kerry in the 2004 U.S. presidential election. President George W. Bush received 4,025 votes to Kerry's 5,948. In the 2008 U.S. presidential election it cast a higher majority of 8,554 votes for Barack Obama.[38] In 2020, however, Maverick County joined the rest of South Texas in swinging heavily towards the Republican Party. President Donald Trump managed to put up nearly 45% of the vote and narrow the margin to less than 10%, the Republican Party's best result in the county since President Richard Nixon's landslide victory in 1972. The 2024 election continued this trend, in which the county flipped Republican by a large margin, casting nearly 59% of its vote for Trump. Maverick had the largest shift to Trump out of any county in the country in the 2024 election.

United States presidential election results for Maverick County, Texas[39]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2024 9,282 58.98% 6,368 40.47% 87 0.55%
2020 6,881 44.84% 8,332 54.29% 133 0.87%
2016 2,816 20.72% 10,397 76.52% 375 2.76%
2012 2,171 20.55% 8,303 78.60% 89 0.84%
2008 2,316 21.17% 8,554 78.20% 69 0.63%
2004 4,025 40.11% 5,948 59.28% 61 0.61%
2000 3,143 34.06% 5,995 64.96% 91 0.99%
1996 1,050 15.94% 5,307 80.58% 229 3.48%
1992 2,002 27.28% 4,540 61.86% 797 10.86%
1988 1,592 26.52% 4,395 73.21% 16 0.27%
1984 1,783 36.68% 3,063 63.01% 15 0.31%
1980 1,370 31.37% 2,932 67.14% 65 1.49%
1976 924 24.30% 2,840 74.70% 38 1.00%
1972 1,477 46.20% 1,710 53.49% 10 0.31%
1968 771 30.77% 1,570 62.65% 165 6.58%
1964 545 20.48% 2,113 79.41% 3 0.11%
1960 639 29.87% 1,498 70.03% 2 0.09%
1956 721 46.22% 820 52.56% 19 1.22%
1952 839 46.56% 962 53.39% 1 0.06%
1948 270 27.16% 695 69.92% 29 2.92%
1944 302 26.92% 787 70.14% 33 2.94%
1940 166 15.89% 875 83.73% 4 0.38%
1936 166 15.15% 890 81.20% 40 3.65%
1932 199 18.84% 847 80.21% 10 0.95%
1928 311 63.34% 180 36.66% 0 0.00%
1924 261 53.16% 199 40.53% 31 6.31%
1920 296 62.32% 173 36.42% 6 1.26%
1916 246 55.78% 192 43.54% 3 0.68%
1912 143 35.05% 186 45.59% 79 19.36%

The county is located in Texas Senate, District 19 so is represented by Democrat Roland Gutierrez in the Texas Senate. As part of the 74th district of the Texas House of Representatives it is represented by Democrat Eddie Morales. In the United States House of Representatives it is part of Texas's 23rd congressional district, which has a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+1 and is represented by Republican Tony Gonzales.

Education

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All of Maverick County is served by the Eagle Pass Independent School District.[40]

According to the Texas Education Code, Southwest Texas Junior College is the county's designated community college.[41]

Sul Ross State University also serves this community through its Eagle Pass Campus.[42]

Communities

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City

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Census-designated places

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 203.
  2. ^ "QuickFacts: Maverick County, Texas". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
  3. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  4. ^ "Texas: Individual County Chronologies". Texas Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. The Newberry Library. 2008. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Ochoa, Ruben E. "Maverick County". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
  6. ^ a b "Fort Duncan". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
  7. ^ Aleshire, William (2004). A Buffalo Soldier's Story. Heritage Books, Inc. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-7884-3140-1.
  8. ^ "Old San Antonio Road". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
  9. ^ Chipman, Donald E. "Alonso De León". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
  10. ^ Williams, Jeffrey M. GIS Aided Archaeological Research of El Camino Real de Los Tejas with Focus. p. 12.
  11. ^ "Texas Old San Antonio Road Preservation Commission". An Inventory of Records at the Texas State Archives, 1979, 1988-1993. Texas Archival Resources Online. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
  12. ^ Chipman, Donald E. "Fernando de Azcué". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
  13. ^ "Quemado, Texas". Texas Escapes. Texas Escapes - Blueprints For Travel, LLC. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
  14. ^ Chipman, Donald E. "Fernando del Bosque". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
  15. ^ Foster, William C (1995). "In Search of LaSalle". Spanish Expeditions into Texas, 1689-1768. University of Texas Press. pp. 17–33. ISBN 978-0-292-72489-1.
  16. ^ Weddle, Robert S (1991). San Juan Bautista: Gateway to Spanish Texas. University of Texas Press. pp. 15–18. ISBN 978-0-292-77651-7.
  17. ^ Arias, Bishop David (2006). "Martin de Alarcon". Spanish-Americans: Lives and Faces. Trafford Publishing. pp. 87–89. ISBN 978-1-4120-4717-3.
  18. ^ Newton, Lewis W. "Marqués de San Miguel de Aguayo". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
  19. ^ Blake, Robert Bruce. "Pedro de Rivera y Villalón". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
  20. ^ Wagner, Frank. "William Leslie Cazneau". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
  21. ^ York, Miriam. "Friedrich (Frederick) Wilhelm Carl Groos". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
  22. ^ Greene, A C (1998). "A Journey Through Texas". The 50+ Best Books on Texas. University of North Texas Press. pp. 61–62. ISBN 978-1-57441-043-3.
  23. ^ Hardin, Stephen; Hook, Richard (1991). The Texas Rangers (Elite). Osprey Publishing. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-1-85532-155-7.
  24. ^ Pingenot, Ben E. "Maverick County Irrigation Canal". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
  25. ^ Hundnall, Ken and Sharon (2005). Spirits of the Border V: The History and Mystery of the Lone Star State. Omega Press. pp. 232–233. ISBN 978-0-9626087-9-7.
  26. ^ Warner, C A; Thompson, Ernest O (2007). Texas Oil & Gas Since 1543. Copano Bay Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-9767799-5-7.
  27. ^ Calderon, Dr. Robert R (2000). Mexican Coal Mining Labor in Texas and Coahuila, 1880-1930 (Rio Grande/Rio Bravo: Borderlands Culture and Traditions). TAMU Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-89096-884-0.
  28. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
  29. ^ "Decennial Census by Decade". US Census Bureau.
  30. ^ "Texas Almanac: Population History of Counties from 1850–2010" (PDF). Texas Almanac. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
  31. ^ "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 18, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
  32. ^ "P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Maverick County, Texas". United States Census Bureau.
  33. ^ "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Maverick County, Texas". United States Census Bureau.
  34. ^ "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Maverick County, Texas". United States Census Bureau.
  35. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
  36. ^ David Leip Atlas
  37. ^ Geographie Electorale
  38. ^ The New York Times Electoral Map
  39. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
  40. ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Maverick County, TX" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2022. - Text list.
  41. ^ Texas Education Code: Sec. 130.200. SOUTHWEST TEXAS JUNIOR COLLEGE DISTRICT SERVICE AREA.
  42. ^ "Eagle Pass Campus". Sul Ross State University. Retrieved June 30, 2022.

Further reading

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28°45′N 100°19′W / 28.75°N 100.32°W / 28.75; -100.32

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