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Easter egg (media)

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An Easter egg is a message, image, or feature hidden in software, a video game, a film, or another—usually electronic—medium. The term used in this manner was coined around 1979 by Steve Wright, the then-Director of Software Development in the Atari Consumer Division, to describe a hidden message in the Atari video game Adventure, in reference to an Easter egg hunt.

I am a hedgehog, NOT an egg!
An image that reveals an Easter egg when the hedgehog is clicked or tapped. Another Easter egg can be found in a tooltip when a mouse pointer is hovered over the hedgehog.[1]

The earliest known video game Easter egg is in the 1973 video game Moonlander, in which the player tries to land a Lunar module on the Moon; if the player opts to fly the module horizontally through several of the game's screens, they encounter a McDonald's restaurant, and if they land next to it, the astronaut will visit it instead of standing next to the ship. The earliest known Easter egg in software in general is one placed in the "make" command for PDP-6/PDP-10 computers sometime in October 1967–October 1968, wherein if the user attempts to create a file named "love" by typing "make love", the program responds "not war?" before proceeding.[2][3]

Origin

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See also: Adventure (1980 video game) § Easter egg
 
The secret room in Adventure with Warren Robinett's credit

The use of the term "Easter egg" to describe secret features in video games originates from the 1980 video game Adventure for the Atari 2600 game console, programmed by the employee Warren Robinett. At the time, Atari did not include programmers' names in the game credits, both to prevent competitors from poaching its developers as well as to deny developers a means to bargain with the management of the new owners, Warner Communications.[4][5] Robinett, who disagreed with his supervisor over this lack of acknowledgment, secretly programmed the message "Created by Warren Robinett" to appear only if a player moves their avatar over a specific pixel (dubbed the "Gray Dot") during a certain part of the game and enters a previously "forbidden" part of the map where the message can be found. When Robinett left Atari, he did not inform the company of the acknowledgment that he included in the game. Shortly after his departure, the "Gray Dot" and his message were discovered by a player. Atari's management initially wanted to remove the message and release the game again, until this was deemed too costly. Instead, Steve Wright, the Director of Software Development in the Atari Consumer Division, suggested that they keep the message and, in fact, encourage the inclusion of such messages in future games, describing them as Easter eggs for consumers to find.[6][7][8][9][10][11]

In video games

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While Robinett's message in Adventure led to the first use of the phrase "Easter egg", Easter eggs were included in previous video games. The earliest known video game Easter egg is in Moonlander (1973), in which the player tries to land a spaceship on the Moon. If the player flies far enough horizontally, they encounter a McDonald's restaurant, and if they land next to it, an astronaut will visit it instead of standing next to the ship.[12] Other early known Easter eggs include one in the first text adventure game, Colossal Cave Adventure (1976), from which Adventure was fashioned, which includes several secret words. One of these is "xyzzy", a command which enables the player to move between two points in the game world.[13] According to research by Ed Fries, one of the earliest Easter eggs in a graphical video games could be found in Starship 1 (1977), programmed by Ron Milner. By triggering the cabinet's controls in the right order, the player can have the message "Hi Ron!" appear on the screen. Fries describes it as "the earliest arcade game yet known that clearly meets the definition of an Easter egg". The existence of this Easter egg was not published until 2017, leading Fries to suggest that, as more than one hundred arcade games predate Starship 1, earlier Easter eggs may still be undiscovered.[14][15] Fries says that some Atari arcade cabinets were resold under the Kee Games label and include changes to the hardware that make the game appear different from the Atari version. Anti-Aircraft II (1975) includes a means to modify the circuit board to make the airplanes in the game appear as alien UFOs. Fries surmises that this feature may have been intended for a Kee Games release. For this reason, and because it requires a hardware modification, Fries questions whether it meets the definition of an Easter egg.[15] In 2004, an Easter egg displaying programmer Bradley Reid-Selth's surname was found in Video Whizball (1978), a game for the Fairchild Channel F system.[6]

Since Adventure, there has been a long history of video game developers placing Easter eggs in their games.[16]: 19  Most Easter eggs are intentional—an attempt to communicate with the player or a way of getting even with management for a perceived slight. Easter eggs in video games take a variety of forms, from purely ornamental screens to aesthetic enhancements that change some element of the game during play. The Easter egg included in the original Age of Empires (1997) is an example of the latter; catapult projectiles are changed from stones to cows.[16]: 19 

More elaborate Easter eggs include secret levels and developers' rooms—fully functional, hidden areas of the game. Developers' rooms often include inside jokes from the fandom or development team and differ from a debug room in that they are specifically intended for the player to find. Some games even include hidden minigames as Easter eggs. In the LucasArts game Day of the Tentacle (1993), the original Maniac Mansion (1987) game can be played in its full version by using a home computer in a character's room.[17][18] Similarly, a programmer included the whole of TimeSplitters 2 (2002) within Homefront: The Revolution (2016), accessed by using a special code at an in-game arcade cabinet.[19]

Other Easter eggs originated unintentionally. The Konami Code, a type of cheat code, became an intentional Easter egg in most games, but it originated from Konami's Gradius (1985) for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The programmer, Kazuhisa Hashimoto, created the code as a means to rapidly debug the game by giving the player's avatar additional health and powers to easily traverse the game. These types of codes are normally removed from the game before it is shipped but, in the case of Gradius, Hashimoto forgot to remove it and the code was soon discovered by players. Its popularity inspired Konami to reuse the code and purposely retain it for many of its future games as an Easter egg.[6][17][20]

Technical issues may also create unintentional Easter eggs. Jon Burton, founder of Traveller's Tales, said that many seemingly apparent Easter eggs in their Sega Genesis games came about as a result of introducing programming tricks to get around some of the difficulty they had in getting Sega's strict certification for their games, catching any exceptions during execution to bring the game back to a usable state as to pass certification. For example, hitting the side of the Sonic 3D Blast (1996) cartridge while it is slotted in the console will bring the game back to the Level Select screen, which Burton explains is the default exception handling for any unidentified processor error, such as when connectivity between the cartridge and the console's microprocessor is temporarily lost.[21]

In computing

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Software

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In computer software, Easter eggs are secret responses that occur as a result of an undocumented set of commands. The results can vary from a simple printed message or image to a page of programmer credits or a small video game hidden inside an otherwise serious piece of software.

In the TOPS-10 operating system (for the DEC PDP-10 mainframe computer), the make command is used to invoke the TECO editor to create a file. If given the file name argument love, so that the command reads make love, it will pause and respond not war? before creating the file.[2] The Easter egg was added sometime between October 1967 and October 1968 by William F. Weiher at the Stanford AI Lab to the COMPIL program for the PDP-6, which was then used in the TOPS-10 operating system, making it the first Easter egg in a software program.[3] This same behavior occurs on the RSTS/E operating system, where TECO will provide this response.[citation needed] Other Unix operating systems respond to "why" with "why not" (a reference to The Prisoner in Berkeley Unix, 1977).[citation needed]

Some versions of the DEC OpenVMS operating system have concealed exit status codes, including a reference to the Monty Python Dirty Hungarian Phrasebook skit; "exit %xb70" returns the message "%SYSTEM-W-FISH, my hovercraft is full of eels" while "exit %x34b4" returns a reference to an early Internet meme: "%SYSTEM-F-GAMEOVER, All your base are belong to us".[22]

Easter eggs in the 1997 version of Microsoft Office include a hidden flight simulator in Microsoft Excel and a pinball game in Microsoft Word.[23][24] Since 2002, Microsoft does not allow any hidden or undocumented code as part of its trustworthy computing initiative.[25]

The Debian operating system's package tool apt-get has an Easter egg involving an ASCII cow when variants on apt-get moo are typed into the shell.[26][27][28]

 
Animation showing Easter eggs in Google's Android operating system

An Easter egg is found on all Microsoft Windows operating systems before XP. In the 3D Text screen saver, entering the text "volcano" will display the names of all the volcanoes in the United States. Microsoft removed this Easter egg in XP but added others.[29] In Windows Vista and later, by launching a screensaver executable (introduced with Windows Vista) on the command line with the /p65552 flag, for example launching the "bubbles" screen saver with bubbles.scr /p65552 command-line parameter, it runs as desktop wallpaper.[30] Microsoft Excel 95 contains a hidden action game similar to Doom (1993) called The Hall of Tortured Souls.[31]

The Google search engine famously contains many Easter eggs, given to the user in response to certain search queries.[32]

Steve Jobs banned Easter eggs from Apple products upon his return to the company.[33] The first Easter egg to appear after his death is in a 2012 update to the Mac App Store for OS X Mountain Lion, in which downloaded apps are temporarily timestamped as "24 January 1984", the date of the sales launch of the original Macintosh.[33]

The Python programming language and its ecosystem of libraries include various Easter eggs.[34]

Firmware

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While computer-related Easter eggs are often found in installed software, occasionally they exist in the firmware of certain devices. On some home and early personal computers the ROM contains Easter eggs, including lists of the developers' names, political exhortations, snatches of music, or images of the entire development team.

The palmtop PC HP 200LX (1994) includes an undocumented hex calculator HEXCALC.EXM. The built-in maze game "Lair of Squid" incorporates a hidden gallery of the software developers. In test mode it displays several poems.

Other notable examples include some versions of the AMI BIOS that on 13 November 1993, proceeded to play "Happy Birthday" via the PC speaker repeatedly instead of booting,[35] as well as several early Apple Macintosh models that have photos of the development team in the ROM. These Mac Easter eggs were well-publicized in the Macintosh press at the time[36] along with the means to access them, and were later recovered by an NYC Resistor team, a hacker collective, through elaborate reverse engineering.[37][38] Similarly, the Radio Shack Color Computer 3's ROM contains code which displays what looks like three Microware developers on a Ctrl+Alt+Reset keypress sequence—a hard reset which discards any information currently in RAM.[39]

Several oscilloscopes contain Easter eggs. One example is the HP 54600B[when?], known to have a Tetris (1985) clone,[40] and the HP 54622D[when?] contains an imitation of the Asteroids (1979) game named Rocks.[41] Another is the Tektronix 1755A[when?] Vector and Waveform Monitor which displays swimming fish when Remote > Software version is selected on the CONFIG menu.[42]

In the second and third hardware revision of the Minolta Dynax/Maxxum/Alpha 9 (introduced in 1998) SLR camera, including all SSM/ADI upgraded bodies (since 2003), an undocumented button sequence can be utilized to reconfigure the camera to behave like the Dynax/Maxxum/Alpha 9Ti (1999) and subsequently invoke support for the limited model's extra functions also in the black model.[43][44][45][46]

One of HP's electronic pocket calculators, the HP-45 (introduced in 1973), has a built-in undocumented stopwatch.[47]

The firmware of HP's ScanJet 5p image scanner contains an easter egg wherein, on a cold power-on, holding down the scan button when the SCSI ID selector on the back is set to "0" will cause the ScanJet to play a rendition of Schiller's "Ode to Joy", by modulating the speed of the audible stepper motor drive to produce specific pitches.[48][49]

Hardware

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The Commodore Amiga 1000 computer includes the signatures of the design and development team embossed on the inside of the case, including Jay Miner and the paw print of his dog, Mitchy.[50] The Commodore Amiga models 500, 600, and 1200 each feature Easter eggs in the form of song titles by the B-52's as white printing on the motherboards. The 500 says "B52/Rock Lobster", the 600 says "June Bug", and the 1200 says "Channel Z".[51] The Amiga OS software contains hidden messages.[52][53]

Many integrated circuit (chip) designers have included hidden graphics elements termed chip art, including images, phrases, developer initials, logos, and more. This artwork, like the rest of the chip, is reproduced in each copy by lithography and etching. These are visible only when the chip package is opened and examined under magnification.[54] The 1984 CVAX microchip implementation of the MicroVAX CPU contains in its etchings the Russian phrase in the Cyrillic alphabet "VAX: When you care enough to steal the very best",[55] placed there because, "knowing that some CVAXs would end up in the USSR, the team wanted the Russians to know that we were thinking of them".[54]

Another notable example is the pro controller for the Nintendo Switch, on the controller's motherboard, if a player holds down on the right stick and looks closely into the transparent plastic surrounding its socket while shining a light on it, there is a hidden message that reads "THX2ALLGAMEFANS!". The message was discovered by Japanese Twitter user Geo Stream on March 4, 2017, one day after the Switch's launch.

Comics

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American comic book artists are known to include hidden messages in their art:[56]

  • In a reprint of classic Captain America comics, a production artist drew a penis on Bucky Barnes.[57]
  • In 2000, Al Milgrom inserted a message into Universe X: Spidey #1 insulting his previous boss, Marvel Editor in Chief Bob Harras, following Harras' termination from Marvel Comics. On Page 28, panel 3, the spines of books on a bookshelf in the background read, "HARRAS HA HA, HE'S GONE, GOOD RIDDANCE TO BAD RUBBISH HE WAS A NASTY S.O.B." The message was spotted after the book was printed but before it went on sale; the copies that were printed for consumers were destroyed. However, 4,000 preview copies were distributed to retailers as part of a "First Look" deal, and these are today considered rare collectors' items. Milgrom was "apparently fired and allegedly (and quietly) re-hired several weeks later".[57][58][59]
  • Ethan Van Sciver hid the word "sex" in the background of nearly every page of New X-Men #118 (November 2001).[57][60] Van Sciver subsequently stated that he hid the word throughout the book because he was annoyed with Marvel at the time for reasons he cannot remember, and thought it would be fun to engage in some mischief with his work.[citation needed]
  • Indonesian artist Ardian Syaf is known to engage in the practice of hiding Easter egg references to political figures in the backgrounds of his artwork. In Batgirl (vol. 4) #9 (July 2012), Syaf included a storefront sign that referenced the President of Indonesia, Joko Widodo, although the text that accompanies the image of Widodo is covered by a caption.[57][61] In April 2017, he caused an outcry by placing Easter egg references to the November 2016 Jakarta protests into the pages of X-Men Gold #1, which were perceived by readers to be anti-Semitic and anti-Christian. Though Syaf acknowledged the political nature of the messages,[57][62] he stated that they were not intended to express any anti-Semitic nor anti-Christian sentiment on his part.[63] In response to these Easter eggs, Marvel terminated their contract with Syaf.[64]

Video

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Home media

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Easter eggs are found on films, DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs, often as deleted scenes or bonus features.[65][66][67] Klinger states that their presence is "another signifier of artistry in the world of DVD supplements."[66] According to American film critics James Berardinelli and Roger Ebert, most DVDs do not contain them and most examples are "inconsequential", but a few, such as the one found on the Memento DVD release, are "worth the effort to seek out".[67]

Broadcast media

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Unlike DVDs and computer games, broadcast radio and television programs contain no executable code. Easter eggs may still appear in the content itself, such as a hidden Mickey in a Disney film or a real telephone number instead of a 555 fictitious telephone number.[original research?] A 2014 Super Bowl advertisement was leaked online in which a lady gives a man a real telephone number, which the advertiser had hidden as a marketing ploy; the first caller to the number received a pair of tickets to the game.[68] The 1980s animated series She-Ra: Princess of Power featured a character named Loo-Kee who typically appeared once per episode, hidden in a single screenshot. At the end of the episode, the screenshot would be shown again and Loo-Kee would challenge viewers to locate him before revealing his hiding place.[69][70] Adventure Time also had a character known as The Snail that was hidden in almost every episode of the show.[71]

More recent broadcast media, where viewers have access to high-resolution digital copies or streaming services, may include further Easter eggs that can only be found by freezing the show at certain points. In the anthology series Black Mirror, the producers have included Easter eggs that reference past episodes, or tie into future episodes, as a means of loosely tying together all episodes into a single Black Mirror universe.[72] The Netflix series Stranger Things had a real-world Easter Egg where a pizza delivery van featured in the show's fourth season had the phone number (805) 45-PIZZA shown on its side. If that number, which translated to 805-457-4992 was dialed, it led to a special message from Argyle, the fictional restaurant's delivery driver.[73]

Security concerns

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Security author Michel E. Kabay discussed security concerns of Easter eggs in 2000, saying that, while software quality assurance requires that all code be tested, it is not known whether Easter eggs are. He said that, as they tend to be held as programming secrets from the rest of the product testing process, a "logic bomb" could also bypass testing. Kabay asserts that this undermined the Trusted Computing Base, a paradigm of trustworthy hardware and software in place since the 1980s, and is of concern wherever personal or confidential information is stored, as this may then be vulnerable to damage or manipulation.[74] Microsoft created some of the largest and most elaborate Easter eggs, such as those in Microsoft Office.[75] In 2005, Larry Osterman of Microsoft acknowledged Microsoft Easter eggs, and his involvement in development of one, but described them as "irresponsible", and wrote that the company's Operating System division "has a 'no Easter Eggs' policy" as part of its Trustworthy Computing initiative.[25]

In 2006, Douglas W. Jones said that while "some Easter eggs may be intentional tools used to detect illegal copying, others are clearly examples of unauthorized functionality that has slipped through the quality-control tests at the vendor". While hidden Easter eggs themselves are harmless, it may be possible for malware to be hidden in similar ways in voting machines or other computers.[76]

Netscape Navigator contributor Jamie Zawinski stated in an interview in 1998 that harmless Easter eggs impose a negligible burden on shipped software, and serve the important purpose of helping productivity by keeping programmers happy.[77]

Contemporary works about Easter eggs

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Easter eggs have become more widely known to the general public and are referenced in contemporary artworks.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Zwei Kaninchen und ein Igel" ("Two rabbits and a hedgehog") by Carl Oswald Rostosky.
  2. ^ a b Montfort, Nick; Bogost, Ian (2009). Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT Press. p. 59. ISBN 9780262012577. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  3. ^ a b Willaert, Kate (23 May 2021). "Make Love Not War: Talking With The Creator Of The First Software Easter Egg". A Critical Hit!. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  4. ^ Yarwood, Jack (27 March 2016). "Easter Eggs: The Hidden Secrets of Videogames". Paste. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  5. ^ Fatsquatch (20 May 2003). "Of Dragons and Easter Eggs: A Chat With Warren Robinett". The Jaded Gamer. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  6. ^ a b c Wolf, Mark J. P. (2012). Encyclopedia of Video Games: The Culture, Technology, and Art of Gaming. Santa Barbara, California, USA: Greenwood. p. 177. ISBN 9780313379369.
  7. ^ "Play Atari Adventure". IGN. Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  8. ^ Baker, Chris (13 March 2015). "How One Man Invented the Console Adventure Game". WIRED. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  9. ^ Salen, Katie; Zimmerman, Eric (2005). The Game Design Reader: A Rules of Play Anthology. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT Press. pp. 690–713. ISBN 0262195364. OCLC 58919795.
  10. ^ "Letter to Atari" (PDF). 2600 Connections. 4 August 1980. Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  11. ^ Pogue, David (8 August 2019). "The Secret History of 'Easter Eggs'". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  12. ^ Willaert, Kate (4 April 2021). "Ready Player One Was Wrong: The First Easter Eggs In Video Games". A Critical Hit!. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
  13. ^ Jerz, Dennis G. (2007). "Somewhere Nearby is Colossal Cave: Examining Will Crowther's Original "Adventure" in Code and in Kentucky". Digital Humanities Quarterly. 1 (2). The Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
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  18. ^ "Optical Information Systems Update/library & Information Center Applications". CD-ROM World. 9 (1–5). Meckler Publishing. February 1994. Retrieved 4 November 2017. The best Easter egg of all is the entire Maniac Mansion game, which appears on a computer in Doctor Fred's mansion. Users can play the original game in its entirety.
  19. ^ Stanton, Rich (9 April 2021). "Cheat code to play 4K Timesplitters 2 in Homefront: The Revolution revealed after 5 years". PC Gamer. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  20. ^ Garmon, Jay (5 March 2007). "Geek Trivia: The cheat goes on". TechRepublic. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
  21. ^ Orland, Kyle (4 October 2017). "How hitting a game cartridge unlocks gaming's weirdest Easter egg". Ars Technica. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
  22. ^ "OpenVMS Undocumented Features". PARSEC Group. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  23. ^ Anonymous (19 July 1999). "Excel Easter Egg - Excel 97 Flight to Credits". The Easter Egg Archive. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  24. ^ Arima, Kevin (20 July 2009). "Word (Microsoft) Easter Egg - Pinball in Word 97". The Easter Egg Archive. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  25. ^ a b Osterman, Larry (21 October 2005). "Why no Easter Eggs?". Larry Osterman's WebLog. Microsoft Docs. Archived from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  26. ^ Grant, Rickford with; Bull, Phil (2010). Ubuntu for Non-Geeks: A Pain-Free, Get-Things-Done Guide (4th ed.). San Francisco, California, USA: No Starch Press. p. 168. ISBN 9781593272579. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  27. ^ "apt-private/private-moo.cc". main - APT Developers / apt - GitLab. 12 July 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  28. ^ "cmdline/apt-get.cc". main - APT Developers / apt - GitLab. 28 October 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  29. ^ Hoye, David (13 March 2003). "'Easter egg' hunts can turn up surprises". Newsbank. The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 4 November 2017.(subscription required)
  30. ^ "How to run Screensaver as Wallpaper in Windows 11/10". The Windows Club. 18 March 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  31. ^ Gaskell, John (19 July 1999). "Excel Easter Egg - Excel 95 Hall of Tortured Souls". The Easter Egg Archive. Retrieved 30 April 2009.
  32. ^ Sherman, Chris (9 October 2018). "Updated: The big list of Google Easter eggs". Search Engine Land. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  33. ^ a b Diaz, Jesus (26 July 2012). "The Easter Eggs Are Back in OS X—And This One Is Insanely Great". Gizmodo. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  34. ^ "OrkoHunter/python-easter-eggs: Curated list of all the easter eggs and hidden jokes in Python". GitHub. 9 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  35. ^ "Happy Birthday Description". F-Secure Labs. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
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  37. ^ hudson (21 August 2012). "Ghosts in the ROM". NYC Resistor. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  38. ^ Tirosh, Udi (22 August 2012). "Photographs Of Apple Team Found In 25 Years Old Macintosh SE". DIY Photography. Archived from the original on 26 February 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  39. ^ "The World of 68' Micros". 5 (6). FARNA Systems. May 1998: 5. Retrieved 4 November 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  40. ^ kcbhiw (24 July 2001). "HP 54600B Oscilloscope Easter Egg - Tetris Within Oscilloscope". The Easter Egg Archive. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  41. ^ TonyK (24 April 2002). "HP 54622D Easter Egg - HP Asteroids". The Easter Egg Archive. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  42. ^ Pavel (8 April 2000). "Tektronix 1751 Digital Video Osciloscope / Vectorscope Easter Egg - Fishes Swimming on Screen". The Easter Egg Archive. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  43. ^ Paul, Matthias R. (24 December 2010). "Zusätzliche Funktionen für die Minolta Dynax 9 - Kleine Bescherung: Und es geht doch - 9Ti-Funktionen für Dynax 9" [Extra functions for the Dynax 9 - a little Christmas present: Against all odds, it works: 9Ti functions on the Dynax 9]. Mi-Fo (in German). Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2014. (NB. Description of an undocumented activation procedure to enable the extra functions of the Minolta Dynax/Maxxum/Alpha 9Ti limited edition model on all standard black Dynax/Maxxum/Alpha 9 bodies equipped with second and third PCB revision, including all bodies with SSM/ADI upgrade.)
  44. ^ "Belated Christmas gift for Dynax/Maxxum/Alpha 9". Dyxum. 28 December 2010. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  45. ^ "Upgrade des fonctionnalités du D9 en D9Ti gratuite" [Upgrade of the functions of the D9 and D9Ti free]. AlphaDxD (in French). 5 January 2011. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  46. ^ Paul, Matthias R. (25 June 2006). "Maxxum 9 Update?". Shutterbug. Archived from the original on 27 October 2006. […] the SSM/ADI upgrade does not incorporate upgrading a black body to 9Ti specs, functions-wise. That is, the extra custom functions (except for 20-4) still do not normally exist on black bodies after the upgrade. Of course, 9Ti bodies do not lose their extra functions during the upgrade. […] Die-hard Minolta fans of the "black beauty" may feel free to contact […] if their camera body is either SSM/ADI upgraded already or shows the above mentioned improved behaviour. I may have some extra sweets for you... […] (NB. Not related to the undocumented button sequence revealed in the 2010 post but giving general background on the subtle differences of the camera variants and already hinting on a more elaborate internal configuration file manipulation hack to switch camera profiles.)
  47. ^ Miller, Paul E. (June 1976). "How To Use The HP-45 Calculator As a Stopwatch Or Elapsed-time Indicator". Popular Electronics.
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  49. ^ Colvey, Scott (25 April 2000). "How you can crack the Easter egg codes". Evening Standard: 55 – via ProQuest.
  50. ^ Corrigan, Patricia (2007). Bringing Science to Life: A Guide from the Saint Louis Science. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Reedy Press. p. 69. ISBN 9781933370163.
  51. ^ Compute!. 12 (6–9). Small System Service. 1990. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  52. ^ Petersen, Julie K. (2002). The Telecommunications Illustrated Dictionary (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press. p. 293. ISBN 9780849311734. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  53. ^ Hyman, Michael (1995). PC Roadkill. Foster City, California, USA: Programmers Press. p. c. ISBN 9781568843483. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  54. ^ a b Supnik, Bob (24 February 2008). "CVAX". Computer Simulation and History. Archived from the original on 17 January 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  55. ^ "Steal The Best". Molecular Expressions: The Silicon Zoo. 7 July 1999. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  56. ^ Cronin, Brian (1 July 2011). "Comic Book Easter Eggs Archive!". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  57. ^ a b c d e Johnston, Rich (8 April 2017). "Marvel Artist Ardian Syaf Hid Antisemitic And Anti-Christian Messages In This Week's X-Men Comic". Bleeding Cool. Retrieved 4 November 2017. And there was the time a production artist drew a penis on Bucky in classic Captain America archive reprints.
  58. ^ McCallum, Diana (4 February 2011). "6 Comic Book Easter Eggs That Stuck It to The Man". Cracked.com. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  59. ^ "Universe X Spidey 1 Harras Slander Variant". Recalled Comics. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  60. ^ Cronin, Brian (19 July 2011). "Comic Book Easter Eggs - New "Se"X-Men #118 Edition!". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  61. ^ Gail Simone (w), Ardian Syaf (p), Vicente Cifuentes (i). "In the Line of Fire" Batgirl, vol. 4, no. 9 (July 2012). DC Comics.
  62. ^ Lovett, Jamie (8 April 2017). "Marvel Releases Statement On Controversial X-Men Gold Art". ComicBook.com. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  63. ^ "Buni Yani Questioned Again in Cyber Harassment Case". Jakarta Globe. January 2017. Archived from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  64. ^ Brown, Tracy (11 April 2017). "Today in Entertainment: Inside Disney's Pandora; Fyre Fest's apology; and 'Hamilton' ticket details". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
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  66. ^ a b Bennett, James; Brown, Tom (2008). "The DVD Cinephile: Viewing Heritages and Home Film Cultures". Film and television after DVD. New York, USA: Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 9780415962414. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
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