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The Polans or Polians (Ukrainian: Поляни, romanized: Poliany; Russian: Поляне, romanized: Polyane; Polish: Polanie; Old East Slavic: Полѧне, romanized: Poljane), also known as Polanians, Polianians, and Eastern Polans, were an East Slavic tribe between the 6th and the 9th century, which inhabited both sides of the Dnieper river from Liubech to Rodnia and also down the lower streams of the rivers Ros', Sula, Stuhna, Teteriv, Irpin', Desna and Pripyat.
The distinct western Polans of the Early Middle Ages were a West Slavic tribe, ancestors of the Poles.
History
editThe name derives from the Old East Slavic word поле, which means "field", because, according to the Primary Chronicle they lived in the fields (занеже в поле седяху).[1][2] At one stage the Polanians were subjugated by the Khazars.[3]
The land of the Polans was at the crossroads of important trade and territories inhabited by different Eastern Slavic tribes (such as the Drevlians, Radimichs, Drehovians and Severians) and connected them all with water arteries. An important trade route, the Road from the Varangians to the Greeks, passed along the Dnieper through the land of the Polans and connected Northern Europe with the Black Sea and the Byzantine Empire. Geographic location of the Polans allowed them to play an organisational role in consolidation of the East Slavic tribes.[4] In the 9th and 10th centuries the Polans conducted well-developed arable land farming, cattle-breeding, hunting, fishing, wild-hive beekeeping and various handicrafts such as blacksmithing, casting, pottery, goldsmithing, etc. Thousands of (pre-Polan) kurgans, found by archaeologists in the Polan region, indicate that that land could support a relatively high population density. The Polans lived in small families in semi dug-outs ("earth-houses") and wore homespun clothes and modest jewellery. Before converting to Christianity, the inhabitants used to burn their dead and to erect kurgan-like embankments over them.[citation needed]
In the 860s, the Varangians (Vikings) arrived and organized a few successful military campaigns against the Byzantine Empire, which eventually defeated them and made peace with them, the Pechenegs and the Polochans.[citation needed] From 9th century Polans began to be known as Rus',[4] and the region they inhabited as Rus' land,[5] a name they presumably adopted from Varangians.
The chronicles repeatedly note that socio-economic relations in the Polan communities were highly developed compared to the neighboring tribes. According to the Primary Chronicle, the Polan tribe was headed by three brothers - Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv, who laid the foundation of Kyiv, which will become a tribal centre.[6] Two Varangians Askold and Dir are considered to be the first rulers of Kiev. In the 880s Oleg the Wise conquered the land of the Polans, from this point the territory they inhabited becomes the political, cultural and economic centre of Kievan Rus'.[5][7]
According to chronicalized legends, the largest cities of the eastern Polans were Kyiv, Pereiaslav, Rodnia, Vyshhorod, Bilhorod Kyivskyi (now Bilohorodka village at the Irpin river) and Kaniv. In the 10th century, the term "Polans" was virtually out of use, replaced by the name "Rus", with eastern Polans as a tribe being last mentioned in a chronicle of 944.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Primary Chronicle
- ^ Łowmiański, H. (1964). Początki Polski. Vol. 2. Warszawa. pp. 66, 106.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Turchin 2009, pp. 191–217; "The Khazars also subjugated East Slavic groups, such as the Polanians, and forced others to pay tribute."
- ^ a b "Polianians". www.encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
- ^ a b Motsia, Oleksandr (2009). «Руська» термінологія в Київському та Галицько-Волинському літописних зводах ["Ruthenian" question in Kyiv and Halych-Volyn annalistic codes] (PDF). Arkheolohiia (1). doi:10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1492467.V1. ISSN 0235-3490. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
- ^ Г. Півторак, Українці: звідки ми і наша мова, Київ 1993, p. 77.
- ^
Subtelny, Orest (10 November 2009). "The Rise and Decline of Kievan Rus". Ukraine: A History (4 ed.). University of Toronto Press (published 2009). ISBN 9781442697287. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
After conquering Kiev in 882 and establishing control over the Polianians, [Oleh] forcefully extended his authority [...] over the surrounding tribes [...]
- ^ П. П. Толочко, "Роль Киева в эпоху формирования Древнерусского государства," [In:] Становление раннефеодальных славянских государств, Киев, 1972, p. 129; Б. А. Рыбаков, Киевская Русь и русские княжества XII–XIII вв., Москва 1982, p. 98, 99; М. Ю. Брайчевский, Восточнославянские союзы племен в эпоху формирования древнерусского государства, [In:] Древнерусское государство и славяне, Минск 1983, p. 102-111.
- Turchin, Peter (2009). "A theory for formation of large empires" (PDF). Journal of Global History. 4 (2). Cambridge University Press: 191–217. doi:10.1017/S174002280900312X. S2CID 73597670.