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Edmond-Charles Genêt

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For the aviator and the first American casualty of World War I, see Edmond Genet.

Edmond-Charles Genêt (January 8, 1763 – July 14, 1834), also known as Citizen Genêt, was the French envoy to the United States appointed by the Girondins during the French Revolution. His actions on arriving in the United States led to a major political and international incident, which was termed the Citizen Genêt affair. Because of his actions, President George Washington asked the French government to recall him. The Montagnards, having risen to power at the same time, replaced Genêt and issued a warrant for his arrest. Fearing for his life, Genêt asked for asylum in America, which was granted by Washington. Genêt stayed in the United States until his death. Historian Carol Berkin argues that the Genêt affair bolstered popular respect for the president and strengthened his role in dealing with foreign affairs.[1]

Edmond-Charles Genêt
Portrait by Ezra Ames, between 1809 and 1810
Ambassador of France to the United States
In office
1793–1794
Preceded byJean Baptiste Ternant
Succeeded byJean Antoine Joseph Fauchet
Personal details
Born
Edmond Charles Genêt

(1763-01-08)January 8, 1763
Versailles, France
DiedJuly 14, 1834(1834-07-14) (aged 71)
East Greenbush, New York, U.S.
Spouses
Cornelia Tappen Clinton
​
​
(m. 1794; died 1810)​
Martha Brandon Osgood
​
​
(m. 1814)​
RelationsJeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan (sister)
ParentEdmond Jacques Genêt
Signature

Early life and education

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Genêt was born in Versailles in 1763. He was the ninth and final child of a French civil servant, Edmond Jacques Genêt (1726–1781), who was a head clerk in the ministry of foreign affairs.[2] The elder Genêt analyzed British naval strength during the Seven Years' War and monitored the progress of the American Revolutionary War. His eldest sister was Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan, a lady-in-waiting to Queen Marie-Antoinette and later an educator and author. Aglaé-Louise Auguié (1782–1854), who was the wife of Marshal Ney of France, was Genêt's niece.

Genêt was a prodigy who could read French, English, Italian, Latin, Swedish, Greek,[3] and German by the age of 12.

Career

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At 18, Genêt was appointed court translator, and in 1788 he was sent to the French embassy in Saint Petersburg to serve as ambassador. Over time, Genêt became disenchanted with the ancien régime, learning to despise not just the French monarchy but all monarchical systems, including Tsarist Russia under Catherine the Great. In 1792, Catherine declared Genêt persona non grata, calling his presence "not only superfluous but even intolerable." The same year, the Girondins rose to power in France and appointed Genêt to the post of minister to the United States.

Citizen Genêt affair

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President's House, Philadelphia. Washington confronted Genêt in the presidential mansion in Philadelphia, then the national capital.

The Citizen Genêt affair began in 1793 when he was dispatched to the United States to promote American support for France's wars with Spain and Britain.

Genêt arrived in Charleston, South Carolina, on the French frigate Embuscade on April 8. Instead of traveling to the then-capital of Philadelphia to present himself to U.S. President George Washington for accreditation, Genêt stayed in South Carolina. There he was greeted with enthusiasm by the people of Charleston, who threw a string of parties in his honor.

Genêt's goals in South Carolina were to recruit and arm American privateers who would join French expeditions against the British. He commissioned four privateering ships in total, including the Republicaine, the Anti-George, the Sans-Culotte, and the Citizen Genêt. Working with French consul Michel Ange Bernard Mangourit, Genêt organized American volunteers to fight Britain's Spanish allies in Florida. After raising a militia, Genêt set sail toward Philadelphia, stopping along the way to marshal support for the French cause and arriving on May 16. He encouraged Democratic-Republican societies, but President Washington denounced them and they quickly withered away. He was also hosted by the Democratic-Republican Tammany Society in 1793.[4]

His actions endangered American neutrality in the war between France and Britain, which Washington had pointedly declared in his Neutrality Proclamation of April 22. When Genêt met with Washington, he asked for what amounted to a suspension of American neutrality to support the cause of France. When turned down by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and informed that his actions were unacceptable, Genêt protested.[5] Meanwhile, Genêt's privateers were capturing British ships, and his militia was preparing to move against the Spanish.

Genêt continued to defy the wishes of the United States government, capturing British ships and rearming them as privateers. Washington sent Genêt an 8,000-word letter of complaint on Jefferson's and Hamilton's advice – one of the few situations in which the Federalist Alexander Hamilton and the Republican Jefferson agreed. Genêt replied obstinately. President Washington and his Cabinet then demanded that France recall Genêt as its Ambassador.[6]

The Mountain, having taken power in France by January 1794, issued an arrest warrant for Genêt. Genêt, knowing that he would likely be sent to the guillotine, asked Washington for asylum. Hamilton, Genêt's fiercest opponent in the cabinet, convinced Washington to grant him safe haven in the United States.[citation needed]

Later life

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After obtaining asylum in the United States from Washington, Genêt moved to New York State. On June 26, 1808, Genêt wrote an article, "Madison as a 'French Citizen,'" for the New York Register in an attempt to promote the prospects of his father-in-law, the incumbent Vice President George Clinton, over James Madison in the presidential election of 1808. Noting the honorary French citizenship afforded to Madison in 1792, Genêt reasoned that the Embargo Act of 1807 had been intended by Secretary of State Madison to aid Napoleon in the enforcement of the Berlin Decree, especially seeing that American trade with Britain was more important than that with France. Playing to a northeastern audience, Genêt continued that, judging by Jefferson's glorification of an agricultural lifestyle in Notes on the State of Virginia, the Embargo was also acting as a covert means to destroy New England's commercial heritage. As such, New Englanders would be forced to turn to agriculture, and Virginia's dominance of American politics would continue.[7]

Personal life

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Cornelia Clinton Genêt

Genêt married Cornelia Tappen Clinton (1774–1810) in 1794, the daughter of New York Governor George Clinton. Genêt lived on a farm he called Prospect Hill located in East Greenbush, New York overlooking the Hudson River. Living the life of a gentleman farmer, he wrote a book about inventions. Their children included:[8]

  • Edmond Charles Genet (1797–1802), who died young.
  • Henry James Genet (1800–1872), a member of the State Assembly in 1832 who married Martha Elizabeth Taylor (1809–1896).[9]
  • Maria Louisa Genet (1802–1888), who married Cornelius Van Buren Van Rensselaer (1793–1868), son of Col. Nicholas Van Rensselaer.[a]
  • Charles Alexander Genet (1805–1838)
  • Cornelia Tappen Genet (1808–1877), who married Andrew Conkey Getty (1810–1891).[14]

His wife Cornelia died in 1810, and on July 31, 1814, Genêt remarried to Martha Brandon Osgood (1787–1853), the daughter of Samuel Osgood, the United States' first Postmaster General.[15] Together, they were the parents of:[16]

  • Henriette Campan Genet (1815–1826), who died young.
  • Edmond Charles Genet (b. 1816), who died young.
  • Samuel Osgood Genet (1819–1824), who died young.
  • Edme Jacques Genet (1821–1891), who married Magdelene Van Rensselaer Witbeck (1813–1900).[17] They had no children.[18]
  • George Clinton Genet (1824–1904), who married Augusta Georgia Kirtland (1838–1911).[19] They had no children.[20]

He died on July 14, 1834, and is buried in the churchyard behind the Greenbush Reformed Church, about two miles east of his farm.

Descendants

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Edmond Charles Clinton Genet on September 4, 1916. He was in the midst of his six-month training to become a fighter pilot

Edmond Charles Clinton Genet (1896–1917), who served with the Lafayette Escadrille and was the first American flier to die in the First World War after the United States declared war against Germany in 1917, was Genêt's great-great-grandson.[21]

Legacy

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See also

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References

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Notes
  1. ^ Cornelius was the son of Nicholas Van Rensselaer (1754–1848) and Elsie (née Van Buren) Van Rensselaer (1759–1844). He was also the nephew of Henry K. Van Rensselaer, Philip Kiliaen van Rensselaer, Philip Kiliaen van Rensselaer, Killian K. Van Rensselaer, all of the prominent Van Rensselaer family.[10][11][12][13]
Sources
  1. ^ Carol Berkin, A Sovereign People: The Crises of the 1790s and the Birth of American Nationalism (2017) pp 81–150.
  2. ^ Alderson, Robert J. (2008). This Bright Era of Happy Revolutions: French Consul Michel-Ange-Bernard Mangourit and International Republicanism in Charleston, 1792-1794. University of South Carolina Press. p. 20. ISBN 9781570037450. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  3. ^ Chernow, Ron (2016-08-01). Alexander Hamilton. Head of Zeus. ISBN 9781786690012.
  4. ^ Allen, Oliver E. (1993). The Tiger: The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. p. 10. ISBN 0-201-62463-X.
  5. ^ A Message of the President of the United States to Congress Relative to France and Great Britain Delivered December 5, 1793, With the Papers Therein Referred to, to Which are Added the French Originals, Published by Order of the House of Representatives. Philadelphia: printed by Charles and Swaine. 1793. pp. 28–29. Retrieved 14 April 2016 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ "Founders Online: Editorial Note: The Recall of Edmond Charles Genet".
  7. ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Fred L. Israel, and William P. Hansen, eds., History of American Presidential Elections: 1789–1968, vol. 1 (New York: Chelsea House, 1985), 234-35.
  8. ^ New York (State) (1815). Laws of the State of New-York,: Passed at the Thirty-sixth, Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth Sessions of the Legislature, Commencing November 1812, and Ending April 1815. Websters and Skinners, at their bookstore in the White-House, corner of State and Pearl streets. pp. 47–48. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  9. ^ Lee, Francis Bazley (1910). Genealogical and Memorial History of the State of New Jersey ... Lewis historical Publishing Company. pp. 121–122. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  10. ^ Clarke Publishing Company, S.J; Clarke, S. J. (1912). "Cincinnati, the Queen City, 1788–1912". S. J. Clarke Publishing Company: 567. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ^ "Van Rensselaer/Klinck – New York". Ancestry.co.uk. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  12. ^ "Hudson-Mohawk Genealogical and Family Memoirs: Van Rensselaer". Schenectady Digital History Archive. Schenectady County Public Library. 2009. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  13. ^ Denslow, William R; Truman, Harry S (2004-09-30). 10,000 Famous Freemasons V3, K to P. Kessinger. ISBN 9781417975792.
  14. ^ Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine. National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. 1968. p. 722. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  15. ^ New York (State) Supreme Court (1832). Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of Judicature, and in the Court for the Trial of Impeachments and the Correction of Errors, of the State of New-York. [1828-1841]. New-York, Gould & Banks. p. 10. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  16. ^ Lamb, Martha Joanna (1880). History of the City of New York: Its Origin, Rise, and Progress. A. S. Barnes. p. 331. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  17. ^ History of the Reformed Church: At East Greenbush, Rensselaer County, New York ... J. Heidingsfeld, printer. 1891. p. 246. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  18. ^ Rensselaer, Florence Van (1956). The Van Rensselaers in Holland and in America. American Historical Co. p. 52. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  19. ^ Freeman, Joanne B. (2002). Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic. Yale University Press. p. 92. ISBN 0300097557. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  20. ^ Genealogy of the Bostwick Family in America: The Descendants of Arthur Bostwick of Stratford, Conn. Bryan printing Company. 1901. p. 463. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  21. ^ Genet, Edmond Charles Clinton (1918). Channing, Grace Ellery (ed.). War Letters of Edmond Genet: The First American Aviator Killed Flying the Stars and Stripes. C. Scribner's Sons. OCLC 459298282.
  22. ^ "About Citizen Genet Elementary School". egcsd.org. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
  23. ^ Breig, James (14 October 2010). "History: Genet's night on television". Troy Record. Retrieved 8 August 2021.

Further reading

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  • Ammon, Harry. The Genet Mission. New York: W.W. Norton, 1971.
  • Berkin, Carol. A Sovereign People: The Crises of the 1790s and the Birth of American Nationalism (2017) pp 81–150.
  • Campbell, Wesley J. "The Origin of Citizen Genet's Projected Attack on Spanish Louisiana: A Case Study in Girondin Politics." French Historical Studies 33.4 (2010): 515–544. online
  • Childs, Frances Sergeant. French Refugee Life in the United States, 1790–1800: An American Chapter of the French Revolution Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1940.
  • Elkins, Stanley, and Eric McKitrick. The Age of Federalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  • Link, Eugene Perry. Democratic-Republican Societies, 1790–1800. New York: Columbia University Press, 1942.
  • Sheridan, Eugene R. "The Recall of Edmond Charles Genet: A Study in Transatlantic Politics and Diplomacy". Diplomatic History, Vol. 18 (Fall 1994), 463–68.
  • Sioli, Marco. "Citizen Genêt and Political Struggle in the Early American Republic." Revue française d'études américaines (1995): 259–267, in English.online
  • Thomas, Charles Marion. American Neutrality in 1793: A Study in Cabinet Government. New York: Columbia University Press, 1931.
  • Unger, Harlow Giles. The French War Against America: How a Trusted Ally Betrayed Washington and the Founding Fathers. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005.
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