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Glen Echo Park (Maryland)

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Glen Echo Park is an arts and cultural center in Glen Echo, Maryland, a suburb of Washington, D.C. Located about 9 miles (14 km) northwest of the city's downtown area, the park's site was initially developed in 1891 as a National Chautauqua Assembly.

Glen Echo Park Historic District
Glen Echo Park (Maryland) is located in Maryland
Glen Echo Park (Maryland)
Glen Echo Park (Maryland) is located in the United States
Glen Echo Park (Maryland)
Location7300 MacArthur Blvd.
Glen Echo, Maryland
Coordinates38°57′58″N 77°08′19″W / 38.96611°N 77.13861°W / 38.96611; -77.13861
Area9 acres (3.6 ha)
Built1891 (1891)
ArchitectMultiple
Architectural styleModerne, Queen Anne, Shingle Style, Spanish Colonial Mission Revival
NRHP reference No.84001850[1]
Added to NRHPJune 8, 1984

Following the foreclosure and sale of the Chautauqua grounds in 1903, leisure facilities were developed there to serve the city's growing population. In 1911, the site was expanded to become the privately owned Glen Echo Amusement Park, a popular facility that operated until 1968.[2]

The National Park Service (NPS) now operates the park, which functions as a regional cultural resource when offering classes, workshops, dances and performances in the visual and performing arts. The park is known for its Streamline Moderne architecture, an antique Dentzel carousel and its historic Spanish Ballroom, as well as for its children's theater and social dance programs. Visitors also come to the park to participate in its festivals and events, which include the Washington Folk Festival and a Family Day.

The NPS maintains a visitors center and conducts park history tours. More than 350,000 people attend events and participate in instructional activities at the park during each year.

History

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Chautauqua

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Edwin and Edward Baltzley, writers,[3] inventors,[4] industrialists, and real estate developers,[5][6][7] hoped to build upon the banks of the Potomac River a suburban community free of the urban pollution of late 19th-century Washington. In order to compete with other suburban developments, the Baltzley twins[5] planned a series of opulent attractions for their would-be community.[8]

On February 24, 1891, the Baltzley twins incorporated the National Chautauqua of Glen Echo, the 53rd such assembly, and immediately set to building a stone citadel of culture to complement their real estate and resort enterprises.[9] Opened on June 16, 1891,[10] their arts and culture program included lectures and concerts[11] in a 6,000-seat amphitheater;[10] special classes in Bible studies,[12] Greek, and Hebrew; physical training regimens;[13] and university extension courses. Hundreds flocked to the site to picnic and to attend lectures on American history by Jane Meade Welch, courses on ancient Egypt by Lysander Dickerman, and concerts by John Philip Sousa and his band.[14] Clara Barton, encouraged by the Baltzleys, not only located her home and the American Red Cross headquarters at Glen Echo but also presided over the Women's Executive Committee for the Chautauqua itself.[15] The inaugural season's success warranted an extension well into August.[16]

Failure

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By the spring of 1892 the various Baltzley enterprises were gravely in debt. On April 7, 1892, the Glen Echo Sand and Building Company, a Baltzley subsidiary, borrowed a large sum of money giving the Chautauqua site as collateral. This was one of many Baltzley mortgages on the site. The financial difficulties spread to the Glen Echo Railroad Company, yet another Baltzley enterprise, which, because of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the adjacent Washington Aqueduct system, had failed to bring the much anticipated street car service to the Chautauqua site and Glen Echo Village.[17] [clarification needed]

Compounding their overextended credit, the Baltzley brothers found themselves the victim of common rumor. At the beginning of the 1892 season, rumor had spread throughout Washington that Glen Echo was rampant with malaria.[18] Regardless of the validity of these accusations, when combined with the brother's precarious finances, the Chautauqua site fell into disuse.[19]

Chautauqua Tower

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Chautauqua Tower
 
Chautauqua Tower, September 2011
LocationGlen Echo Park, Glen Echo, Maryland
Area0.1 acres (0.040 ha)
Built1891 (1891)
ArchitectMindelef, Victor
Architectural styleLate Victorian
NRHP reference No.80000350[1]
Added to NRHPJuly 4, 1980

The central entrance to the park is dominated by Chautauqua Tower, a Richardsonian Romanesque circular structure of irregularly shaped, rough-faced stone. Construction of the tower was started in 1890 or 1891 and completed in 1892. It is about 34' in diameter and three stories high, capped by an 11-sided roof of steep pitch with a flagpole rising from its peak. It is the sole intact physical remnant of the late 19th century Chautauqua movement at Glen Echo, and local example of late Victorian rustic architecture.[2] and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.[1]

Originally, the tower was part of a large complex of buildings at the entrance of the Glen Echo Chautauqua. The National Register of Historic Places nomination form correctly identifies the architect, Victor Mindeleff, but misspells his name. Mindeleff is best known for his work with the Bureau of American Ethnology.[2]

Currently, the Tower is the studio of Artist in Residence J. Jordan Bruns and Mariana Kastrinakis. The first floor is also used as studio space by artists on a monthly basis.

Amusement park

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The restored Streamline Moderne amusement park entrance and trolley tracks (June 2012)

In 1897, the Washington and Great Falls Electric Railway Company completed an electric streetcar line that traveled from a car barn in Georgetown, passed the former Chautauqua site and terminated in Cabin John.[20] After changing its name to become the Washington Railway and Electric Company (WR&E) in 1902,[20] the railroad constructed a trolley park (a type of amusement park) at the Chautauqua site. Named "Glen Echo Park", the facility became one of the larger establishments of its type in the Washington area. The park remained popular well into the late 1940s.[21]

Beginning in 1940, the Capital Transit Company (the successor to the WR&E) built a number of Streamline Moderne structures within its facility.[21] By the mid-1950s, however, attendance began to decline due to the growing popularity of larger regional theme parks such as Disneyland, and also because of the proliferation of new retail products that children of the Baby Boom generation could use during their leisure time.[21][22] On January 3, 1960, the D.C. Transit System, Inc. (the successor to Capital Transit) closed the trolley line that had connected Georgetown to the park (see: Abandonment of streetcars in Washington, D.C.).[23][24]

Segregation and integration at the amusement park

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Like many public facilities in and around the Washington area, Glen Echo Park was restricted to whites for 63 out of the first 70 years of its history.[25] On June 30, 1960, to draw attention to the park's racial segregation, a "D.C. Non-Violent Action Group", which students from the historically black Howard University led, organized an 11-week civil rights campaign against the park's policies.[22][23][26]

The campaign began with a sit-in protest on the carousel during which five African-American students were arrested for trespassing.[22][26] Members of the liberal, politically connected and largely Jewish Bannockburn community near the park then joined the students in protesting and picketing for change. As a result, the park opened its doors to all races for the 1961 season.[27]

Four years later, the Supreme Court considered the students' arrests in Griffin v. Maryland. The court reversed the convictions on the grounds that the state of Maryland had unconstitutionally used its police power to help a private business enforce its racial exclusionary policy.[22]

Amusement park closure

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On Easter Monday 1966, the park's roller coaster closed early after a cigarette thrown from a coaster car damaged its tracks.[23] When park officials did not explain the reason for the closure, visitors from Washington became disruptive. As tensions flared, the park closed for the day, resulting in a mass exodus of about 6,000 customers.[23][28]

Reports of slashed seats on the first bus returning to the city prompted D.C. Transit to stop bus service to Glen Echo, stranding hundreds of people at the park. Vandalism occurred during long nighttime walks back to the city, adding to tensions in the communities surrounding the park.[28]

Although the park's popularity had declined severely before this incident, newspaper coverage of the event further discouraged potential customers and dealt a blow from which the park could not recover. Attendance at the park fell when former patrons afraid of recurrences avoided the park. The park also developed a reputation of being a haven for teenage gangs.[23]

In 1968, the U.S. Department of the Interior and the National Capital Planning Commission asked the General Services Administration (GSA) to try to acquire the Glen Echo Property by means of a swap, to include the land and all permanent structures. In April 1969, the park's owners announced that they would not open the park during that year. They sold most of the rides and other amusements during the next two years.[23][29]

Acquisition and management by National Park Service

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The GSA officially acquired the title to Glen Echo Park on April 1, 1970. Two months later, the NPS took over administration of the park. The Glen Echo tract and title was officially transferred to the NPS on March 5, 1976. Of the approximately 17 acres (7 ha) that originally came with the title, a portion (7.5 acres (3 ha)) became a part of the Clara Barton National Historic Site while the remainder (9.3 acres (4 ha) became part of the lands of the George Washington Memorial Parkway. After a year of clean-up operations and planning, on June 20, 1971, the National Park Service opened the park to the public for the first of a series of consecutive summer Sunday afternoon events.[29]

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Carousel at Glen Echo Park
 
Animals on the carousel
Arealess than one acre
Built1921 (1921)
ArchitectDentzel, Gustav; Dentzel, William
Part ofGlen Echo Park Historic District (ID84001850[1])
NRHP reference No.80000351[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHPJuly 4, 1980
Designated CPJune 8, 1993

The 1921 Dentzel menagerie carousel is the only park ride that remains from the former Glen Echo Amusement Park. The ride features 38 horses, four rabbits, four ostriches, a lion, a tiger, a giraffe, and a prancing deer. A Wurlitzer style 165 Band Organ provides the carousel's music; it was built in 1925 and replaced a Wurlitzer 153 band organ at the park in 1926.[30]

 
Dentzel Carousel building, Glen Echo Park
 
Dentzel Carousel, Glen Echo Park

In its heyday the carousel sported an operating brass ring, in which riders could reach out and pull a ring out of a holder next to the carousel. Grabbing a brass ring would win the lucky rider a free ride. The brass ring arm is still visible today, although it no longer operates.[citation needed]

The face of the carousel had changed greatly since 1921, with the animals, rounding boards, inner drum panels, and band organ receiving several new coats of paint over the years. An installation photograph from 1921, as compared to the carousel in 1983, showed an original design of the body and tack on the Indian horse that was very different from the present-day animal. Chipping away at the horse's paint revealed several strata of differently colored and styled paint jobs spanning the past sixty years, with the original 1921 paint at the bottom.[31]

The carousel was restored by specialist Rosa Ragan, who has restored several other carousels in the United States. She restored the Indian horse by removing the park paint, exposing as much of the original paint as possible, and filling in the gaps in the original paint, a process called inpainting, before covering the horse in a protective varnish. This process, however, exposed the original paint to damage from riders, thus rendering the horse unrideable.[31]

In order to restore each animal without risking damage to the original paint, Ragan developed a new process of uncovering the original paint job, recording the colors and design, and then covering the original paint with a reversible varnish before giving the animal a white base coat and repainting it in the original colors. However, Ragan did leave a small window of original paint exposed on each animal for riders to find.[31] These glimpses of the original 1921 paint are called "windows to the past" and can be found on the plain side (the inward-facing side) of each animal. Ragan's 20-year restoration of the carousel completely overhauled the animals, the band organ, and the rounding boards and drum panels, returning the carousel to its original beauty and splendor.

The carousel was in a scene in the 1989 comedy Chances Are starring Robert Downey Jr. and Cybill Shepherd. The carousel was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.[1]

Arts and cultural center

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Management by Glen Echo Park Partnership for Arts and Culture

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Talks began of forming a formal partnership between the NPS and the government of Montgomery County, Maryland. A final management plan was proposed and accepted by February 2001. By establishing this formal partnership, enough funds became available to begin the necessary work on all the structures within the park. A non-profit partnership was formed, the Glen Echo Park Partnership for Arts and Culture, which would take over administration of the arts programming while the National Park Service would continue to oversee, manage, maintain, preserve, and protect the park's resources.[29]

Each year, more than 350,000 people visit the park. The partnership's mission is to present artistic, cultural, and educational offerings at the park and to promote the park as a destination for the region's population.[32]

The partnership manages the park's arts programs and facilities, including its historic buildings. In collaboration with Montgomery County and the NPS, the partnership works with resident artists and organizations to develop arts programming, operates the Dentzel carousel and the Spanish Ballroom, presents a social dance program, produces festivals and special events, conducts fundraising and marketing, and manages and maintains all facilities.[32]

From 2003 to 2010, extensive renovations of the park's facilities took place under the direction of the county and the NPS with input from the partnership and resident organizations. Federal, state, and county resources as well as private donations funded these renovations. The renovations included the Spanish Ballroom, the Dentzel Carousel, the Puppet Co. Playhouse, the Arcade building, the Yellow Barn, Adventure Theatre, the Candy Corner, the Chautauqua Tower, the Ballroom Annex, and the Caretaker's Cottage.[33]

Resident arts programs

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Glen Echo Park is home to thirteen resident artists and arts organizations. The resident artists and organizations offer classes, concerts, exhibitions, open studios hours, workshops, and lectures. Resident programs and artists include: Adventure Theatre MTC, Art Glass Center at Glen Echo, Glen Echo Glassworks, Glen Echo Pottery, J. Jordan Bruns, Photoworks, Playgroup in the Park, the Puppet Co., SilverWorks, Glen Echo Park Aquarium, Washington Conservatory of Music, Yellow Barn Studio & Gallery, and Young Creative Spirit.[34]

 
At the culmination of Contrastock 2011, dance caller Nils Fredland whips the crowd into a frenzy, beckons them up to the stage, and dives into the spontaneous mosh pit.

Special events and concerts

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The park hosts several family festivals and special events throughout the year, including Family Day (when the carousel opens for the season), Then & Wow, Labor Day Art Show, Irish Music and Dance Showcase, Washington Folk Festival,[A] Fall Frolic, Contrastock,[B] an extensively-decorated Halloween dance, inaugural balls, and Winter's Eve.  From June through August, the Glen Echo Park Partnership presents a free summer concert series each Thursday night in the Bumper Car Pavilion.

Social dancing

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Contra dancers at a Friday night dance in the Spanish Ballroom

Glen Echo Park offers a broad array of social dance events and classes as part of its standard programs. There are regular dances and classes in waltz, swing, contra,[35][36] and salsa. Dances take place in the historic Spanish Ballroom, the Bumper Car Pavilion, and the recently renovated, climate-controlled Ballroom Annex (The Back Room).

Approximately 60,000 people attend Glen Echo Park's dances each year. A $19 million renovation of the Spanish Ballroom in 2003 returned it to its original splendor, giving it continued prominence as one of the premiere sites for dancing in the Washington DC area.

The 18-month renovation was preceded by a National Park Service led, volunteer-labor makeover of the deteriorating Bumper Car Pavilion, converting it into an all-weather dance pavilion & band shell, for uninterrupted dancing through the renovation. Currently, it remains in use as an alternative dance venue and for private events, such as wedding receptions.

All social dances are open to the public, for all ages, with no prior experience or partner required. All dances offer an introductory lesson before the dance begins and most include live music. Alcohol is prohibited on park grounds, and smoking is prohibited in all buildings.

PCC streetcar

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In 2005, the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transport Authority (SEPTA) donated to the NPS a streamlined 1947 PCC streetcar that had earlier served Philadelphia. The NPS installed the historic trolley on tracks laid in front of the entrance to Glen Echo Park, with plans to restore it at a cost of about $100,000. However, the streetcar deteriorated when no funds became available for the restoration. The streetcar left Glen Echo in 2012 after the GSA sold it, but its tracks remained in place.[37]

Incidents at Glen Echo Park

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  • June 23, 1918: The first fatality at the amusement park occurred when Joseph J. Hamel, a 43-year-old stone cutter from Washington, fell from a roller-coaster (known as Gravity Railway) car while sitting on an armrest, due to overcrowding. Hamel was rushed to Georgetown Hospital but died the next day.[38]
  • May 5, 1989, during a Friday night contra dance, the rain-swollen Minnehaha Creek overflowed its banks, and an estimated 25 vehicles were swept from the main parking lot toward the Potomac River, some of them actually ending up in the river. More than 50 vehicles were destroyed.[39]

Images

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Pictures of Glen Echo Park are available on Wikimedia Commons.

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    The Chatauqua Tower at Glen Echo
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    A PCC streetcar at the renovated Streamline Moderne entrance to Glen Echo Park (June 2006)
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    The renovated Streamline Moderne Popcorn Gallery, Visitors Center and Arcade (February 2012)
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    The renovated Streamline Moderne Arcade (June 2006)
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    The renovated Streamline Moderne Cuddle Up (May 2006)
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    The Streamline Moderne entrance to the Crystal Pool before renovation (August 2007)
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    The renovated Streamline Moderne entrance to the Crystal Pool (June 2012)
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    The renovated Bumper Car Pavilion (May 2006)
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    The renovated Chautauqua Tower (September 2011)
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    The renovated Spanish Ballroom (February 2012)
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    Minnehaha Branch (April 2009)

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ The Washington Folk Festival is a free, two day, family-friendly celebration of the music, song, dance, and craft traditions found in the D.C. metro area.
  2. ^ Contrastock, a word-play on Woodstock, is a day-long contra dance event, featuring multiple sequential bands and dance-callers.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  2. ^ a b c Scott, Gary; Brabham, Bill. "Glen Echo Amusement Park". National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service. Archived from the original on August 2, 2019. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  3. ^ "Creator: Baltzley, Edwin". Historical Society of Washington, D.C. Retrieved August 12, 2022 – via PastPerfect Online.
  4. ^
  5. ^ a b Cook, Richard A. (1997). "Glen Echo". Glen Echo, Maryland & Cabin John Bridge. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  6. ^ Cook, Richard A. (1997). "The Town of Glen Echo, Maryland". Glen Echo, Maryland & Cabin John Bridge. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  7. ^ Cook, Richard A. (1997). "A History of the Glen Echo Chautauqua". Glen Echo, Maryland & Cabin John Bridge. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  8. ^ 'A Throng at Glen Echo,' "Washington Post", May 21, 1891; Richard Cook & Deborah Lange, "Glen Echo Park: A Story of Survival", Bethesda: Bethesda Communication Group, 2000, 4-8; 'Glen Echo Park Historic Structures Report', National Park Service, Department of the Interior, 1987, III-1 to III-8.
  9. ^ 'Report of the Women's Executive Committee,' "The National Chautauqua of Glen Echo", Washington, DC: 1891; Richard Cook & Deborah Lange, "Glen Echo Park: A Story of Survival", Bethesda: Bethesda Communication Group, 2000, 11-15.
  10. ^ a b "The National Chautauqua: Interesting Opening Exercises—Characteristic Address by Dr. Talmage". The Baltimore Sun. June 17, 1891. p. 4. ProQuest 535340708.
  11. ^ "Delsarte and Riches: Summer Lectures in Tent and Amphitheater at Glen Echo: Talmage on the Holy Land". The Washington Post. June 18, 1891. p. 2. ProQuest 138559292.
  12. ^ "Inside Closed Gates: First Sunday of the National Chautauqua". The Washington Post. June 22, 1891. p. 2. ProQuest 138576410.
  13. ^ "Glen Echo Art School: Feature of the National Chautauqua Educational Course: New Manual Training Idea". The Washington Post. March 22, 1891. p. 16. ProQuest 138652620.
  14. ^ 'Report of the Women's Executive Committee,' "The National Chautauqua of Glen Echo", Washington, DC: 1891; 'The Glen Echo Chautauqua', "Washington Post", June 21, 1891; 'Glen Echo Advertisement', "Washington Post", May 12, 1891; 'At Glen Echo Today', "Washington Post", June 16, 1891.
  15. ^ Elizabeth Prior, "Clara Barton: Professional Angel", Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987, 263-265.
  16. ^ 'Ho For Glen Echo!', "Washington Post", July 29, 1891.
  17. ^ 'Glen Echo Park Historic Structures Report', National Park Service, Department of the Interior, 1987, III-40 to III-54; 'Glen Echo Road to be Sold at Auction', "Washington Post", June 23, 1895.
  18. ^ Richard Cook & Deborah Lange, "Glen Echo Park: A Story of Survival", Bethesda: Bethesda Communication Group, 2000, 30.
  19. ^ Richard Cook & Deborah Lange, "Glen Echo Park: A Story of Survival", Bethesda: Bethesda Communication Group, 2000, 30-33; 'Glen Echo's Future', "Washington Post", July 19, 1896.
  20. ^ a b (1) EHT Traceries, Inc. (December 2019). "History Of The Washington & Great Falls Electric Railway" (PDF). Palisades Trolley Trail: Historic Resource Report for the Built Environment. Washington, D.C.: District Department of Transportation. pp. 3–12. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
    (2) King, LeRoy O. (1972). 100 Years Of Capital Traction: The Story of Streetcars In The Nation's Capital. College Park, Maryland: Taylor Publishing Company. pp. 47–52. LCCN 72097549. OCLC 567981440. Retrieved July 14, 2021 – via Google Books.
    (3) "Washington and Great Falls Electric Railway" (advertisement). Washington, D.C.: The Morning Times. August 23, 1897. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021 – via Library of Congress.
  21. ^ a b c Scott, Gary; Brabham, Bill. "Glen Echo Amusement Park". National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service. Continuation Sheets 8.2-8.3. Archived from the original on August 2, 2019. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  22. ^ a b c d Scharfenberg, Kirk (April 2, 1969). "Laughter Dies At Glen Echo". The Washington Post. p. C1. ProQuest 147685202.
  23. ^ a b c d e f Cook, Richard A. (December 2008). "A General History of Glen Echo Park". Glen Echo — Cabin John History. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  24. ^ Cohen, Bob. "Washington, D.C. Railroad History". Washington, D.C. Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 5, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  25. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Glen Echo Park, Maryland. United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  26. ^ a b "Summer of Change: A Civil Rights Story". Glen Echo Park, Maryland. United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service. April 10, 2015. Archived from the original on April 1, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  27. ^ (1) Schulte, Brigid (June 29, 2004). "Protest on a Sculpted Horse". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
    (2) "Glen Echo Picket: 1960". Washington Area Spark. Retrieved July 2, 2021 – via Flickr.
  28. ^ a b "Glen Echo closes early — 10 mile walk home: 1966". Washington Area Spark. Retrieved July 2, 2021 – via Flickr.
  29. ^ a b c "Becoming a National Park". Glen Echo Park, Maryland. United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service. April 10, 2015. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  30. ^ Gary Scott and Nicholas Veloz (March 1980). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Carousel at Glen Echo Park" (PDF). Maryland Historical Trust. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  31. ^ a b c "Carousel Fact Sheet" (PDF). Retrieved November 1, 2021.
  32. ^ a b "About The Partnership". Glen Echo, Maryland: Glen Echo Park Partnership for Arts and Culture, Inc. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  33. ^ "History Of The Park". Glen Echo, Maryland: Glen Echo Park Partnership for Arts and Culture, Inc. Archived from the original on January 13, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  34. ^ "Resident Artists & Organizations". Glen Echo, Maryland: Glen Echo Park Partnership for Arts and Culture, Inc. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  35. ^ "Friday Night Dancers". Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  36. ^ "Folklore Society of Greater Washington". Archived from the original on March 19, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
  37. ^ (1) Austermuhle, Martin (April 26, 2012). "Glen Echo Trolley Disappears From Outside Famous Park". DCist. Washington, D.C.: WAMU. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
    (2) Kelly, John (April 30, 2012). "Streetcar removed from Glen Echo Park". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  38. ^ (1) "State ex rel. Hamel v. Glen Echo Park Co". casetext.com. Casetext: Smarter Legal Research. January 12, 1921. Retrieved May 24, 2020. J. Joseph Hamel by his own negligence directly contributed to the happening of the injury complained of.
    (2) Tiffany, Herbert T. (1921). Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Court of Appeals, Maryland. Vol. 137. Baltimore: King Brothers. pp. 529–533.
  39. ^ Fowler, Stan (May 26, 2013). "Glen Echo, MD 1989 Great Flood". YouTube.com. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2020. Minnehaha creek overcame man-made channeling and destroyed over 50 cars, including several that made it all the way to the Potomac
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