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Edward Douglass White

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For the U.S. politician (1795-1847), see Edward Douglass White Sr.

Edward Douglass White Jr. (November 3, 1845[2][3] – May 19, 1921) was an American politician and jurist. White, a native of Louisiana, was a U.S. Supreme Court justice for 27 years, first as an associate justice from 1894 to 1910, then as the ninth chief justice from 1910 until his death in 1921. White is known for siding with the Supreme Court majority in Plessy v. Ferguson, which upheld the legality of state segregation.

Edward Douglass White
White in 1905
9th Chief Justice of the United States
In office
December 19, 1910 – May 19, 1921[1]
Nominated byWilliam Howard Taft
Preceded byMelville Fuller
Succeeded byWilliam Howard Taft
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
In office
March 12, 1894 – December 18, 1910[1]
Nominated byGrover Cleveland
Preceded bySamuel Blatchford
Succeeded byWillis Van Devanter
United States Senator
from Louisiana
In office
March 4, 1891 – March 12, 1894
Preceded byJames Eustis
Succeeded byNewton Blanchard
Justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court
In office
January 1879 – April 1880
Nominated byFrancis T. Nicholls
Preceded byWilliam B. Giles Egan
Personal details
Born
Edward Douglass White Jr.

(1845-11-03)November 3, 1845
Thibodaux, Louisiana, U.S.
DiedMay 19, 1921(1921-05-19) (aged 75)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting placeOak Hill Cemetery
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
Leita Montgomery Kent
​
​
(m. 1894)​
EducationMount St. Mary's University (AB)
Georgetown University
Tulane University (LLB)
Signature
Military service
Allegiance Confederate States of America
Branch/service Confederate States Army
Rank Lieutenant
Unit 9th Louisiana Cavalry Regiment (Confederate)
Battles/warsAmerican Civil War

Born in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana, White practiced law in New Orleans after graduating from the University of Louisiana, now Tulane University. He also attended the College of the Immaculate Conception, present-day Jesuit High School in New Orleans, class of 1865. His father, Edward Douglass White Sr., was the 10th Governor of Louisiana and a Whig US Representative. White fought for the Confederacy during the Civil War and was captured in 1865. After the war, White won election to the Louisiana State Senate and served on the Louisiana Supreme Court. As a member of the Democratic Party, White represented Louisiana in the United States Senate from 1891 to 1894.

In 1894, President Grover Cleveland appointed White as an associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1910, President William Howard Taft elevated him to the position of chief justice. The appointment surprised many contemporaries, as Taft was a member of the Republican Party. White served as chief justice until his death in 1921, when he was succeeded by Taft.

White notably sided with the Supreme Court majority in Plessy v. Ferguson, upholding the legality of state segregation to provide "separate but equal" public facilities in the United States. White would go on to write notable opinions in landmark cases such as Talton v. Mayes, Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, Guinn v. United States, and the Selective Draft Law Cases.

Early life and education

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White was born on November 3, 1845,[4]: 17  on his family's sugar plantation near Thibodaux, Louisiana, about thirty miles to the west of New Orleans.[5]: 16 [a] His father, Edward Douglass White Sr., was a lawyer and judge who had served as a U.S. Representative and as the governor of Louisiana.[7]: 218 [b] The elder White retired from Congress in 1843; his sugar plantation utilized dozens of slaves.[7]: 218  His wife was Catherine Sidney Lee Ringgold, the daughter of influential Washington, D.C., businessman and politician Tench Ringgold;[7]: 218  she was a descendant of the Lee family, and the future chief justice was thus distantly related to Confederate general Robert E. Lee.[8]: 204  The couple had five children, of whom White Jr. was the youngest son.[7]: 218  In April 1847, before his namesake son had reached his third birthday, White Sr. died.[7]: 218–219  His wife remarried in 1850, wedding French-Canadian immigrant merchant Andre Brousseau.[7]: 219  The family moved to New Orleans the subsequent year.[7]: 219 

White attended a Jesuit school in New Orleans beginning at the age of six.[4]: 18  Starting in 1856, he and his brother attended Mount St. Mary's College, near Emmitsburg, Maryland.[4]: 18  White enrolled in 1858 at Georgetown University, which biographer Robert Baker Highsaw characterized as "probably the best Catholic institution of higher learning in the United States".[4]: 18  It was distinctly Jesuit as well; university president John Early and a majority of the faculty were all members of the Society of Jesus.[4]: 18  White's Jesuit training influenced his legal philosophy later in life, leading him to emphasize formal logical reasoning.[9] At Georgetown, he studied the classics, the flute, and the violin; he also participated in the school's cadet corp.[7]: 219  After the American Civil War broke out, White left Georgetown without a degree, returning home.[10]

Confederate soldier and Ku Klux Klan membership

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White's studies at Georgetown were interrupted by the Civil War. He enlisted in the Confederate States Army and served under General Richard Taylor, eventually attaining the rank of lieutenant.[11][12]

An apocryphal account states that White was almost captured by Union troops near Bayou Lafourche in October 1862, but that he evaded capture by hiding beneath hay in a barn. It is possible that White enlisted in the Lafourche Parish militia, as its muster rolls are not complete. There is no documentation, however, that White served in any Confederate volunteer unit or militia unit engaged in campaigns in the Lafourche area.

Another account suggests that he was assigned as an aide to Confederate General William Beall and accompanied him to Port Hudson, Louisiana, which was besieged and captured by Union troops in 1863. White's presence at Port Hudson, when he was 18 years old, is supported by a secondhand account of a postwar dinner conversation he had with Senator Knute Nelson of Minnesota, a Union veteran of Port Hudson, and another recounted by Admiral George Dewey (then a Federal naval officer at Port Hudson), in both of which White referred to being part of the besieged forces. But White's name does not appear on any list of prisoners captured at Port Hudson. According to another account of questionable reliability, White was supposedly sent to a Mississippi prisoner of war camp. As practically all Confederate soldiers of enlisted rank of the Port Hudson garrison were paroled, and officers sent to prison in New Orleans and later to Johnson's Island, Ohio, this account is likely not true. When White was paroled, he supposedly returned to the family plantation to find it abandoned, the canefields barren, and the place nearly empty of most of its former slaves.

The only documented evidence of White's Confederate service consists of an account of his capture on March 12, 1865, in an action in Morganza in Pointe Coupee Parish, which is contained in the Official Records of the American Civil War, and his service records in the National Archives, noting his subsequent imprisonment in New Orleans and parole in April 1865. These records confirm his service as a lieutenant in Captain W. B. Barrow's company of a Louisiana cavalry regiment, for all practical purposes a loosely organized band of irregulars or "scouts" (guerrillas). One organizing officer of this regiment, which was sometimes called "Barrow's Regiment" or the "9th Louisiana Cavalry Regiment," was Major Robert Pruyn. Pruyn (a postwar mayor of Baton Rouge, Louisiana) served as courier relaying messages from Port Hudson's commander, General Franklin Gardner, to General Joseph E. Johnston, crossing the Union siege lines by swimming the Mississippi. Pruyn escaped from Port Hudson prior to its surrender in the same manner. According to another account, after White was paroled in April 1865 and following the surrender of the western Confederate forces, he ended his military career by walking (his clothing in rags) to a comrade's family home in Livonia in Pointe Coupee Parish.

White's Civil War service was taken as a matter of common knowledge at the time of his initial nomination to the United States Supreme Court, and the Confederate Veteran periodical, published for the United Confederate Veterans, congratulated him upon his confirmation. White was one of three ex-Confederate soldiers to serve on the Supreme Court. The others were associate justices Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar of Mississippi and Horace Harmon Lurton of Tennessee. The Court's other ex-Confederate, Associate Justice Howell Edmunds Jackson, had held a civil position under the Confederate government.

White's membership in the Ku Klux Klan is a matter of contention. Some authors, such Michael Newton, claim White was a "Reconstruction Era Klansman."[13] Other reports question whether there is enough evidence to support that claim, though noting that membership in secret societies such as the KKK can be difficult to document.[14]

According to biographer Paul Finkelman:

Although the moviemaker D. W. Griffith claimed White endorsed his racist movie, The Birth of a Nation (1915), and asserted that White had been in the Ku Klux Klan, there is no evidence to support either of Griffith's contentions.[15]

However, Griffith claimed that when he met White, and told White of the subject matter of The Birth of a Nation, White said "I was a member of the Klan, sir." Griffith then arranged a screening of his film for the nine members of the Supreme Court and members of Congress.[16]

In 1877, White served on the Reception Committee of the Knights of Momus in New Orleans. The Knights' Mardi Gras parade was an attack on Reconstruction so extreme that it was widely condemned, and even denounced by the Krewe of Rex.[17]

Political career

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Edward White as a U.S. Senator

While living on his family's abandoned plantation, White began his legal studies. He enrolled at the University of Louisiana in New Orleans to complete his study of the law, at what is now known as Tulane University Law School. He subsequently was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in New Orleans in 1868. He was also mentored as a young attorney by Edouard Bermudez, a New Orleans lawyer who later served as chief justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court.[18]

White served in the Louisiana State Senate in 1874,[19] a year marked by interracial violence in political campaigns and elections. He also served on the Louisiana Supreme Court from 1878 to 1880.[19] In 1891, the State Legislature elected him to the United States Senate[19] to succeed James B. Eustis. During his time in state politics, White was politically affiliated with two-time governor Francis T. Nicholls (1876–1880; 1888–1892), a former Confederate general. He was Nicholls' campaign manager in the 1888 Louisiana gubernatorial election, which was riddled with fraud and the intimidation of African American voters to ensure Nicholls' election.[20]

United States Supreme Court

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Associate justice

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White was nominated by President Grover Cleveland to be an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States on February 19, 1894,[21] after the Senate had rejected his first two nominees: William B. Hornblower and Wheeler Hazard Peckham.[22] In contrast to those nominations, the Senate confirmed White the same day on a voice vote.[21] He took the judicial oath of office a few weeks later, March 12, 1894.[1][19]

In 1896, White was a part of the 7–1 majority in Plessy v. Ferguson, which upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality.[23] He also participated in the Insular Cases of the early 20th century regarding the relationship of the United States to its territories acquired in the Spanish–American War, where he concurred with the 5–4 decision in Downes v. Bidwell (1901) that the newly-annexed territories were not properly part of the United States for purposes of the Constitution in several ways. However, wrote White, the constitutional guarantees of a citizen's rights of liberty and property were applicable to all and "cannot be under any circumstances transcended."[24]

Chief justice

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Main article: White Court (judges)
 
White as he appeared in Harper's Magazine in 1910

On December 12, 1910, President William Howard Taft nominated White to become Chief Justice of the United States,[21] following the death of Melville Fuller. The appointment was unusual, as White was the first incumbent associate justice to be appointed as chief justice. (John Rutledge, a former associate justice, had been given a recess appointment as chief justice in 1795). The wisdom of elevating an associate justice to chief justice was questioned, as were Taft's motives for selecting White.[25] Nonetheless, the Senate confirmed White the same day, and again on a voice vote.[21] He became the nation's ninth chief justice on December 19, 1910.[1]

White was generally seen as one of the more conservative members of the court. He originated the term "Rule of Reason." He also joined the Hammer v. Dagenhart decision, ruling that the federal government could not ban child labor. However, White also wrote the 1916 decision upholding the constitutionality of the Adamson Act, which mandated a maximum eight-hour work day for railroad employees. White's background as a Democrat, Confederate veteran and Southern lawyer might have predicted legal positions that would have sought to curtail federal power. Yet, surprisingly, White articulated nationalist positions in his decisions, much like President Taft. He supported expanded regulation and taxation by Congress. He was usually conservative in racial issues, as were most justices. However, he wrote the majority decisions in favor of civil rights in important cases. Late in life, he expressed sorrow at the entire Civil War experience and his role in it.[23]

As chief justice at a time when the Court's work was carried out with more than 8,000 cases brought each year before the court, and only a few clerks to work for all the members of the Court, White held weekly meetings with fellow jurists, assigned all the cases and wrote the majority opinions in 711 cases, as well as 155 dissenting opinions, all opposing income taxes. He wrote for a unanimous Court in Guinn v. United States (1915), which invalidated the Oklahoma and Maryland grandfather clauses (and, by extension, those in other Southern states) as "repugnant to the Fifteenth Amendment and therefore null and void."[26] Nevertheless, Southern states quickly devised other methods to continue their disfranchisement of blacks (and in some cases, many poor whites) that withstood Court scrutiny.[23]

In 1918, the Selective Draft Law Cases upheld the Selective Service Act of 1917, and more generally, upheld conscription in the United States, which President Taft said was "one of his great opinions."[26]

During his tenure as chief justice, White swore in presidents Woodrow Wilson (twice) and Warren G. Harding. At the time of his death on May 21, 1921, he had served on the Court for a total of 27 years, 10 of them as chief justice.[21] He was succeeded by former president Taft, who had elevated White to the chief justice seat and had long desired the seat himself.[27]

Personal life and death

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White married Leita Montgomery Kent, the widow of Linden Kent, on November 6, 1894, in New York City.[28][29] His wife was the daughter of Romonzo and Virginia High Montgomery; White proposed to her before her first marriage but was turned down, and proposed again after her first husband died in 1892.[29]

White's paternal ancestors were of Irish Catholic descent, and he was reared in that religion, a Roman Catholic his entire life.

White died from a sudden heart attack on May 19, 1921, at the age of 75.[19] He is buried at the Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C.[30]

Legacy and honors

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See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ The home in which White was born is now known as the Edward Douglass White House; it is part of a Louisiana state park dedicated to White.[6]: 160 
  2. ^ White Sr. was the son of James White, a doctor and lawyer who held various political positions in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Louisiana.[4]: 14–15 

Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d "Justices 1789 to Present". www.supremecourt.gov. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States. Archived from the original on April 15, 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  2. ^ Birth-Baptismal Record of Edouard Douglas White (Record Number: 1844-606) child of E.D. White and Sidney Ringgold, baptized December 30, 1844, in Thibodaux, LA by Rev. Chs. M. Menard. Date of birth November 3, 1844. Diocese of Houma-Thibodaux, Office of Archives, Historical Research Center, 205 Audubon Avenue, Thibodaux, LA 70301. Abstracted on April 8, 2008
  3. ^ Reeves, William D. (1999). Dr. James White, Governor E.D. White and Chief Justice Edward Douglass white of Louisiana. Thibodaux, Louisiana: The Friends of the Edward Douglass White Historic Site. p. 96. ISBN 1-887366-33-4.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Highsaw, Robert Baker (1981). Edward Douglass White, Defender of the Conservative Faith. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-0753-9 – via Internet Archive.
  5. ^ Pratt, Walter F. Jr. (1999). The Supreme Court under Edward Douglass White, 1910–1921. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-309-4 – via Internet Archive.
  6. ^ Chambers, S. Allan Jr. (2000). National Landmarks, America's Treasures. Internet Archive. New York, NY: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-19764-5.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Kent, Andrew (June 2016). "The Rebel Soldier Who Became Chief Justice of the United States: The Civil War and Its Legacy for Edward Douglass White of Louisiana". American Journal of Legal History. 56 (2): 209–264. doi:10.1093/ajlh/njw003. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via HeinOnline.
  8. ^ Klinkhamer, Marie Carolyn (July 1947). "The Family Background of Chief Justice White". The Catholic Historical Review. 33 (2): 191–205. ISSN 0008-8080. JSTOR 25014783. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021 – via JSTOR.
  9. ^ Joyce, Walter E. (June 1967). "Edward Douglass White: The Louisiana Years, Early Life and on the Bench". Tulane Law Review. 41 (4): 751–768. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2021 – via HeinOnline.
  10. ^ Stevens, Dennis G. (1999). "Constitutional Jurisprudence at a Crossroads: Edward Douglass White". In Stevens, Richard G.; Franck, Matthew J. (eds.). Sober As a Judge: The Supreme Court and Republican Liberty. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-0010-3.
  11. ^ "Louisiana Supreme Court - Bicentennial Years". www.lasc.org. Retrieved November 25, 2024.
  12. ^ Richards, Larry J. (May 19, 2014). "Chief Justice Edward White Jr". Larry Richards. Retrieved November 25, 2024.
  13. ^ Michael Newton, The Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi: A History (McFarland and Company: 2010), 64.
  14. ^ Bryn Stole, "As Confederate Monuments Come Down, Statues of E.D. White May be on the Move," Nola.com, August 22,2020
  15. ^ Paul Finkelman. 2000
  16. ^ Peggy Cooper Davis. 2001
  17. ^ New Orleans newspaper The Republican, February 14, 1877.
  18. ^ "Edouard Edmund Bermudez (1832-1892)". Louisiana Supreme Court. Archived from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  19. ^ a b c d e "Edward Douglass White, 1910-1921". Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court Historical Society. Archived from the original on December 10, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  20. ^ Hair, William Ivy (October 1, 1969). Bourbonism and Agrarian Protest: Louisiana Politics, 1877–1900. LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-0206-0. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  21. ^ a b c d e DeSilver, Drew (February 7, 2022). "Up until the postwar era, U.S. Supreme Court confirmations usually were routine business". Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
  22. ^ McMillion, Barry J. (March 8, 2022). "Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
  23. ^ a b c Kent, Andrew (2016). "The Rebel Soldier Who Became Chief Justice of the United States: The Civil War and its Legacy for Edward Douglass White of Louisiana". American Journal of Legal History. 56 (2): 209–264. doi:10.1093/ajlh/njw003.
  24. ^ Malavet, Pedro A. (2010). "The Inconvenience of a "Constitution [that] follows the flag … but doesn't quite catch up with it": From Downes v. Bidwell to Boumediene v. Bush". Mississippi Law Journal. 80 (1). Retrieved March 15, 2022 – via UF Law Scholarship Repository.
  25. ^ Shoemaker, Rebecca S. (2004). The White Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy. ABC-CLIO Supreme Court handbooks. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 44. ISBN 1-57607-973-2. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
  26. ^ a b Delehant, John W. (December 1967). "A Judicial Revisitation Finds Kneedler v. Lane Not So 'Amazing'". ABA Journal. 53: 1132. Archived from the original on May 22, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  27. ^ "EX-PRESIDENT TAFT SUCCEEDS WHITE AS CHIEF JUSTICE; Senate Confirms Nomination at Once After Attack by Borah and Johnson. HARDING ANNOUNCES IT Says Daugherty Urged Action Now to Aid in Reorganization of Federal Courts.LONG MENTIONED FOR POST Taft Was Considered for SupremeBench in 1907 Before Nominated for Presidency". The New York Times. July 1, 1921. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
  28. ^ Chadwick, Georgia (Spring 2008). "Looking Out on Royal Street" (PDF). De Novo, the Newsletter of the Law Library of Louisiana. 6 (1): 6–8. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved September 24, 2018.
  29. ^ a b "Mrs. E.B.D. White, 81, Dead in Washington". The New York Times. January 16, 1934. p. 21. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
  30. ^ Christensen, George A. (1983). "Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices". Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1983. Archived from the original on September 3, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2013.
  31. ^ "Recipients | The Laetare Medal". University of Notre Dame. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved August 2, 2020.
  32. ^ Stole, Bryn (December 23, 2020). "Edward Douglass White statue removed from steps of Louisiana Supreme Court". NOLA.com. Archived from the original on December 24, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
  33. ^ "Statue to White Will be Unveiled to Ceremonies." The Times-Picayune (March 4, 1926): p. 6.
  34. ^ "Edward Douglass White Council #2473". Arlington Virginia: Knights of Columbus. Archived from the original on March 3, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2013.
  35. ^ "Chief Justice White #2586". West Orange, New Jersey: New Jersey State Council, Knights of Columbus. Archived from the original on September 16, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  36. ^ Williams, Greg H. (July 25, 2014). The Liberty Ships of World War II: A Record of the 2,710 Vessels and Their Builders, Operators and Namesakes, with a History of the Jeremiah O'Brien. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-1754-1. Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2017.

Sources

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  • United States Congress. "Edward Douglass White (id: W000366)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2009-04-11
  • "Chief Justice White Is Dead at Age 75 After an Operation." The New York Times. May 19, 1921
  • Floyd, William Barrow, The Barrow Family of Old Louisiana, (Transylvania Printing Co., Lexington, Ky., 1963)
  • Highsaw, Robert B. (1981) Edward Douglass White: Defender of the Conservative Faith, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1ISBN 0807124281.
  • Kent, Andrew. "The Rebel Soldier Who Became Chief Justice of the United States: The Civil War and its Legacy for Edward Douglass White of Louisiana." American Journal of Legal History (2016) 56#2 pp 209–264.
  • Klinkhammer, Marie. (1943) Edward Douglass White, Chief Justice of the United States. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press.
  • Pratt, Walter F. (1999) The Supreme Court Under Edward Douglass White, 1910–1921. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 1-57003-309-9.
  • Reeves, William D., Paths to Distinction: Dr. James White, Governor E.D. White and Chief Justice Edward Douglass White of Louisiana. Thibodaux, La., 1999: Friends of the Edward Douglass White Historic Site. ISBN 1-887366-33-4.
  • Davis, Peggy Cooper, Introducing Robert Smalls (2001). Fordham Law Review, Vol. 69, No. 5, 2001.

Further reading

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U.S. Senate
Preceded by U.S. senator (Class 3) from Louisiana
1891–1894
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1893–1894 		Succeeded by
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Preceded by Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
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