Wikipedia

Tropical Storm Allison

(Redirected from Effects of Tropical Storm Allison in Texas)
This article is about the 2001 storm that hit southeast Texas. For other storms named Allison, see List of storms named Allison.

Tropical Storm Allison was a tropical cyclone that devastated southeast Texas in June of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. An arguable example of the "brown ocean effect", Allison lasted unusually long for a June storm, remaining tropical and subtropical for 16 days, most of which was when the storm was over land dumping torrential rainfall. The storm developed from a tropical wave in the northern Gulf of Mexico on June 4, 2001, and struck the upper Texas coast shortly thereafter. It drifted northward through the state, turned back to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico. The storm continued to the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana, then moved across the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic. Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to strike the northern Texas coastline.[1]

Tropical Storm Allison
Tropical Storm Allison near peak intensity on June 5
Meteorological history
FormedJune 5, 2001
ExtratropicalJune 17, 2001
DissipatedJune 20, 2001
Tropical storm
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds60 mph (95 km/h)
Lowest pressure1000 mbar (hPa); 29.53 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities55 total[a]
Damage$9 billion (2001 USD)
Areas affectedTexas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, District of Columbia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, New England, Atlantic Canada
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season

The storm dropped heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in Texas. The worst flooding occurred in Houston, where most of Allison's damage occurred: 30,000 became homeless after the storm flooded over 70,000 houses and destroyed 2,744 homes. Downtown Houston was inundated with flooding, causing severe damage to hospitals and businesses. Twenty-three people died in Texas. Along its entire path, Allison caused $9 billion (2001 USD, equivalent to $14.8 billion in 2023)[2] in damage and 41 deaths. Aside from Texas, the places worst hit were Louisiana and southeastern Pennsylvania.

Following the storm, President George W. Bush designated 75 counties along Allison's path as disaster areas, which enabled the citizens affected to apply for aid. Then the fourth-costliest Atlantic tropical cyclone and still the costliest Atlantic tropical cyclone that was never a major hurricane, Allison was the first Atlantic tropical storm to have its name retired without ever having reached hurricane strength, and the only until Tropical Storm Erika in 2015.

Meteorological history

edit
 
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
  Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on May 21, 2001. It moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean, retaining little convection on its way. After moving across South America and the southwestern Caribbean Sea, the wave entered the eastern North Pacific Ocean on June 1. A low-level circulation developed on June 2, while it was about 230 mi (370 km) south-southeast of Salina Cruz, Mexico. Southerly flow forced the system northward, and the wave moved inland on June 3. The low-level circulation dissipated, though the mid-level circulation persisted. It emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on June 4, and developed deep convection on its eastern side.[3] Early on June 5, satellite imagery suggested that a tropical depression was forming in the northwest Gulf of Mexico, which was furthered by reports of wind gusts as high as 60 mph (95 km/h) just a few hundred feet above the surface, towards the east side of the system.[4]

 
Subtropical Storm Allison with an eye-like feature over Mississippi

At 1200 UTC on June 5, the disturbance developed a broad, low-level circulation, and was classified as Tropical Storm Allison, the first storm of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. Some intensification was projected, though it was expected to be hindered by cool offshore sea surface temperatures.[5] Due to the cold-core nature of the center, Allison initially contained subtropical characteristics. Despite this, the storm quickly strengthened to attain peak sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), with tropical storm-force winds extending up to 230 mi (370 km) east of the center, and a minimum central pressure of 1,000 mbar (29.53 inHg).[3] The storm initially moved very little, and the presence of several small vortices from within the deep convection caused difficulty in determining the exact center location.[6] Later in the day, several different track forecasts arose. One scenario had the cyclone tracking westward into Mexico. Another projected the storm moving east towards southern Louisiana. At the time, it was noted that little rain or wind persisted near the center, but rather to the north and east.[7] Under the steering currents of a subtropical ridge that extended in an east–west orientation across the southeast United States,[6] Allison weakened while nearing the Texas coastline, and struck near Freeport, Texas with 50 mph (85 km/h) winds.[3] Inland, the storm rapidly weakened, and the National Hurricane Center discontinued advisories early on June 6.[8] Shortly after being downgraded to a tropical depression, surface observations showed an elongated circulation with a poorly defined center, which had reformed closer to the deep convection.[9]

The depression drifted northward until reaching Lufkin, Texas, where it stalled due to a high pressure system to its north.[3] While stalling over Texas, the storm dropped excessive rainfall, peaking at just over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in northwestern Jefferson County.[10] On June 7, the subtropical ridge off Florida weakened, while the ridge west of Texas intensified. This steered Tropical Depression Allison to make a clockwise loop, and the storm began drifting to the southwest. As the center reached Huntsville, Texas, a heavy rain band began to back build from Louisiana westward into Liberty County, Texas, which had caused additional flooding.[11] At the time, the system had a minimum central pressure of about 1,004 mbar (29.65 inHg) and maximum sustained winds of about 10 mph (16 km/h).[12] Late on June 9 and early on June 10, Allison's remnants reentered reached the Gulf of Mexico and emerged over open waters.[13] The low once again became nearly stationary about 60 mi (97 km) south of Galveston, Texas, and despite more favorable upper-level winds, it showed no signs of redevelopment.[14] Due to dry air and moderate westerly wind shear, the storm transformed into a subtropical cyclone. While the subtropical depression moved eastward, a new low level circulation redeveloped to the east, and Allison quickly made landfall on Morgan City, Louisiana on June 11.[3] At around the same time, the surface center reformed to the east-northeast of its previous location, aligning with the mid-level circulation.[15] Strong thunderstorms redeveloped over the circulation, and Allison strengthened into a subtropical storm over southeastern Louisiana.[3] The storm intensified further to attain sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of about 1,000 mbar (29.53 inHg) near Mclain, Mississippi, accompanied by a well-defined eye-like feature.[16]

The storm was officially downgraded to a subtropical depression at 0000 UTC on June 12. Somewhat accelerating, the depression tracked to the east-northeast through Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina before becoming nearly stationary near Wilmington, North Carolina.[3] The depression drifted through North Carolina and sped to the northeast for a time in response to an approaching cold front.[17] Though satellite and radar imagery show the system was well-organized, the system slowed and moved erratically for a period of time,[18] executing what appeared to be a small counterclockwise loop.[19] The storm began tracking in a generally northeasterly direction, and crossed into the southern Delmarva Peninsula on June 16.[20] The subtropical remnants reached the Atlantic on June 17, and while located east of Atlantic City, New Jersey, winds began to restrengthen, and heavy rains formed to the north of the circulation. The low was interacting with a frontal boundary, and started merging with it, as it accelerated to the northeast at 13 mph (21 km/h).[21] The remnants of Allison briefly reintensified to a subtropical storm through baroclinic processes, though it became extratropical while south of Long Island.[3] By later on June 17, the low was situated off the coast of Rhode Island, spreading a swath of precipitation over New England.[22] The remnants of the tropical storm were then absorbed by the frontal boundary by June 18, and eventually passed south of Cape Race, Newfoundland on June 20, where the extratropical cyclone dissipated.[3]

Preparations

edit

Shortly after the storm formed, officials in Galveston County, Texas issued a voluntary evacuation for the western end of Galveston Island, as the area was not protected by the Galveston Seawall.[3] The ferry from the island to the Bolivar Peninsula was closed, while voluntary evacuations were issued in Surfside in Brazoria County.[23] When the National Hurricane Center issued the first advisory on Allison, officials issued Tropical Storm Warnings from Sargent, Texas to Morgan City, Louisiana.[24] After the storm made landfall, flash flood watches and warnings were issued for numerous areas in eastern Texas.[25] During the flood event, the National Weather Service in Houston issued 99 flash flood warnings with an average lead time of 40 minutes. With an average lead time of 24 minutes, the National Weather Service in Lake Charles, Louisiana issued 47 flash flood warnings. With an average lead time of 39 minutes, the National Weather Service in New Orleans/Baton Rouge issued 87 flash flood warnings, of which 30 were not followed by a flash flood.[26]

In Tallahassee, Florida, a shelter opened the day before Allison's movement northward through the area, seven staff members housing 12 people. Two other shelters were on standby. Teams informed citizens in the Florida Panhandle of flood dangers.[27]

Impact

edit
Death tolls by State
Area Deaths
Texas 23
Louisiana 01
Mississippi 01
Florida 08
Virginia 01
Pennsylvania 07
Total 41

Tropical Storm Allison was a major flood disaster throughout its path from Texas to the Mid-Atlantic. The worst of the flooding occurred in Houston, Texas, where over 35 inches (890 mm) of rain fell. Allison caused approximately $8.5 billion in damage (2001 USD),[28] making it the costliest tropical cyclone that was never a major hurricane on record in the Atlantic basin. The storm also killed 41 people directly, including 27 who drowned. This ties Allison with a tropical storm in 1917 as the second-deadliest tropical storm to affect the contiguous United States, surpassed only by the 1925 Florida tropical storm which killed 73 people.[3]

Texas

edit
 
The Southwest Freeway, near Downtown Houston, lies under water due to flooding from Tropical Storm Allison
 
Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou at Main Street after Tropical Storm Allison hit Houston

Throughout Texas, Allison left about $5.2 billion (2001 USD) in damage.[29] The storm killed 23 people, including 12 deaths from driving, 6 from walking, 3 from electrocution, 1 in an elevator, and 1 drowning death in a ditch.[1][26]

Allison made landfall with a storm surge of 2 to 3 ft (0.61 to 0.91 m). Combined with waves on top, areas of Galveston Island experienced a wall of water 8 feet (2.4 m) in height, creating overwash along the coastline. The storm caused winds of up to 43 mph (69 km/h) at the Galveston Pier. While Allison was stalling over Texas, it dropped heavy rainfall across the state, including 9.77 inches (248 mm) in Galveston, 12.13 inches (308 mm) in Jamaica Beach, Texas, and other similar totals along the coast.[3] Minimal beach erosion was reported,[30] and impact was minimal near the coast.[31] While moving northward through Texas as a minimal tropical depression, Allison produced minor wind gusts.[3] Shortly after making landfall, the storm spawned a tornado in Manvel of Brazoria County, causing damage to one home.[31] Within hours of making landfall, rainfall totals of 8 to 12 inches (200 to 300 millimetres) were common in Galveston and Harris County. Flash flooding continued for days,[11] with rainfall amounts across the state peaking at just over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in northwestern Jefferson County. In the Port of Houston, a total of 36.99 inches (940 mm) was reported.[32]

Houston experienced torrential rainfall in a short amount of time. The six-day rainfall in Houston amounted to 38.6 inches (980 mm).[33] Houston Hobby Airport received 20.84 inches (529 mm) of rain from June 5 to 10, 2001, while Bush Intercontinental Airport received 16.48 inches (419 mm).[34] Two-thirds of the bayous and creeks in Harris County experienced 500-year flood events. Houston Intercontinental Airport, which typically receives 46.07 inches (1,170 mm) of rain in a year, experienced 35.7% of its expected total in the first nine days of June.[1] The deluge flooded 95,000 automobiles and 73,000 houses throughout Harris County.[1] Tropical Storm Allison destroyed 2,744 homes, leaving 30,000 homeless with residential damages totaling to $1.76 billion (2001 USD). Residential neighborhoods inside and to the north of Interstate 610 were hardest hit.[33] Additionally, five of the six bayou systems in downtown Houston were severely flooded.[35] Four of them broke 100-year high-water records, causing excessive surface run-off.[33]

Several hospitals in the Texas Medical Center, the largest medical complex in the world, experienced severe damage from the storm, which hit quickly and with unexpected fury on a Friday evening. Hospital personnel were forced to evacuate thousands of patients in a major effort that included Coast Guard and Army helicopters. Many of the hospitals had lost all power, including back-up generators, meaning that patients had to be carried down dark stairwells by the staff in temperatures over 100 °F (38 °C). Patients who could not breathe on their own had to be continuously manually ventilated during the evacuation, which lasted hours. Most hospitals lost power and backup power when basements, the area where power and research data were kept, flooded. The Baylor College of Medicine experienced major damage, totaling $495 million (2001 USD). The medical school lost 90,000 research animals, 60,000 tumor samples, and 25 years of research data. The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, across the street, lost thousands of laboratory animals, including expensive genetic-specific mice. Decades of research was lost, including, for many scientists, their life's work. The UT-Houston gross anatomy lab, cyclotron, and other important facilities were completely destroyed. Throughout the Medical Center, damage totaled to over $2 billion (2001 USD). Most were reopened after a month, though it took much longer to become fully operational.[33]

The storm flooded the lower level of the massive law library at the University of Houston Law Center with eight feet of water. An estimated 174,000 books and the microfiche collection were destroyed. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) gave $21.4 million to rebuild the law library collection.[36][37] The tunnel system, which connects most large office buildings in downtown Houston, was submerged, as were many streets and parking garages adjacent to Buffalo Bayou. In the Houston Theater District, also near Buffalo Bayou in the northern part of downtown, the Houston Ballet, Houston Symphony, Houston Grand Opera, and Alley Theater lost millions of dollars' worth of costumes, musical instruments, sheet music, archives, props, and other artifacts.[33]

The tunnel system, which connects most large office buildings in downtown Houston, was submerged, as were many streets and parking garages adjacent to Buffalo Bayou. At the Houston Theater District, also in downtown, the Houston Symphony, Houston Grand Opera, and Alley Theater lost millions of dollars of costumes, musical instruments, sheet music, archives and other artifacts. By midnight on June 9 nearly every freeway and major road in the city was under several feet of water, forcing hundreds of motorists to abandon their vehicles for higher ground.[33] Local television stations ran all-night coverage of the deluge from June 8 through the next day, including KHOU-TV 11, which was forced to transmit its broadcast to a satellite truck when floodwaters entered its production studio on the Allen Parkway near Studemont/Montrose, near downtown along the banks of Buffalo Bayou. By midnight on June 9 nearly every freeway and major road in the city was under several feet of water,[38] forcing hundreds of motorists to abandon their vehicles for higher ground. Eighteen-wheeled trucks were filmed floating down major freeways and highways, swept along by floodwaters.[33]

Louisiana

edit
 
Flooding in Chackbay, Louisiana

While making its first landfall, Allison's large circulation dropped severe rains on southwest Louisiana.[39] Days later, Allison hit the state as a subtropical storm, dropping more heavy rains to the area. Rainfall totals peaked at 29.86 inches (758 mm) in Thibodaux, the highest rainfall total in Louisiana from a tropical cyclone since another Tropical Storm Allison in 1989.[40] Most of the southeastern portion of the state experienced over 10 inches of rain (255 mm).[10] Winds were generally light, peaking at 38 mph (61 km/h) sustained in Lakefront with gusts to 53 mph (85 km/h) in Bay Gardene. The storm produced a storm surge of 2.5 feet (0.76 m) in Cameron as it was making landfall in Texas.[3] While moving northward through Texas, the outer bands of the storm produced an F1 tornado near Zachary, damaging several trees and a power line. A man was killed when a damaged power line hit his truck.[41]

When Allison first made landfall, heavy rainfall flooded numerous houses and businesses. Minor wind gusts caused minor roof damage to 10 houses in Cameron Parish, while its storm surge flooded portions of Louisiana Highway 82.[42] When the system returned, more rainfall occurred, flooding over 1,000 houses in St. Tammany Parish,[43] 80 houses in St. Bernard Parish,[44] and hundreds of houses elsewhere in the state. The flooding also forced 1,800 residents from their homes in East Baton Rouge Parish.[45] The deluge left numerous roads impassable, while runoff resulted in severe river flooding. The Bogue Falaya River in Covington crested past its peak twice to near-record levels.[43] The Amite and Comite Rivers reached their highest levels since 1983. In addition, the levee along the Bayou Manchac broke, flooding roadways and more houses.[45] Damage in Louisiana totaled to $65 million (2001 USD, $84 million 2012 USD).[33]

Southeast United States

edit
 
Rainfall totals from Allison

In Mississippi, Allison produced heavy rainfall of over 10 inches (250 mm) in one night,[46] while some areas in the southwestern portion of the state received over 15 inches (380 mm).[10] The flooding damaged numerous houses and flooded many roadways.[46] Thunderstorms from the storm produced four tornadoes,[3] including one in Gulfport, Mississippi that damaged 10 houses.[47] Severe thunderstorms in George County damaged 15 houses, destroyed 10, and injured 5 people.[48] Damage in Mississippi totaled to over $1 million (2001 USD, $1.3 million 2012 USD).[46][47][48] Rainfall in Alabama was moderate, with areas near Mobile experiencing more than 10 inches (250 mm).[10] Heavy rainfall closed several roads in Crenshaw County.[49] The storm, combined with a high pressure, produced coastal flooding in southern Alabama.[50] Allison produced an F0 tornado in southwest Mobile County that caused minor roof damage and another F0 tornado in Covington County that caused minor damage to six homes and a church.[51]

The storm, combined with a high pressure system, produced a strong pressure gradient, resulting in strong rip currents off the coast of Florida. The currents prompted sirens, which are normally used for storm warnings, to be activated in Pensacola Beach.[52] The rip currents killed 5 off the coast of Florida.[53] Outer rain bands from the storm dropped heavy rainfall across the Florida Panhandle of over 11 inches (280 mm) in one day. The Tallahassee Regional Airport recorded 10.13 inches (257 mm) in 24 hours, breaking the old 24‑hour record set in 1969.[54] Throughout the state, Allison destroyed 10 homes and damaged 599, 196 severely, primarily in Leon County.[55] Including the deaths from rip currents, Allison killed eight people in Florida[3] and caused $20 million (2001 USD, $26 million 2012 USD) in damage.[54]

Over Georgia, the storm dropped heavy rainfall of 10 inches (250 mm) in 24 hours in various locations. The deluge caused rivers to crest past their banks, including the Oconee River at Milledgeville which peaked at 33.7 feet (10.3 m). The rainfall, which was heaviest across the southwestern portion of the state, washed out several bridges and roads, and flooded many other roads. Georgia governor Roy Barnes declared a state of emergency for seven counties in the state.[56] The storm also spawned two tornadoes.[3] In South Carolina, Allison's outer bands produced 10 tornadoes[3] and several funnel clouds, though most only caused minor damage limited to a damaged courthouse, snapped trees[57] and downed power lines.[58] Allison produced from 12 to 16 inches (300 to 410 millimetres) of rainfall in North Carolina, closing nearly all roads in Martin County and damaging 25 homes.[59] The severe flooding washed out a bridge in eastern Halifax County[60] and flooded numerous cars.[40] Wet roads caused nine traffic accidents throughout the state.[3]

Mid-Atlantic and Northeast United States

edit

In Virginia, Allison produced light rainfall, with the southeastern and south-central portions of the state experiencing over 3 inches (76 mm).[10] A tree in a saturated ground fell over and killed one person.[61] Allison also produced one tornado in the state.[3] Washington, D.C. experienced moderate rainfall from the storm, totaling 2.59 inches (66 mm) in Georgetown.[62] In Maryland, rainfall from Tropical Depression Allison totaled to 7.5 inches (190 mm) in Denton and peak wind gusts of 26 mph (42 km/h) were recorded in Salisbury.[3] In Delaware, the storm produced moderate rainfall, peaking at 4.2 inches (110 mm) in Greenwood. No damage was reported.[63]

Allison, in combination with an approaching frontal boundary, dropped heavy rainfall across southeastern Pennsylvania, peaking at 10.17 inches (258 mm) in Chalfont in Bucks County and over 3 inches (76 mm) in portions of Philadelphia. The rainfall caused rivers to rise, with the Neshaminy Creek in Langhorne peaking at 16.87 feet (5.1 m). Several other rivers and creeks in southeastern Pennsylvania crested at over 10 feet (3.0 m). The rainfall downed numerous weak trees and power lines, leaving 70,000 without power during the storm. The flooding washed out several roads and bridges, including a few SEPTA rail lines. In addition, the rainfall destroyed 241 homes and damaged 1,386 others. Flooding at a Dodge dealership totaled 150 vehicles. Hundreds of people were forced to be rescued from damaged buildings from flood waters. The flooding dislodged a clothes dryer in the basement of the "A" building of the Village Green Apartment Complex in Upper Moreland Township, breaking a natural gas line. The gas leak resulted in an explosion and an ensuing fire that killed six people. Firefighters were unable to render assistance as the building was completely surrounded by floodwaters. Additionally, one man drowned in his vehicle in a river.[64] Damage in Pennsylvania totaled to $215 million (2001 USD, $279 million 2012 USD).[33]

In New Jersey, the storm produced heavy rainfall, peaking at 8.1 inches (210 mm) in Tuckerton. The rains also caused river flooding, including the north branch of the Metedeconk River in Lakewood which crested at 8 feet (2.4 m). The flooding, severe at places, closed several roads, including numerous state highways.[65] Gusty winds of up to 44 mph (71 km/h) in Atlantic City downed weak trees and power lines, leaving over 13,000 without power. Several people had to be rescued from high waters, though no fatalities occurred in the state. Overall damage was minimal.[66]

Tropical Storm Allison caused flash flooding in New York, dropping up to 3 inches (76 mm) of rain in one hour in several locations and peaking at 5.73 inches (146 mm) in Granite Springs. The rains also caused river flooding, including the Mahwah River which crested at 3.79 feet (1.2 m). Allison's rainfall damaged 24 houses and several stores, while the flooding closed several major highways in the New York City area. Overall damage was light, and no fatalities occurred in New York due to Allison.[67] Similarly, rainfall in Connecticut peaked at 7.2 inches (180 mm) in Pomfret, closing several roads and causing minor damage to numerous houses. The Yantic River at Yantic crested at 11.1 feet (3.4 m),while a state road was closed when a private dam in Hampton failed from the rainfall.[68] In Rhode Island, Allison produced up to 7.1 inches (180 mm) of rainfall in North Smithfield, washing out several roads and houses, and destroying a log house in Foster.[69]

An isolated severe thunderstorm in the outer bands of Allison produced an F1 tornado in Worcester and Middlesex Counties in Massachusetts, impacting over 100 trees and damaging one house and one small camper. A microburst in Leominster and another in Shirley damaged several trees. Lightning from the storm hit two houses, causing significant damage there but little elsewhere. Allison also produced moderate rainfall in the state, mainly ranging from 3 to 5 inches (76 to 127 millimetres). The rainfall caused drainage and traffic problems. Damage in Massachusetts totaled to $400,000 (2001 USD, $520,000 2012 USD).[70]

Aftermath

edit

Within weeks of the disaster, President George W. Bush declared 75 counties in Texas,[71] southern Louisiana,[72] southern Mississippi,[73] northwestern Florida,[74] and southeastern Pennsylvania as disaster areas.[75] The declarations allowed affected citizens to receive aid for temporary housing, emergency home repairs, and other serious disaster-related expenses. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) also provided 75% for the cost of debris removal, emergency services related to the disaster, and repairing or replacing damaged public facilities, such as roads, bridges and utilities.[71]

 
Aid from the American Red Cross

A few weeks after Allison, FEMA opened six disaster recovery centers across southeast Texas, which provided recovery information to those who applied for disaster assistance.[76] The American Red Cross and the Salvation Army opened 48 shelters at the peak of need for people driven from their homes, which served nearly 300,000 meals. After the extensive damage to Houston hospitals, the U. S. Public Health Service team set up a temporary hospital at the Houston Police Academy. The National Disaster Medical System deployed a temporary hospital to Houston with 88 professionals, aiding nearly 500 people.[77] The team of 87 medical personnel served over 1,000 patients within two weeks of Allison's passage.[78] Thirty-five volunteer services provided aid for the flood victims in Texas, including food, clothing, and volunteers to help repair the houses.[79] After nearly 50,000 cars were flooded and ruined, many people attempted to sell the cars across the country without telling of the car's history.[80] Many people took advantage of the flood victims, including fraudulent contractors and suppliers raising the price of goods more than is actually justified.[81] Following the extreme flooding, a mosquito outbreak occurred, though FEMA provided aid to control the problem.[82] By six months after the storm, around 120,000 Texas citizens applied for federal disaster aid, totaling to $1.05 billion (2001 USD).[83]

Like in Texas, a mosquito outbreak occurred in Louisiana. Only pesticides acceptable to the US Environmental Protection Agency and the US Fish and Wildlife Service were allowed to be used.[84] FEMA officials warned homeowners of the dangers of floodwaters, including mold, mildew, and bacteria.[85] By three months after the storm, just under 100,000 Louisiana citizens applied for federal aid, totaling to over $110 million (2001 USD, $143 million 2012 USD). $25 million (2001 USD, $32 million 2012 USD) of the total was for business loans, while an additional $8 million was for public assistance for communities and state agencies.[86] More than 750 flood victims in Florida applied for governmental aid, totaling to $1.29 million (2001 USD, $1.5 million 2007 USD).[87] In Pennsylvania, 1,670 flood victims applied for federal aid, totaling to $11.5 million (2001 USD, $14.3 million 2012 USD). $3.4 million (2001 USD, $4.4 million 2012 USD) of the total was to replace a SEPTA rail bridge over Sandy Run in Fort Washington.[88]

Retirement

edit
See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names

Due to the severe damage and deaths caused by the storm, the name Allison was retired from future use in the Atlantic basin in the spring of 2002 by the World Meteorological Organization. The name was replaced with Andrea for the 2007 season.[89][90] Tropical Storm Allison was the first Atlantic tropical storm to have its name retired without reaching hurricane strength.[91]

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ 41 direct, 14 indirect

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c d John P. Ivey (2002). "Flood Safety and Tropical Storm Allison" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 3, 2006. Retrieved May 15, 2006.
  2. ^ Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Stacy R. Stewart (November 28, 2011). "Tropical Storm Allison Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  4. ^ Stacy R. Stewart (June 5, 2001). "June 5 Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
  5. ^ Stacy R. Stewart (June 5, 2001). "Tropical Storm Allison Discussion Number 1". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2024.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ^ a b Stacy R. Stewart (June 5, 2001). "Tropical Storm Allison Discussion Number 2". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  7. ^ Miles B. Lawrence (June 5, 2001). "Tropical Storm Allison Discussion Number 3". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  8. ^ Richard J. Pasch (June 6, 2001). "Tropical Depression Allison Public Advisory Number 4". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  9. ^ Richrd J. Pasch (June 6, 2001). "Tropical Depression Allison Discussion Number 4". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  10. ^ a b c d e David M. Roth (2006). "Rainfall totals from Tropical Storm Allison". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved May 17, 2006.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  11. ^ a b Houston/Galveston National Weather Service (Synoptic Situation) (2006). "Tropical Storm Allison Floods, June 5–9, 2001". Archived from the original on September 5, 2006. Retrieved May 17, 2006.
  12. ^ Frank Pereira (June 8, 2001). "Storm Summary Number 12 for the Remnants of Allison". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  13. ^ Frank Pereira (June 8, 2001). "Storm Summary Number 19 for the Remnants of T. D. Allison". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  14. ^ Stacy R. Stewart (June 10, 2001). "June 10 Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
  15. ^ Jessica Clark (June 11, 2001). "Storm Summary Number 23 for the Remnants of T. D. Allison". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  16. ^ David M. Roth; Carl Mcelroy (June 11, 2001). "Storm Summary Number 25 for the Former T.S. Allison". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved July 16, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Lixion A. Avila (June 14, 2001). "June 14 Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
  18. ^ Jack L. Beven (June 14, 2001). "June 14 Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
  19. ^ Paul Ziegenfelder; Carl Mcelroy (June 14, 2001). "Storm Summary Number 38 for the Remains of T.S. Allison". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved July 16, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Carl Mcelroy (June 16, 2001). "Storm Summary Number 46 for the Remains of Allison". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  21. ^ Carl Mcelroy (June 17, 2001). "Storm Summary Number 49 for the Remnants of Allison". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  22. ^ Jessica Clark (June 17, 2001). "Storm Summary Number 51 for the Remnants of Allison". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  23. ^ Houston/Galveston National Weather Service (2001). "Hurricane Local Statement (1)". Archived from the original on September 30, 2004. Retrieved May 15, 2006.
  24. ^ National Hurricane Center (2001). "Tropical Storm Allison Discussion #1". Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved May 15, 2006.
  25. ^ Houston/Galveston National Weather Service (2001). "Hurricane Local Statement (3)". Archived from the original on April 12, 2006. Retrieved May 15, 2006.
  26. ^ a b United States Department of Commerce (2001). "Tropical Storm Allison Heavy Rains and Floods in Texas and Louisiana" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 2, 2006. Retrieved May 15, 2006.
  27. ^ United States Red Cross (2001). "Tropical Storm Allison Florida Situation Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 1, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007.
  28. ^ Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables updated (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. January 26, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  29. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Report for Texas". Archived from the original on December 22, 2007. Retrieved June 7, 2006.
  30. ^ Houston/Galveston National Weather Service (2001). "Preliminary Report (Houston/Galveston)". Archived from the original on December 22, 2007. Retrieved May 17, 2006.
  31. ^ a b National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena (June 2001)" (PDF). Retrieved May 17, 2006.[permanent dead link‍]
  32. ^ Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (2006). "Rainfall totals from Tropical Storm Allison". Retrieved May 17, 2006.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i Risk Management Solutions (2001). "Tropical Storm Allison Event Report" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2006. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  34. ^ "Remembering Tropical Storm Allison 10 Years Later" (PDF). Storm Signals. 86. National Weather Service Houston/Galveston Weather Forecast Office. June 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 26, 2017. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  35. ^ "Tropical Storm Allison Heavy Rains and Floods Texas and Louisiana June 2001" (PDF). United States Department of Commerce. 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2009. Retrieved September 6, 2008.
  36. ^ "University Of Houston O'Quinn Law Library Eligible For $21.4 Million In FEMA Funds To Replace Books" (Press release). Federal Emergency Management Agency. November 26, 2001. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012.
  37. ^ Kopatic, Alex (2002). "O'Quinn Law Library Cracks The Books on $42 Million Albertus Project" (PDF). University of Houston Law Center.[permanent dead link‍]
  38. ^ Houston/Galveston National Weather Service (2001). "Tropical Storm Allison Floods, June 5–9, 2001". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on April 17, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2008.
  39. ^ Roger Erickson (June 7, 2001). "Preliminary Report...Tropical Storm Allison". National Weather Service Lake Charles. Archived from the original on February 7, 2004. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  40. ^ a b David M. Roth (June 20, 2001). "HPC Storm Summary #52 for T.D. Allison". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Archived from the original on October 8, 2006. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  41. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Tornado". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  42. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Tropical Storm". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  43. ^ a b National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Flash Flood". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  44. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Flash Flood". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  45. ^ a b National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Flood". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  46. ^ a b c National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Flash Flood". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  47. ^ a b National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Tornado". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  48. ^ a b National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Thunderstorm Wind". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  49. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Flash Flood". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  50. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Flood". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  51. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Tornado". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  52. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Rip Current". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  53. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Rip Current". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  54. ^ a b National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Flash Flood". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  55. ^ Gathana Parmenas (2001). "Detailed Damage Assessment Summary in Florida". American Red Cross. Archived from the original on October 18, 2015. Retrieved May 18, 2006.
  56. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Tropical Storm". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  57. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Tornado". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  58. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Tornado". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  59. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Flash Flood". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  60. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Flash Flood". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  61. ^ "Allison was weak, but a killer". USA Today.com. Associated Press. July 3, 2001. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  62. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Heavy Rain". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  63. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Flash Flood". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  64. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Flash Flood". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  65. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Flash Flood". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  66. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Flash Flood". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  67. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Flash Flood". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  68. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Flash Flood". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  69. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Flash Flood". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  70. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2001). "Event Details: Tornado". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  71. ^ a b Federal Emergency Management Agency (2001). "Texas Severe Storms & Flooding". Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2006.
  72. ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency (2001). "Louisiana Tropical Storm Allison". Archived from the original on January 5, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2006.
  73. ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency (2001). "Mississippi Tropical Storm Allison". Archived from the original on January 6, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2006.
  74. ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency (2001). "Florida Tropical Storm Allison". Archived from the original on January 6, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2006.
  75. ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency (2001). "Pennsylvania Tropical Storm Allison". Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2006.
  76. ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency (2001). "Disaster Recovery Centers To Open". Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2006.
  77. ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency (2001). "Mobile Military Hospital Provides Emergency Care For Houston's Citizens". Archived from the original on March 15, 2012.
  78. ^ FEMA (2001). "Human Needs First With State, FEMA". Archived from the original on September 29, 2006. Retrieved June 14, 2006.
  79. ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency (2001). "Quiet Heroes — Voluntary Agencies". Archived from the original on September 20, 2005. Retrieved June 14, 2006.
  80. ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency (2001). "Buyer Beware: Flood-Damaged Cars Being Sold". Archived from the original on September 20, 2005. Retrieved June 14, 2006.
  81. ^ FEMA (2001). "Beware Of Scam Artists, Fraudulent Contractors And Price Gouging". Archived from the original on September 29, 2006. Retrieved June 14, 2006.
  82. ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency (2001). "FEMA Funding Mosquito Control". Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2006.
  83. ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency (2001). "Six Months After Allison, Disaster Assistance Reaches $1.05 Billion". Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2006.
  84. ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency (2001). "Responsible Response to Mosquitoes". Archived from the original on June 8, 2010. Retrieved June 14, 2006.
  85. ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency (2001). "Drying Out, Cleaning Up After Allison". Archived from the original on June 8, 2010. Retrieved June 14, 2006.
  86. ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency (2001). "Summary Of Louisiana Disaster Assistance". Archived from the original on June 8, 2010. Retrieved June 14, 2006.
  87. ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency (2001). "$1.2 Million Approved For Florida's Allison Flood Victims". Archived from the original on September 17, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2006.
  88. ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency (2001). "Disaster Aid, Loans for Pennsylvanians Near $11.5 Million". Archived from the original on June 8, 2010. Retrieved June 14, 2006.
  89. ^ Regional Association IV (North America, Central America and the Caribbean) Hurricane Operational Plan (PDF). Tropical Cyclone Programme (Report). Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization. 2007. p. 9-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  90. ^ National Hurricane Operations Plan (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: NOAA Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. May 2002. p. 3-7. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  91. ^ Masters, Jeff (March 19, 2021). "WMO: Atlantic hurricanes no longer to receive names from Greek alphabet". New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tropical Storm Allison.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropical_Storm_Allison&oldid=1256816854#Texas"