The Viennese coffee house (German: das Wiener Kaffeehaus, Bavarian: as Weana Kafeehaus) is a typical institution of Vienna that played an important part in shaping Viennese culture.
Since October 2011 the "Viennese Coffee House Culture" is listed as "Intangible Cultural Heritage" in the Austrian inventory of the "National Agency for the Intangible Cultural Heritage", a part of UNESCO. The Viennese coffee house is described in this inventory as a place, "where time and space are consumed, but only the coffee is found on the bill."[1]
Viennese coffee house culture
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The social practices, rituals, and elegance create the very specific atmosphere of the Viennese café.[2] Coffee houses entice with a wide variety of coffee drinks, international newspapers, and pastry creations. Typical for Viennese coffee houses are marble tabletops, Thonet chairs, newspaper tables and interior design details in the style of historicism.[1]
The Austrian writer Stefan Zweig described the Viennese coffee house as an institution of a special kind, "actually a sort of democratic club, open to everyone for the price of a cheap cup of coffee, where every guest can sit for hours with this little offering, to talk, write, play cards, receive post, and above all consume an unlimited number of newspapers and journals."[3] Zweig in fact attributed a good measure of Vienna's cosmopolitan air to the rich daily diet of current and international information offered in the coffee houses.
In many classic cafés (for example Café Central and Café Prückel) piano music is played in the evening and social events like literary readings are held. In warmer months, customers can often sit outside in a Schanigarten. Almost all coffee houses provide small food dishes like sausages as well as desserts, cakes and tarts, like Apfelstrudel, Millirahmstrudel, Punschkrapfen and Linzer torte.
Unlike some other café traditions around the world, it is completely normal for a customer to linger alone for hours and study the omnipresent newspaper. Along with coffee, the waiter will serve an obligatory glass of cold tap water and during a long stay will often bring additional water unrequested, with the idea to serve the guest with an exemplary sense of attention.
In the late 19th and early 20th century, leading writers of the time became attached to the atmosphere of Viennese cafés and were frequently seen to meet, exchange and to even write there. Literature composed in cafés is commonly referred to as coffee house literature, the writers thereof as coffee house poets. The famous journal Die Fackel ("The Torch") by Karl Kraus is said to have been written in cafés to a large extent. Other coffee house poets include Arthur Schnitzler, Alfred Polgar, Friedrich Torberg, and Egon Erwin Kisch. Famous writer and poet Peter Altenberg even had his mail delivered to his favorite café, the Café Central.
In Prague, Budapest, Sarajevo, Krakow, Trieste and Lviv and other cities of the Austro-Hungarian empire there were also many coffee houses according to the Viennese model. The Viennese coffee house culture then spread throughout Central Europe and created a special multicultural climate. Because here writers, artists, musicians, intellectuals, bon vivants and their financiers met. The Habsburg coffeehouses were then largely deprived of their cultural base by the Holocaust and the expulsions of National Socialism and the economic prerequisites by communism.
This special atmosphere was only able to persist in Vienna and in a few other places. In particular in Trieste, which has been "forgotten" for a long time since 1918 and the many upheavals, there are still many of the former Viennese coffee houses (Caffè Tommaseo, Caffè San Marco, Caffè degli Specchi, Caffè Tergesteo, Caffè Stella Polare) in which the former lifestyle has been preserved by the locals.[4][5]
History
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Legend has it that soldiers of the Polish-Habsburg army, while liberating Vienna from the second Turkish siege in 1683, found a number of sacks with strange beans that they initially thought were camel feed and wanted to burn. The Polish king Jan III Sobieski granted the sacks to one of his officers named Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki, who, according to Catholic priest Gottfried Uhlich in 1783 in his History of the second Turkish Siege, was assumed to have started the first coffee house, the Hof zur Blauen Flasche.
According to the legend, after some experimentation, Kulczycki added some sugar and milk, and the Viennese coffee tradition was born. This achievement has been recognized in many modern Viennese coffeehouses by hanging a picture of Kulczycki in the window.[6] Another account is that Kulczycki, having spent two years in Ottoman captivity, knew perfectly well what coffee really was and tricked his superiors into granting him the beans that were considered worthless.[7]
However, according to recent research, Vienna's first coffee house was actually opened by an Armenian businessman named Johannes Theodat (aka Johannes Diodato or Deodat and Owanes Astouatzatur) in 1685.[8][9][10][11][12] 15 years later, four Greek-owned coffeehouses had the privilege to serve coffee.[8][verification needed]
The new drink was well received, and coffee houses began to pop up rapidly. In the early period, the various drinks had no names, and customers would select the mixtures from a colour-shaded chart.
The heyday of the coffee house was the turn of the nineteenth century when writers like Peter Altenberg, Alfred Polgar, Egon Friedell, Karl Kraus, Hermann Broch and Friedrich Torberg made them their preferred place of work and pleasure. Many famous artists, scientists, and politicians of the period such as Arthur Schnitzler, Stefan Zweig, Egon Schiele, Gustav Klimt, Adolf Loos, Theodor Herzl, and Alfred Adler.[13] Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, Leon Trotsky and Josip Broz Tito were all living in Vienna in 1913, and they were constant coffee house patrons.
In the 1950s, the period of "coffee house death" began, as many famous Viennese coffee houses had to close. This was due to the popularity of television and the appearance of modern espresso bars.[14][15] Nevertheless, many of these classic Viennese coffee houses still exist. A renewed interest in their tradition and tourism have prompted a comeback. Some relatively modern Viennese coffee houses have emerged in North America, such as Julius Meinl Chicago and Kaffeehaus de Châtillon in the greater Seattle area and Cafe Sabarsky in Manhattan. In Jerusalem there is a Viennese coffee house in the Austrian Hospice.
Notable coffee houses
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- Aida, a chain of traditional Viennese coffee and pastry shops with locations all over the city; one popular location is right beside Stephansplatz.
- Café Bräunerhof, Stallburggasse 2
- Café Central, in Vienna, in the Palais Ferstel, Herrengasse 14 (corner of Strauchgasse) – Peter Altenberg's favorite café and at times his primary address
- Café Demel, Kohlmarkt 14 – the most famous sweet bakery, less of a typical café
- Café Griensteidl, Michaelerplatz 2 – the favourite café of Leon Trotsky and many writers of that era, closed June 2017
- Café Hawelka, Dorotheergasse 6
- Café Landtmann, Universitätsring 4 – Sigmund Freud's preferred café
- Café Museum, Operngasse 7
- Café Sacher, Philharmonikerstraße 4 (a café part of the Hotel Sacher)
- Café Savoy, Linke Wienzeile 36
- Café Schwarzenberg, Kärntner Ring 17 (at Schwarzenbergplatz)
- Café Sperl, Gumpendorferstraße 11
- Kaffee Alt Wien, Bäckerstraße 9
- Vollpension, generational-bridging cafés in the 1st and 4th district that offer seniors a way out of financial and contact poverty
See also
edit- Karlsbad coffee
- Young Vienna, literary movement that arose around Viennese coffee houses
Coffee portal
Drink portal
Austria portal
References
edit- ^ a b Intangible Cultural Heritage in Austria: Viennese Coffee House Culture
- ^ about.com Viennese Coffee House Culture
- ^ Robert Edward Norton: Secret Germany: Stefan George and his circle (Google books)
- ^ Helmut Luther "Warum Kaffeetrinken in Triest anspruchsvoll ist" In: Die Welt, 2015-02-16.
- ^ "San Marco: Triests Literatencafé" In: Trieste 24, 2018-11-27.
- ^ "Coffee Timeline". Archived from the original on 2008-05-17.
- ^ Krystyna Bockenheim, Przy polskim stole, Wroclaw 2003, p. 69
- ^ a b Teply, Karl (1980). Czeike, Felix (ed.). Die Einführung des Kaffees in Wien. Georg Franz Koltschitzky. Johannes Diodato. Isaac de Luca. Sonderreihe der "Wiener Geschichtsblätter" (später Reihe: "Forschungen und Beiträge zur Wiener Stadtgeschichte") (in German). Vol. 6. Vienna, Austria & Munich, Germany: Verein für Geschichte der Stadt Wien / Kommissionsverlag Jugend und Volk. p. 104. ISBN 3-7141-9330-8. OCLC 14949012. S2CID 190364058. ISBN 3-7005-4536-3. (208 pages, 15 illustrations). Cited in: Seibel, Anna Maria: "Die Bedeutung der Griechen für das wirtschaftliche und kulturelle Leben in Wien". https://utheses.univie.ac.at/detail/1675
- ^ Ellis, Markman (2011-05-12). The Coffee-House: A Cultural History. Orion. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-78022-055-0.
- ^ Csendes, Peter (1999). Historical Dictionary of Vienna. Lanham, Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-81083562-7.
- ^ Krondl, Michael (2011). Sweet Invention: A History of Dessert. Chicago, USA: Chicago Review Press. p. 274. ISBN 978-1-55652954-2.
- ^ McCabe, Ina Baghdiantz (2008). Orientalism in Early Modern France: Eurasian Trade, Exoticism and the Ancien Regime. Oxford: Berg. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-84520374-0.
- ^ Hoffman, Edward (1994). The Drive for Self: Alfred Adler and the founding of Individual Psychology. Reading, Massachusetts, USA: Addison Wesley, pp. 52, 77, 85–86, 101
- ^ Blaukopf née Singer, Herta [in German] (1959). Im Wiener Kaffeehaus [In the Viennese coffeehouse] (in Austrian German) (1 ed.). Vienna, Austria: Verlag für Jugend und Volk, Gesellschaft m.b.H. Verlagsnummer 2097. (2+296+2+9+1+4+4+2 pages)
- ^ Wolfschluckner, Sabrina (June 2014). "6.4.1. Das Espresso". Das Kaffeehaus als Seismograph gesellschaftlicher Veränderungen. Wien ab 1950 (Magister thesis) (in Austrian German). Vienna, Austria: Universität Wien. pp. 96–97, 100 [96]. Archived from the original on 2024-02-29. Retrieved 2024-03-02. (217 pages)
Further reading
edit- Rössner, Michael, ed. (1999). Literarische Kaffeehäuser, Kaffeehausliteraten (in German). Böhlau. ISBN 3-205-98630-X.
- Wurmdobler, Christopher (2005). Kaffeehäuser in Wien. Ein Führer durch eine Wiener Institution. Klassiker, moderne Cafés, Konditoreien, Coffeeshops (in German). Falter Verlag. ISBN 3-85439-332-6.
- Gonzalés-Vangell, Béatrice (2005). Kaddish Et Renaissance - La Shoah Dans Les Romans Viennois (1991–2001) De Robert Schindel, Robert Menasse Et Doron Rabinovici, Presses Universitaires Du Septentrion (in French). Presses Univ. Septentrion. ISBN 2-85939-900-3. (328 pages)
- Pauzenberger, Patricia (April 2009). Kaffeeröstaromastoffe und Duft im Klassischen Wiener Kaffeehaus: Analyse mittels HS--SPME--GC--MS (PDF) (Magister thesis) (in Austrian German). Vienna, Austria: Universität Wien / VDM Verlag Dr. Müller. ISBN 978-3-63927124-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-01-11. Retrieved 2024-01-11. (4+xii+205 pages)
External links
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Media related to Cafés in Vienna at Wikimedia Commons