The Eleman languages are a family spoken around Kerema Bay, Papua New Guinea.
| Eleman | |
|---|---|
| Kaki Ae – Kerema Bay | |
| Geographic distribution | Kerema Bay, Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | a primary language family |
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | nucl1580 (Eleman proper) |
 Map: The Eleman languages of New Guinea
The Eleman languages
Trans–New Guinea languages
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Uninhabited | |
Languages and classification
editThe five languages of Eleman proper are clearly related. They were identified as a family by Sidney Herbert Ray in 1907, and would later be incorporated in the Trans–New Guinea classifications of Stephen Wurm (1975) and of Malcolm Ross (2005).
Purari was included by Brown (1968), but the only evidence is the 1sg pronoun nai, which might simply be a reflection of TNG *na.
The purported evidence for including Eleman in the Trans–New Guinea family lies in Kaki Ae. Franklin (1995) shows regular sound correspondences between Kaki Ae and Eleman, including Kaki Ae n to Eleman *r, so Kaki Ae nao 1sg appears to be cognate with Eleman *ara, both perhaps descending from proto-TNG *na. Likewise, Kaki Ae nu'u may reflect pTNG *nu, and the forms of the 2sg pronouns, ao and *a, are common in TNG languages.
Ross states that the Kaki Ae isolate links Eleman proper within TNG. However, Glottolog notes that the sound correspondences are just what one would expect from loans, given the different phonologies of the languages: Eleman has no n/l/r distinction, and Kaki Ae has no t/k distinction.[1]
Pawley and Hammarström (2018) classify Kaki Ae as a language isolate rather than as part of Eleman, noting that similarities with Eleman are mostly because of borrowing.[2]
Pronouns
editThe pronouns are as follows:
Eleman proper sg pl 1 *ara *ela 2 *a *e(u) 3 *are *ere(u)
Kaki Ae sg pl 1 nao nu'u 2 ao ofe 3 era era-he
Further reading
edit- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Eleman. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Eleman-Koriki. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-East-Eleman. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-West-Eleman. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Brown, Herbert A. "The Eleman Language Family". In Franklin, K. editor, The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea. C-26:279-376. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1973. doi:10.15144/PL-C26.279
- Brown, Herbert A. 1972. The Elema languages: A comparative study of the Toaripi, Orokolo and their related dialects. PhD thesis: University of London.
- Franklin, Karl J.. 1973. Appendices. In Karl J. Franklin (ed.), The Linguistic Situation in the Gulf District and Adjacent Areas, Papua New Guinea, 539-592. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
References
edit- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Kaki Ae". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.