The Thriasio Plain (Greek: Θριάσιο Πεδίο, romanized: Thriasio Pedio) is a plain in western Attica within Athens metropolitan area in Greece. It is bounded by Mount Egaleo to the east, Mount Parnitha to the north, Mount Pateras to the west, and the Bay of Elefsina to the south.
History
editThe Thriasio Plain owes its name to the ancient deme of Thria (Greek: Θρία), one of the demes of ancient Athens. The largest town in the plain was Eleusis (modern-day Elefsina), location of the famous Eleusinian Mysteries. In Greek mythology, when the goddess Athena won the contest for control of Attica over Poseidon, Poseidon flooded the plain in wrath, until called to order by Zeus.[1]
In antiquity, as today, the area was connected to central Athens by two passes: the Sacred Way (Greek: Ιερά Οδός) to the west, today used by the main Athens–Corinth highway, and another pass to the northwest nowadays used by the Attiki Odos highway.[2] During the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) the Thriasio Plain was ravaged by the Spartan army of King Archidamus II in his campaign against the Athenians.[3]
Modern times
editToday it is largely an industrial area, hosting some of Greece's major industrial facilities, such as its largest oil refineries and steel mills. There are four cities in the Thriasio Plain: Elefsina (anc. Eleusis), Mandra, Magoula, and Aspropyrgos. The plain hosts a major air force base outside of Elefsina, as well as a major station of the Athens Suburban Rail. As of 2010, there are plans to create a major center for the transshipment of commercial goods unloaded in the nearby port of Pireas (Athens port) to the rest of Greece and neighboring countries.[4]
Climate
editThe Thriasio plain has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa) bordering a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh) with mild winters and very hot summers. The Thriasio Plain is particularly vulnerable to high temperatures due to its topography[5] and has experienced the highest temperatures ever recorded in Greece and continental Europe[6] with 48.0 °C in Elefsina and 47.5 °C in Aspropyrgos in 1977 and 2007 respectively.
| Climate data for Elefsina Port 10 m a.s.l. | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 24.9 (76.8) |
22.8 (73.0) |
25.8 (78.4) |
31.4 (88.5) |
37.4 (99.3) |
45.3 (113.5) |
44.8 (112.6) |
43.7 (110.7) |
38.4 (101.1) |
32.8 (91.0) |
29.1 (84.4) |
22.2 (72.0) |
45.3 (113.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 13.8 (56.8) |
15.5 (59.9) |
18.0 (64.4) |
22.2 (72.0) |
26.5 (79.7) |
31.4 (88.5) |
34.6 (94.3) |
34.1 (93.4) |
29.7 (85.5) |
24.7 (76.5) |
20.1 (68.2) |
15.8 (60.4) |
23.9 (75.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.2 (50.4) |
11.6 (52.9) |
13.7 (56.7) |
17.5 (63.5) |
21.8 (71.2) |
26.7 (80.1) |
30.0 (86.0) |
29.8 (85.6) |
25.5 (77.9) |
20.9 (69.6) |
16.6 (61.9) |
12.3 (54.1) |
19.7 (67.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6.6 (43.9) |
7.7 (45.9) |
9.4 (48.9) |
12.8 (55.0) |
17.1 (62.8) |
21.9 (71.4) |
25.3 (77.5) |
25.5 (77.9) |
21.3 (70.3) |
17.0 (62.6) |
13.0 (55.4) |
8.8 (47.8) |
15.5 (59.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −2.0 (28.4) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
0.2 (32.4) |
4.6 (40.3) |
11.8 (53.2) |
14.7 (58.5) |
19.3 (66.7) |
19.7 (67.5) |
12.9 (55.2) |
8.3 (46.9) |
4.5 (40.1) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 60.4 (2.38) |
33.6 (1.32) |
24.6 (0.97) |
20.3 (0.80) |
19.4 (0.76) |
33.1 (1.30) |
11.1 (0.44) |
10.5 (0.41) |
32.3 (1.27) |
28.9 (1.14) |
65.6 (2.58) |
57.5 (2.26) |
397.3 (15.63) |
| Source: National Observatory of Athens Monthly Bulletins (Mar 2016-Apr 2024)[7][8] and World Meteorological Organization[9] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Aspropyrgos 45 m a.s.l. | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 23.7 (74.7) |
23.6 (74.5) |
25.7 (78.3) |
31.2 (88.2) |
37.7 (99.9) |
44.6 (112.3) |
44.9 (112.8) |
44.8 (112.6) |
40.8 (105.4) |
32.7 (90.9) |
28.3 (82.9) |
22.4 (72.3) |
44.9 (112.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 13.9 (57.0) |
15.6 (60.1) |
17.7 (63.9) |
22.1 (71.8) |
26.7 (80.1) |
31.1 (88.0) |
34.6 (94.3) |
33.8 (92.8) |
29.9 (85.8) |
24.5 (76.1) |
20.2 (68.4) |
15.8 (60.4) |
23.8 (74.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.2 (50.4) |
11.6 (52.9) |
13.5 (56.3) |
17.3 (63.1) |
21.8 (71.2) |
26.4 (79.5) |
29.8 (85.6) |
29.4 (84.9) |
25.5 (77.9) |
20.6 (69.1) |
16.5 (61.7) |
12.2 (54.0) |
19.6 (67.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6.5 (43.7) |
7.7 (45.9) |
9.3 (48.7) |
12.5 (54.5) |
16.9 (62.4) |
21.6 (70.9) |
25.0 (77.0) |
25.1 (77.2) |
21.1 (70.0) |
16.7 (62.1) |
12.8 (55.0) |
8.7 (47.7) |
15.3 (59.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −2.2 (28.0) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
4.8 (40.6) |
11.5 (52.7) |
14.3 (57.7) |
18.2 (64.8) |
19.9 (67.8) |
13.9 (57.0) |
8.2 (46.8) |
4.4 (39.9) |
0.3 (32.5) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 52.7 (2.07) |
40.9 (1.61) |
30.3 (1.19) |
19.3 (0.76) |
15.6 (0.61) |
22.4 (0.88) |
4.9 (0.19) |
7.1 (0.28) |
32.9 (1.30) |
35.1 (1.38) |
56.4 (2.22) |
66.4 (2.61) |
384 (15.1) |
| Source: National Observatory of Athens Monthly Bulletins (Dec 2014-Apr 2024)[10][11] and World Meteorological Organization[12] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Vlychada 68 m a.s.l. | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 25.3 (77.5) |
22.9 (73.2) |
27.1 (80.8) |
30.9 (87.6) |
37.3 (99.1) |
40.2 (104.4) |
44.9 (112.8) |
43.5 (110.3) |
39.5 (103.1) |
31.7 (89.1) |
30.4 (86.7) |
22.5 (72.5) |
44.9 (112.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.9 (58.8) |
15.9 (60.6) |
17.3 (63.1) |
22.1 (71.8) |
27.1 (80.8) |
31.5 (88.7) |
35.7 (96.3) |
35.0 (95.0) |
30.3 (86.5) |
25.3 (77.5) |
20.6 (69.1) |
17.1 (62.8) |
24.4 (75.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 11.0 (51.8) |
11.6 (52.9) |
12.8 (55.0) |
17.0 (62.6) |
21.7 (71.1) |
26.1 (79.0) |
30.3 (86.5) |
29.8 (85.6) |
25.7 (78.3) |
21.0 (69.8) |
16.9 (62.4) |
13.6 (56.5) |
19.8 (67.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.1 (44.8) |
7.3 (45.1) |
8.2 (46.8) |
11.8 (53.2) |
16.2 (61.2) |
20.6 (69.1) |
24.9 (76.8) |
24.6 (76.3) |
21.0 (69.8) |
16.7 (62.1) |
13.2 (55.8) |
10.0 (50.0) |
15.1 (59.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.1 (30.0) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
3.8 (38.8) |
10.6 (51.1) |
12.8 (55.0) |
19.5 (67.1) |
19.2 (66.6) |
12.6 (54.7) |
11.9 (53.4) |
4.7 (40.5) |
1.2 (34.2) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 61.2 (2.41) |
30.7 (1.21) |
26.3 (1.04) |
23.3 (0.92) |
13.3 (0.52) |
30.6 (1.20) |
2.7 (0.11) |
16.4 (0.65) |
28.3 (1.11) |
20.3 (0.80) |
40.1 (1.58) |
60.2 (2.37) |
353.4 (13.92) |
| Source 1: National Observatory of Athens Monthly Bulletins (Apr 2020 - Apr 2024) [13] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Vlychada N.O.A station, [14] World Meteorological Organization[12] | |||||||||||||
References
edit- ^ Olga Palagia. The pediments of the Parthenon. BRILL, 1998, ISBN 978-90-04-11198-1, p. 40
- ^ Hans Rupprecht Goette. Athens, Attica, and the Megarid: an archaeological guide. Routledge, 2001, ISBN 978-0-415-24370-4, p. 280
- ^ Thucydides, Martin Hammond, Peter John Rhodes. The Peloponnesian War. Oxford University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-282191-1, p. 84
- ^ Ta Nea, Sept. 19 2010
- ^ Anastasios Mavrakis, Athanasia Kapsali, Ioannis X. Tsiros, and Katerina Pantavou (2021). "Air quality and meteorological patterns of an early spring heatwave event in an industrialized area of Attica, Greece". Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration. 6 (1): 25. doi:10.1007/s41207-020-00237-0. PMC 7829091. PMID 33521246.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "World Meteorological Organization's World Weather & Climate Extremes Archive". wmo.asu.edu.
- ^ "Monthly Bulletins". www.meteo.gr.
- ^ "Latest Conditions in Elefsina".
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization". Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ "Monthly Bulletins". www.meteo.gr.
- ^ "Latest Conditions in Aspropirgos, Greece".
- ^ a b "World Meteorological Organization". Retrieved 14 July 2023.
- ^ "Meteo.gr - Προγνώσεις καιρού για όλη την Ελλάδα".
- ^ "Latest Conditions in Vlychada".
38°04′41″N 23°34′59″E / 38.078°N 23.583°E
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