Elia del Medigo, also called Elijah Delmedigo or Elias ben Moise del Medigo and sometimes known to his contemporaries as Helias Hebreus Cretensis or in Hebrew Elijah Mi-Qandia (c. 1458 – c. 1493). According to Jacob Joshua Ross, "while the non-Jewish students of Delmedigo may have classified him as an “Averroist”, he clearly saw himself as a follower of Maimonides". But, according to other scholars, Delmedigo was clearly a strong follower of Averroes' doctrines, even the more radical ones: unity of intellect, eternity of the world, and autonomy of reason from the boundaries of revealed religion.
Family
editBorn in Candia, on the island of Crete (which at that time was under the control of the Venetian Republic), the son of Moses Abba Gieger, whither his family had emigrated from Germany a branch of the Geiger family that settled first in Crete and then in Italy;[1] he spent ten years in Rome and in Padua in northern Italy, returning to Candia at the end of his life.
The founder of the family, R'Yehudah Gieger, like other Jews living on the island at the time, moved from the Germanic area around the end of 1300, probably first passing through Venetian Italy where he acquired the nickname Delmedigo. In Crete, R'Yeliudah had three sons:
- Abba haZaken the Elder, founder of a synagogue in the city of Candia;
- Mejuhas, who later died without children;
- Shemarjah, a philosopher, father of Moses Abba Gieger, and father in turn of DelMedigo da'Candia.[2]
Legacy
editHe is remembered for several translations, commentaries on Averroes (Ibn Rushd in Arabic) (notably a commentary on Averroes' Substantia Orbis in 1485), for his influence on many Italian Platonists of the early Renaissance (especially Giovanni Pico della Mirandola), and his treatise on Jewish philosophy, Sefer Beḥinat ha-Dat (The Examination of Religion), published many years after his death, in 1629.
He was well recorded as an itinerant teacher of Talmudic Philosophy Sciences and Mathematics, also called professor or doctor during those days, alternating with some trips between Florence, Perugia, and Bassano, his activity as a teacher of logic and philosophy at the Jewish college of Padua, and of theology in the Jewish community of Venice, his teaching post remained in Padua for about a decade recorded in his academic relations with Yehudah Minz and his Minz Yeshivah Academy of Talmudic studies.[3] Also in Padua, between 1481 and 1482, he had procured the constant commitment in a series of works of translation and drafting of original works of exposition of Peripatetic texts. Also, his legacy is recorded as a tutor to the young count Pico della Mirandola at the Paduan Studio from 1480 to 1482.[4]
Biography
editDel Medigo had a traditional religious upbringing in Candia, demonstrating considerable breadth. In addition to rabbinic learning, he studied philosophy, and had a good knowledge of Italian, Greek, as well as Latin and Hebrew. It is likely that he also studied medicine, and it may have been with that intention that he originally went to Padua, where the University was the most important center for traditional Aristotelian philosophy in Italy. By 1480, he was in Venice, where he wrote Quaestio utrum mundus sit effectus, and supported himself by giving classes in Aristotelian philosophy attended by the sons of wealthy and important families.
He moved to Perugia and taught classes in "radical Aristotelianism," that is, heavily interpreted with the ideas of Averroes and other Islamic commentators. Del Medigo became quite well known as a major Averroist in Italy. While in Perugia, he met Pico della Mirandola, and wrote two pamphlets for him.
Another important student of del Medigo's at that time was Domenico Grimani, a Venetian, who eventually became the Cardinal of San Marco. Grimani proved to be a consistent patron, and with his encouragement, del Medigo wrote several manuscripts that received wide distribution among Italian philosophers.
He stayed in close contact with Pico della Mirandola,[5] traveling to Florence, the site of Marsilio Ficino's Platonic Academy, to give classes and to translate manuscripts from Hebrew to Latin for Pico.
In the end, however, Del Medigo was no Kabbalist, and he became disenchanted with the syncretic direction Pico and his colleagues were moving in, a tendency to combine concepts of magic, Hermeticism and Kabbalah with Plato and Neoplatonism.
In addition to his increasing disappointment with Pico, he was somewhat discredited himself by the backlash from Pico's imprisonment and the interdiction by the Vatican of his 900 Theses. Furthermore, tension arose between del Medigo and the Italian Jewish community over his secular intellectual interests and his associations with gentile scholars. As a consequence of the financial difficulties he experienced in the wake of Pico's disfavor, del Medigo decided to leave Italy for good. He went back to Crete, where he spent the last years of his life. During this period, del Medigo returned to Jewish thought, writing the Sefer Bechinat Ha-dath for his students, in which he clarified his disagreement with the magical and Kabbalistic theories that inspired Pico's Oration on the Dignity of Man, and expounded his belief that a human being cannot aspire to become a god, and that Judaism requires that a man must "fight for rationality, sobriety and the realization of [his] human limitations."[1]
Delmedigo argued against the antiquity of the Kabbalah, noting that it was not known to the sages of the Talmud, or to the geonim, or to Rashi. He also denies that Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai was the author of the Zohar, since that work mentions people who lived after the death of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai. In addition, he attacks the esoteric allegorists among Jewish philosophers. In another section of his work Delmedigo discusses the intellectual reasoning underlying the commandments of Torah (ta'amei ha-mitzvot).
His descendant Joseph Delmedigo was a famous rabbi, philosopher and a staunch defender of the Kabbalah.
Popular culture
editElia del Medigo is likely the inspiration for the fictional character Judah del Medigo, in "The Secret Book of Grazia dei Rossi" by Jacqueline Park.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy article on del Medigo -- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/delmedigo/ downloaded 1/17/2006.
References
edit- ^ Geiger family Archive, 1874, founders of Reform Judaism. See ‘Ibn Rushd al-ḥafîdh,’ in J. L. Delgado (ed.), Biblioteca de al-Andalus, IV, Almeria 2006, no. 1006, pp. 517– 617; and Ludwig Geiger, Abraham Geiger: Leben und Werk für ein Judentum in der Moderne, Berlin 2001.
- ^ DEL MEDIGO, Elia, by Alberto Bartòla, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 38, (1990) Italy. https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/elia-del-medigo_(Dizionario-Biografico)/
- ^ Encyclopedia Judaica, V, coll. 916ss.; The Jewish Encyclopaedia, New York-London 1903, IV, pp. 506 s. (per il D.) e 508 s. (sub voce Delmedigo, Joseph Salomon).
- ^ Kieszkowski, Les rapports entre E. D. et Pic de la Mirandole (d'après le ms. Lat. 6508 de la Bibliothèque nationale), in Rinascimento, IV (1964), pp. 41-91
- ^ "De Nervis et Sensu Tactus", Unpublished Letters of Elijah del Medigo to Giovanni Pico della Mirandola - Encyclopedia Italia 2018 by Giovanni Licata|https://www.academia.edu/23801447/An_Unpublished_Letter_of_Elijah_del_Medigo_to_Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola_De_Nervis_et_Sensu_Tactus
- The Jewish Encyclopedia, article on Averroeism – [2]
- Italian Ashkenazi website – [3]
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy article on del Medigo – [4]
- Paul Oskar Kristeller, Eight Philosophers of the Italian Renaissance. Stanford University Press (Stanford California, 1964.)
- Giovanni Licata, "Delmedigo, Elijah", in Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy, ed. M. Sgarbi, 2019 [5]
- Sefer Behinat Hadat of Elijah Del-Medigo, critical edition with introduction, notes and commentary by Jacob Joshua Ross, Tel-Aviv: Chaim Rosenberg School of Jewish Studies, 1984
- Giovanni Licata, La via della ragione. Elia del Medigo e l’averroismo di Spinoza, Eum, Macerata, 2013, pp. 1–422, ISBN 978-88-6056-352-1. The book contains Hebrew text and Italian translation of Elia del Medigo’s "Sefer Beḥinat ha-Dat"
- The Medieval World – Europe 1100–1350 by Friedrich Heer.
- Michael Engel, "Elijah Del Medigo and Paduan Aristotelianism", Bloomsbury, 2016