Antoinette Corisande Élisabeth, Duchess of Clermont-Tonnerre (née de Gramont; 23 April 1875 – 6 December 1954)[1] was a French writer of the early 20th century, best known for her long-term lesbian relationship with Natalie Clifford Barney, an American writer. Élisabeth de Gramont had grown up among the highest aristocracy; when she was a child, according to Janet Flanner, "peasants on her farm... begged her not to clean her shoes before entering their houses". She looked back on this lost world of wealth and privilege with little regret, and became known as the "red duchess" for her support of socialism and feminism.[2]
Élisabeth de Gramont | |
|---|---|
| Duchess of Clermont-Tonnerre | |
 Photograph of Elisabeth de Gramont by Nadar | |
| Born | Antonia Corisande Élisabeth de Gramont 23 April 1875 Nancy, French Third Republic |
| Died | 6 December 1954 Paris, France |
| Buried | Ancy-le-Franc |
| Noble family | de Gramont |
| Spouse(s) |
Philibert, Duke of Clermont-Tonnerre
(m. 1896; div. 1920) |
| Issue | Béatrix de Clermont Tonnerre Diane de Clermont Tonnerre |
| Father | Agénor de Gramont, 11th Duke of Gramont |
| Mother | Princesse Isabelle de Beauvau-Craon |
| Occupation | Author |
She was a close friend, and sometimes critic of writer Marcel Proust, whom she first met in 1903.
Early life
editAntonia Corisande Élisabeth de Gramont was born on 23 April 1875 in Nancy, France. Called "Lily", she was the daughter of Agénor de Gramont, 11th Duke of Gramont, and his first wife, née Princesse Isabelle de Beauvau-Craon.[3] Her mother died giving birth to her. Her father soon married again to the wealthy Marguerite de Rothschild.[3]
Gramont was educated for her class. She later participated in Popular Front parades, and supported politicians of the left.
Personal life
edit
In 1896, Élisabeth married Aimé François Philibert, 8th Duke of Clermont-Tonnerre (1871–1940), a son of Gaspard Aimé Charles Roger, 7th Duke of Clermont-Tonnerre and Françoise Béatrix de Moustier. He owned several estates, including the Château de Glisolles in the Eure department. Before their divorce in 1920,[4] they had two daughters together:[5]
- Antonia Béatrix Corisande de Clermont Tonnerre (1897–1930), who suffered from tuberculosis; she eloped with the Duke's secretary, André Gault in 1921.[6] They divorced in 1924.[7]
- Isabelle Gabrielle Diane de Clermont Tonnerre (1902–1950), who married Count Guy Ghislain de Berlaymont, in 1924.[5]
In 1921, she sued the Duke alleging that he "wrongfully appropriated many valuable works of art and detained for his own uses 3,500,000 francs of her money."[8]
She died in Paris on 6 December 1954, outliving her former husband and both daughters, and is buried at Ancy-le-Franc, near the family Château de Clermont-Tonnerre.
Natalie Barney
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American writer Natalie Barney and Duchess de Clermont-Tonnerre first met in the spring of 1909; they became lovers on 1 May 1910, a date that they celebrated as their anniversary.[9] Although neither was faithful to the other sexually, they were devoted to one another for their entire lives. Elisabeth's husband is said to have been violent and tyrannical.[citation needed]
The Duchess accepted Barney's ways—perhaps reluctantly at first—and went out of her way to be gracious to Barney's other lovers. For example, the Duchess always included Romaine Brooks when she invited Barney to vacation in the country. Brooks and Barney developed a strong relationship about 1916, and both de Gramont and Brooks had to live with Barney's infidelity. But the three women eventually formed a kind of trio and were devoted to one another for the rest of their lives.
On 20 June 1918 Barney and De Gramont filed an "unofficial" but, at least to them, binding "marriage contract". The contract stated, in part;
- "After nine years of life together, joys and worries shared, and affairs confessed. For the survival of the bond that we believe-and wish to believe-is unbreakable, since at its lowest level of reciprocal emotionalism that is the conclusion reached. The union, sorely tried by the passing years, failed doubly the faithfulness test in its sixth year, showing us that adultery is inevitable in these relationships where there is no prejudice, no religion other than feelings, no laws other than desire, incapable of vain sacrifices that seem to be the negation of life..."[10]
In essence, the contract was to bind them together, at least in their own minds, but did not require them to being only with one another sexually. The contract was honored by both until the Duchess' death in 1954.
Bibliography
edit- Almanach des bonnes chances de France, 1930
- Le Diable chez la marquise, Littéraires, ca; 1938
- Autour de Saint-James, Du Pavois (publishers), 1945
- Barbey d'Aurevilly, Grasset, 1946
- La Famille des Clermont-Tonnerre, Fasquelle, 1950
- La Femme et la robe, La Palatine, Paris, Geneva, 1952
- Le Comte d'Orsay et Lady Blessington, 1955
- Marcel Proust, Flammarion, 1948
- Mémoires d'Élisabeth de Gramont, Grasset, 1929
- Souvenirs du monde de 1890 à 1940
References
edit- ^ "Gramont, Elisabeth de, 1875-1954". Library of Congress. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- ^ Souhami, Diana (2007). Wild Girls: Paris, Sappho, and Art: The Lives and Loves of Natalie Barney and Romaine Brooks. Macmillan. p. 74.
- ^ a b Souhami, 72
- ^ Souhami, p. 73
- ^ a b Rapazzini, Francesco (2004). Elisabeth de Gramont: avant-gardiste (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-61897-5. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
- ^ "DAUGHTER SUES DUKE FOR SUPPORT Paris Action Is Resisted by the Duke de Clermont-Tannerre to Prevent Her Remarriage. SHE ELOPED ONCE BEFORE Head of Ancient House Wants to Be Certain That He Won't Be Supporting Second Husband". The New York Times. 21 November 1926. p. 74. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
- ^ Martin, Georges (2002). Histoire et généalogie de la maison de Polignac (in French). G. Martin. p. 213. ISBN 978-2-901990-00-0. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
- ^ "EX-DUCHESS STIRS SCANDAL IN FRANCE; Charges Duke of Clermont-Tonnerre With Theft of 3,500,000 Francs. | HE IS HER EX-HUSBAND | Proceedings Started to Force Return of Marriage Portion and de Grammont Heirlooms". The New York Times. 10 July 1921. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
- ^ Souhami, Diana (2005). Wild Girls: Paris, Sappho, and Art. St. Martin's Press. pp. 72–9. ISBN 0-312-34324-8.
- ^ Rapazzini, Francesco (Fall 2005). "Elisabeth de Gramont, Natalie Barney's "eternal mate"". South Central Review. 22 (3): 6–31. doi:10.1353/scr.2005.0053. S2CID 170974270.
Sources
editDiana Souhami (2007). Wild Girls: Paris, Sappho, and Art: The Lives and Loves of Natalie Barney and Romaine Brooks. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-36660-5.